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Is the cluster of France that starts with the reign of Hugh Capet from 987 and includes all the successors of the Kingdom of France up to the modern-day French Republic. It does not included West Francia before the incoronation of Hugh Capet.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of France
First French Republic
First French Empire
French Second Republic
Second French Empire
French Third Republic
Free France
Provisional Government of the French Republic
French Fourth Republic
French Fifth Republic
Establishment
July 987: Establishment of the Capetian dynasty of France in 987.
July 987: Hugh Capet was proclaimed and crowned king of France at Noyon on 3 July 987.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Hugh Capet was incoronated King of the western Franks, starting the Capetian dynasty which would rule France until the XIX century.
The 1127 Peace of Támara delimited the territorial domains of the Castilian and Aragonese realms.
July 1127: The 1127 Peace of Támara delimited the territorial domains of the Castilian and Aragonese realms, the latter including Pamplona. The lands of Biscay, Álava, Gipuzkoa, Belorado, Soria and San Esteban de Gormaz went back to the Pamplonese kingdom.
Was a war of Normandy and England (which were in personal union) against the Kingdom of France. The English possessions in northern France wer lost to the French.
August 1202: Battle of Mirebeau.
September 1203: The Siege of Château Gaillard in 1203 was a military action led by King Philip II of France against King John of England. Château Gaillard was a strategically important castle in Normandy, France, built by Richard the Lionheart. After a lengthy siege, the French forces were able to capture the castle, marking a significant victory for the Kingdom of France in the ongoing conflict with England.
March 1204: The Siege of Château Gaillard in 1204 was a military action led by King Philip II of France against King John of England. The fortress was eventually captured, leading to the territory falling under the control of the Kingdom of France.
September 1204: French conquest of Normandy.
January 1205: French forces advanced south to occupy Anjou and Poitou.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
4.1.Seventh Crusade
Was a Crusade led by Louis IX of France against the Ayyubids of Egypt.
June 1249: Damietta was taken by the French with little resistance from the Egyptians.
June 1250: In March 1250 Louis IX of France tried to return to Damietta, but he was taken captive at the Battle of Fariskur, where his army was annihilated. Louis fell ill with dysentery, and was cured by an Arab physician. In May he was ransomed for 800,000 bezants, half of which was to be paid before the King left Egypt, with Damietta also being surrendered as a term in the agreement.
4.2.Eighth Crusade
Was a Crusade led by Louis IX of France against the Hafsids of Tunisia.
July 1270: The Crusaders landed on the Tunisian coast on 18 July without facing much resistance. The crusaders built a camp near a fort built over Carthage and awaited the arrival of the Sicilian contingent under Charles of Anjou.
October 1270: Because of diseases the siege of Tunis was abandoned on 30 October with the Treaty of Tunis.
Was a war between the Kingdoms of England and France.
October 1294: Territorial change based on available maps.
5.1.Guascon campaign (1294-1303)
Was the theatre of War of Guascony during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
5.1.1.First English Attack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an English expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
May 1294: Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the King of England from 1272 to 1307. In 1294, he was forfeited of Aquitaine, Gascony, and other French possessions by the King of France, Philip IV, due to ongoing conflicts between the two kingdoms.
October 1294: The English fleet arrived off Aquitaine and went up the Garonne River and seized the town of Castillon.
October 1294: Travelling up the Gironde estuary from the 28 October, the English captured the towns of Macau the next day.
November 1294: Bourg conquered by Kingdom of England.
November 1294: Blaye conquered by Kingdom of England.
November 1294: The English fleet went up stream to Rions, which was captured, along with Podensac and Villeneuve.
January 1295: St John left John of Brittany at Rions and travelled to Bayonne, and laid siege to the town. On 1 January 1295, the French garrison was driven into the castle by the citizens of Bayonne and the citizens opened the town gates to him. The castle surrendered on 9 January.
5.1.2.French Counterattack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an French expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
April 1295: Both John of Brittany and St John defended Rions, but due to the fall of the neighbouring towns and discontent between the English troops, they abandoned Rions, which the French entered on 8 April.
July 1295: The French army retook Podensac and then Saint-Sever in June 1295. Only Bourg and Blaye remained in English hands in the north of the duchy and Bayonne and Saint-Sever in the south.
January 1296: Philip IV of France sent his brother Charles of Valois, the Marshal of France, Guy I of Clermont and the Constable of France, Raoul II of Clermont into Aquitaine and Gascony at the head of a large army that won back most of the English conquests in the Garonne valley.
5.1.3.Second English Attack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an English expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
April 1296: In 1296, the towns of Langon and Saint-Macaire surrendered to the forces of King Edward I of England, led by his son Prince Edmund. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between England and France over control of territories in Gascony.
5.2.English expedition to Flanders (1297-98)
Was an English military campaign against France in the Flanders.
June 1297: The next day part of the French cavalry, led by the King's brother Charles of Valois and by Raoul de Nesle crossed the border near Râches and encountered part of the Flemish army, consisting of German mercenaries, which was defeated.
August 1297: In 1297, Artois troops led by Robert III of Artois marched upon Cassel and Sint-Winoksbergen in Flanders. The territory was eventually taken over by the Kingdom of France after the towns surrendered.
August 1297: By August 20, 1297, the troops of King Philip IV of France, had reached Veurne in the County of Flanders.
August 1297: The Flemish counterattack on Artois ended in a French victory at the Battle of Furnes.
August 1297: Lille surrendered to King Philip.
September 1297: Philip IV of France, also known as Philip the Fair, was met by a delegation from Bruges in 1297. The city surrendered to him, solidifying the territory's transfer to the Kingdom of France.
January 1298: Orchies surrendered to France.
January 1298: Damme was retaken by an army of English, Welsh and Flemish troops.
5.3.Treaty of Paris (1303)
Was the treaty that ended Anglo-French War of 1294-1303. Gascony was restored to England from France following its occupation during the war.
May 1303: The Anglo-French War of 1294–1303 ended when the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1303, which restored the status quo.
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of France and the County of Flanders between 1297 and 1305.
June 1297: Siege of Lille (1297).
June 1300: The whole of Flanders fells under French control.
July 1302: Following the Battle of the Golden Spurs, Flanders regained full independence.
August 1302: Siege of Lille (1302).
August 1304: Siege of Lille (1304).
September 1304: Siege of Lille (1304).
6.1.Treaty of Athis
Was a peace treaty signed on 23 June 1305 between King Philip IV of France and Robert III of Flanders. The treaty concluded the Franco-Flemish War (1297-1305). Flanders lost Lille, Douai and Orches to France.
June 1305: The Treaty of Athis, signed on June 23, 1305, recognized Flemish independence, but at the cost of a heavy price and the loss of the cities of Lille, Douai and Orchies, which became French.
Was a short war fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France in 1324.
September 1324: The town of La Réole surrendered on 22 September 1324 to King Charles IV of France during the War of Saint-Sardos. The conflict was part of the larger struggle for power between the French monarchy and the English crown during the Hundred Years' War.
Were a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France that spanned more than a century (with interruptions) from 1337 to 1453. The immediate causes of the conflicts were the English possessions in France which were at the same time vassals of the French Kingdom, as well as disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. At the end of the war Englans lost all its possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
September 1346: Caen is besieged by England.
8.1.Castilian Civil War
Was a war of succession over the Crown of Castile that lasted from 1351 to 1369. The conflict became part of the larger conflict then raging between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France: the Hundred Years' War.
March 1327: Aragon annexed several areas of Navarre during the Castilian Civil War.
8.2.Edwardian War
Was the first phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, lasting from 1337 to 1360.
October 1355: During the so-called Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355, an Anglo-Gascon force under the command of Edward, the Black Prince raided southern France.
November 1355: Territories left by the Anglo-Gascon force that raided southern France during the so-called Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355.
August 1356: The Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356 was a military campaign led by Edward, the Prince of Wales, son of King Edward III of England. The campaign took place in southwestern France, targeting ergerac, Périgord, Nontronnais, Confolentais, Limousin, La Marche, Boischaut, Champagne Berrichonne, Berry, Sologne, south of Touraine and Poitou.
September 1356: French reconquers the regions lost during the Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356.
January 1360: Edward III of England led his army into Burgundy, and took Tonnerre.
February 1360: After remaining in Tonnerre some days, Edward III of England left the city.
March 1360: The English besiege Paris (1360).
April 1360: End of the English Siege of Paris (1360).
April 1360: Siege of Chartres.
April 1360: 'Black Monday' refers to a devastating hailstorm that struck Chartres in 1360 during the Hundred Years' War. The storm caused significant damage to the city and surrounding areas, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. The territory of Chartres ultimately fell under the control of the Kingdom of France.
8.2.1.English Channel naval campaig
Were a protracted series of raids conducted by the nascent French navy and numerous private raiders and pirates against English towns, shipping and islands in the English Channel.
October 1338: Guernsey likewise capitulated after some skirmishes.
October 1338: The island of Sark, which had been plundered as early as 1337, is taken without a fight.
8.2.2.First English Campaign (Edwardian War)
Was the first English military campaign in France during the Edwardian War.
September 1339: As Cambrai was an ally of the king of France, on 20 September king Edward's army marched into the bishopric.
October 1339: The army of English king Edward left Cambrai to advance into France proper.
October 1339: In 1339, during the Hundred Years' War, King Edward III of England advanced towards the French army in the 14-mile strip of French land around the bishopric of Cambrai. The territory was eventually occupied by England, leading to further plundering of the area by Edward's forces.
October 1339: In 1339, King Edward III of England marched his troops out of occupied regions in France after the French forces did not pursue him. This decision by the French led to the abrupt end of the campaign in the Hundred Years' War.
8.2.3.Second English Campaign (Edwardian War)
Was the second English military campaign in France during the Edwardian War.
January 1340: Tournai had remained loyal to Philip VI of France.
July 1340: Siege of Tournai.
July 1340: Battle of Saint Omer.
August 1340: Robert of Artois was a French nobleman who sided with the English during the Hundred Years' War. Edward III was the King of England at the time and was leading the military campaign against France. The invasion of Artois was part of Edward III's strategy to expand English territory in France.
September 1340: Truce of Espléchin (1340).
8.2.4.French Invasion of Hainaut
French invasion of Hainaut during the Edwardian War.
June 1340: French forces invaded Hennegau (Hainaut) in May.
July 1340: When news reached reached the French about the disaster at Sluys, they left Hainaut.
8.2.5.Guascon campaign of 1345
Was an English military campaign in Gascony during the Edwardian War.
September 1345: Battle of Bergerac.
October 1345: Battle of Auberoche.
8.2.6.Crécy campaign
Was an English military campaign in northern France during the Edwardian War.
July 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Argences.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Lisieux.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Brionne.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Elbeuf.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Pont de l'Arche.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Vernon.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Freneuse.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Poissy.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Grisy.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Auteuill.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Troisseraux.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Airaines and Poix.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Acheux.
August 1346: Battle of Crecy.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of St. Josse.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Neufchatel.
September 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Wissant.
August 1347: Calais, a strategic port city in France, was captured by King Edward III of England in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War. The Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 confirmed English possession of Calais and its surroundings, establishing it as an important English stronghold on the continent.
August 1347: Wissant is re-occupied by the French.
September 1347: In 1347, on the heels of English victory at the battle of Crécy (1346), the Viscount Gaston III Fébus paid homage to the king of France for his county of Foix, but refused to give homage for Béarn, which he claimed to hold from no one but God.
January 1350: In 1349, Saint-Jean-d'Angély became English territory during the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
August 1351: Saint-Jean-d'Angély fell to the French.
8.2.7.Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty that marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). By virtue of this treaty, Edward III of England obtained large territorial gains in southwestern France.
October 1360: In 1360, the Treaty of Brétigny was signed between King Edward III of England and King John II of France. The treaty transferred the Channel Islands, including Guernsey, from French suzerainty to English control. This marked a significant shift in the territorial ownership of the islands.
October 1360: The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between King Edward III of England and King John II of France (the Good). In retrospect, it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) as well as the height of English power on the Continent. By virtue of this treaty, Edward III obtained, besides Guyenne and Gascony, Poitou, Saintonge and Aunis, Agenais, Périgord, Limousopn, Quercy, Bigorre, the countship of Gauré, Angoumois, Rouergue, Montreuil-sur-Mer, Ponthieu, Calais, Sangatte, Ham and the countship of Guînes.
8.3.War of the Breton Succession
Was a conflict between the Counts of Blois and the Montforts of Brittany for control of the Sovereign Duchy of Brittany, then a fief of the Kingdom of France. The conflict became also a proxy war between England and France.
June 1341: John de Montfort settled in Nantes, the capital of the Duchy of Brittany, and seized the ducal treasury at Limoges.
August 1341: Jean de Montfort carried out a great ride in his duchy to secure control of the strongholds (Rennes, Malestroit, Vannes, Pontivy, Hennebont, Quimperlé, La Roche-Piriou, Quimper, Brest, Saint-Brieuc, Dinan and Mauron).
October 1341: Battle of Champtoceaux: John of Montfort, the leader of one faction, was made prisoner.
May 1342: Battle of Quimperlé.
May 1342: Meanwhile the French took Rennes.
June 1342: Battle of Quimperlé.
June 1342: The Siege of Hennebont in 1342 was part of the Breton War of Succession. The town was defended by Jeanne de Clisson and her husband Olivier de Clisson against the forces of Charles of Blois, who claimed the Duchy of Brittany. The siege was ultimately unsuccessful, with the town holding out until the arrival of reinforcements.
July 1342: The Siege of Hennebont in 1342 was part of the Breton War of Succession. The town was defended by Jeanne de Clisson and her husband Olivier de Clisson against the forces of Charles of Blois, who was supported by the French crown. The siege ended with the town successfully holding out and the territory going to Montfort County.
September 1342: Battle of Morlaix.
October 1342: Battle of Morlaix.
January 1343: Siege of Vannes.
January 1345: Victorious siege of the city of Quimper by Charles of Blois in 1344.
June 1345: Battle of Cadoret.
June 1346: Battle of Saint-Pol-de-Léon.
July 1346: Battle of Saint-Pol-de-Léon.
August 1352: Battle of Mauron.
April 1354: Battle of Montmuran.
May 1354: Battle of Montmuran.
July 1357: Siege of Rennes.
September 1364: Battle of Auray.
April 1365: In 1365, under the first Treaty of Guérande, the king of France recognized John IV, the son of John of Montfort, as duke of Brittany.
8.4.Caroline War
Was the second phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. .
September 1370: Sacking of the city of Limoges in 1370 by the English forces.
September 1370: The English besiege Paris (1370).
September 1370: End of the English Siege of Paris (1370).
October 1370: End of the "Sac de Limoges".
June 1372: Siege of La Rochelle.
August 1372: Siege of Soubise.
August 1372: Siege of La Rochelle.
January 1373: The alliance with the Kingdom of Castile led to the annihilation of the English fleet by the Castilian fleet at the Battle of La Rochelle on June 22, 1372161. Deprived of logistical support, the strongholds ceded by the Treaty of Brétigny fell one after the other. the others: Poitiers in 1372.
March 1373: Battle of Chizé.
August 1373: The Chevauchée de Lancastre was an English military campaign through the territory between Calais and Bordeaux.
September 1373: English forces leave the territories occupied during the Chevauchée de Lancastre.
January 1378: Bergerac conquered by france.
January 1380: The Siege of Châteauneuf-de-Randon in 1380 involved French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin and English forces led by Robert Knolles. The French successfully captured the town, leading to its territory being placed under French military occupation.
July 1380: The Siege of Châteauneuf-de-Randon in 1380 involved French forces led by Bertrand du Guesclin and English forces led by Robert Knolles. The French successfully captured the town, leading to its territory being placed under French military occupation.
January 1381: Siege of Nantes.
August 1385: Siège of Wark.
October 1385: Jean de Vienne re-embarks with his men for France, leaving Wark.
8.5.Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War
Was a conflict between two cadet branches of the French royal family - the House of Orléans (Armagnac faction) and the House of Burgundy (Burgundian faction) from 1407 to 1435. Due to the civil war Burgundy de facto seceeded from France.
November 1407: In 1407, during the Armagnac-Burgundian conflict, the Burgundian territories, led by Duke John the Fearless, de facto seceded from France.
September 1435: Engaged in a patient reconquest of French territory, Charles VII wished to isolate the English from the Burgundians. In 1435, he concluded the treaty of Arras with Philip the Good, ending the civil war.
8.6.Lancastrian War
Was the third and final phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. At the end of the war England lost all its continental possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
8.6.1.First English Campaign (Lancastrian War)
Was an English military campaign in France during the Lancastrian War, the last phase of the Hundred Years' War. France suffered an unexpected defeat by the numerically inferior English army in the Battle of Agincourt.
August 1415: Henry V of England landed at Chef-en-Caux in the Seine estuary.
September 1415: The French town of Harfleur was successfully captured after a five-week siege, marking a significant victory for the English forces.
October 1415: English land victory against the French in the Battle of Agincourt (1415).
November 1415: The Battle of Azincourt in 1415 was a major victory for the English forces led by King Henry V against the French army. Despite the decisive win, Henry's focus was on returning to England rather than further conquests in France.
8.6.2.Second English Campaign (Lancastrian War)
Was an English military campaign in France during the Lancastrian War, the last phase of the Hundred Years' War.
January 1419: Rouen is besieged by England.
July 1420: The Siege of Montereau-Fault-Yonne in 1420 was a military conflict during the Hundred Years' War between the forces of King Henry V of England and the Dauphin Charles VII of France. The English emerged victorious, leading to the territory falling under English military occupation.
November 1420: Melun is besieged by England.
December 1420: English forces captured Paris.
March 1421: Battle of Bauge.
April 1421: Battle of Bauge.
May 1422: Meaux is besieged by England.
September 1422: English campaign during which Dreux and Chartres are seized.
August 1424: Bataille de Verneuil: The consequences of the victory at Verneuil were: The English captured all border posts of Lancastrian Normandy and La Hire withdrew to the east. The only exception was Mont Saint-Michel, where the monks resisted.
March 1426: Dol conquered by england.
March 1426: Battle of St. James.
April 1426: The English military occupation of Brittany ended. Brittany became an ally-vassal of England.
July 1427: The Siege of Montargis in 1427 was part of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. The English forces, led by John, Duke of Bedford, successfully captured Montargis, a key strategic town in the Loire Valley, leading to a period of military occupation by England.
September 1427: The Siege of Montargis in 1427 was a military conflict between the forces of Joan of Arc, leading the French army, and the English troops. Montargis was a strategic town in the Kingdom of France, and its capture by the French marked a significant victory in the Hundred Years' War.
March 1428: Laval is besieged by England.
October 1428: English and Burgundian forces started the Siege of Orléans.
8.6.3.French Reconquest (final phase of the Hundred Years' War)
Was a French military campaign in the territories occupied by England. The campaign was succesful and led to the expulsion of the the English from France (with the exception of the city of Calais).
May 1429: Siege of Orleans.
June 1429: Battle of Jargeau.
June 1429: Battle of Meung-sur-Loire.
June 1429: Battle of Beaugency.
July 1429: Reims conquered by Kingdom of France.
September 1429: The French besiege Paris, which at the time was in English hands (1429).
September 1429: The French army was not able to conquer Paris and lifted the siege.
September 1429: Laval is besieged by the Kingdom of France.
November 1429: The Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier in 1429 was part of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. It was led by French military commander Joan of Arc, who successfully captured the town from the English, further solidifying the territory for the Kingdom of France.
October 1430: The Siege of Compiègne in 1430 was a military confrontation during the Hundred Years' War between the English forces led by Thomas de Montacute and the French defenders commanded by Joan of Arc. The siege resulted in the capture of Joan of Arc, who was later handed over to the English and eventually executed.
August 1432: Siege of Lagny-sur-Marne.
May 1435: Battle of Gerberoy.
June 1435: The French troops of Charles VII started a new siege of Paris, which at the time was in English hands (1435).
April 1436: After a long siege, the French were able to chase the English from Paris.
June 1442: Siege of Tartas.
August 1443: Siege of Dieppe.
July 1449: Verneuil-sur-Avre conquered by Kingdom of France.
October 1449: End of the siege of Rouen.
November 1449: The capture of Honfleur by the French army liberated the Seine estuary from English control during the Hundred Years' War.
November 1449: French forces besiege Fougères.
April 1450: Battle of Formigny.
September 1450: Cherbourg falls. There are no more English in Normandy.
June 1451: Bordeaux conquered by Kingdom of France.
October 1452: Bordeaux conquered by Kingdom of England.
July 1453: Battle of Castillon.
October 1453: By the end of the War of the Roses, the English influence in Brittany had ended.
October 1453: Siege of Bordeaux.
October 1453: Bordeaux was ceded to the Duchy of Brittany.
Expansion during the rule of Amadeus VI in the County of Savoy.
January 1348: The County of Savoia conquers Cherasco and Chieri.
Was a late medieval conflict between a coalition of feudal lords and the French monarchy.
August 1485: Louis d'Orléans launches a manifesto against the regency.
October 1485: The French royal army marches on Orléans.
July 1486: In June 1486, Maximilian of Austria invaded northern France.
August 1486: The Austrians leave northern France.
December 1486: In November, it is Dunois who seizes the castle of Parthenay.
March 1487: The royal army leaves Bordeaux on the 15th, to take Parthenay on the 30th.
May 1487: At the end of May 1487, the French troops, nearly 15,000 men entered Brittany and quickly seized Ancenis, Châteaubriant, La Guerche and Redon.
June 1487: In 1487, during the Breton War of Succession, Plöermel, a town in Brittany, tried to resist the French military occupation led by King Charles VIII. Despite a valiant effort, the town fell after three days of relentless cannon fire and was ultimately taken by the French forces.
September 1487: Without a fight, on September 1, 1487, the gates of his castle of Vitré and Vitré, to the royal troops.
September 1487: The French army takes Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier.
October 1487: Dol-de-Bretagne conquered by france.
March 1488: The Duke of Orléans took over for his ally Vannes, Auray and Ploërmel. The Viscount of Rohan is forced to capitulate.
March 1488: The war resumed at the end of March 1488. Gathered at Pouancé, La Trémoille and the royal army, 15,000 strong, easily took Marcillé-Robert on 28 March.
April 1488: At the beginning of 1488, most of Brittany was reconquered by the ducal army. Only Clisson, La Guerche, Dol, Saint-Aubin-du-Cormier and Vitré remained in French hands.
April 1488: On April 15, the royal army laid siege to Châteaubriant, which fell 8 days later.
May 1488: La Trémoille then moved towards Ancenis where it laid siege on the night of the 12th to the 13th. The city fell on May 19 to the French artillery.
June 1488: As negotiations begin with the Duke of Brittany seeking a truce, La Trémoille goes to Loroux-Bottereau, which falls easily.
July 1488: Fougère is occupied by French forces.
August 1488: French conquest of Dinan.
August 1488: Saint-Malo preferred to capitulate to French forces on August 14.
August 1488: The Treaty of Sablé, known as the "Treaty of the Orchard", was signed by Charles VIII, King of France, and François II, Duke of Brittany on August 19, 1488.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
11.1.Italian War of 1499-1504
Was the second of the so-called Italian Wars. The first phase of the war was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples.
11.1.1.French conquest of Naples
Was a military campaign by French king Charles VIII against the Kingdom of Naples.
September 1494: Charles VIII of France laid siege to the fortress of Sarzanello.
November 1494: Charles VIII of France laid siege to the fortress of Sarzanello, asking that he be allowed way for Florence. Piero, lord of Florence, went to meet the king to negotiate, but had to grant him the fortresses of Sarzanello, Sarzana and Pietrasanta, the cities of Pisa and Livorno as support ports for French ships, and the free passage on the territory of Florence.
January 1495: Charles VIII of France took Civitavecchia.
February 1495: Kingdom of Naples conquered by france.
July 1501: On July 19, Cesare Borgia flanked by the French army besieged Capua which, after 7 days was conquered thanks to betrayal: a citizen of Capua, corrupted by Cesare, opened the city gates.
August 1501: On 19 August the French entered Naples.
11.1.2.French conquest of Milan
Was a military campaign by French king Charles VIII against the Duchy of Milan.
September 1499: Milan was conquered by King Louis XII of France, leading to the downfall of Ludovico il Moro, the Duke of Milan. Ludovico fled to Germany to seek refuge after losing control of the Duchy of Milan in 1499.
March 1500: In 1500, Ludovico Sforza regained control of Milan with the help of mercenaries.
April 1500: On 10 April 1500, Ludovico Sforza, also known as Ludovico il Moro, who was the Duke of Milan, was besieged in Novara, and then handed over to the French by his own Swiss mercenaries. The Duchy of Milan fell under French control.
11.1.3.Borgia's War in Romagna
Were a series of military campaigns by Cesare Borgia, the son of the Pope, in central Italy.
January 1501: Pesaro is conquered by Cesare Borgia.
January 1505: With the death of his father Pope Alexander VI, the short-lived reign of Cesare Borgia collapsed
11.1.4.Spanish conquest of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples was occupied by Spanish forces.
May 1503: Soon disagreements arose among the occupiers on the methods of partition. Ferdinand's insistence on being recognized as king of both Naples and Sicily immediately led to a war between France and Spain. Defeated at Cerignola and Garigliano by the Spaniards commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, Luigi was forced to abandon Naples and retreat to Lombardy. Naples was occupied by the Spanish on May 16, 1503.
11.2.Italian War of 1494-1498
Was the first of the so-called Italian Wars. The war pitted Charles VIII of France, initially aided by Milan, against the Holy Roman Empire, Spain and an alliance of Italian powers led by Pope Alexander VI, known as the League of Venice.
11.2.1.Expulsion of the French from Italy (1495)
Was the expulsion of the invading French army from the italian peninsula during the Italian War of 1494-1495.
May 1495: On May 2, 1495, the French fleet (seven galleys, two fustas and two galleons), commanded by the Sire de Molans, collided with the Genoese squadron of Francesco Spinola and Fabrizio Giustiniani (eight galleys, two arrows and a carrack). The clash took place at dawn, and it was a total defeat for the French: all the ships were captured, and, simultaneously, a contingent of troops landed by the Genoese fleet under the command of Gian Ludovico Fieschi and Giovanni Adorno, aided by the Rapallini , they routed the transalpines who had remained on the ground, taking control of the town.
May 1495: Crowned king of Naples, Charles VIII of France stayed there until May when the people and the Neapolitan armies, to the cry of iron! iron!, reinvigorated again under the Aragonese insignia of the young king Ferrandino, managed to drive the French out of the Kingdom.
July 1495: Charles VIII left Naples on 20 May and marched north to reach Lombardy, but met the League army at the Battle of Fornovo on 6 July 1495. Strategically it was a partial victory for the League, since that, although it had failed to annihilate the king of France, it had achieved the aim of having him withdraw from the peninsula.
11.3.War of the League of Cambrai
Was one of the so-called Italian wars.
11.3.1.First Phase - The league of Cambrai
Was the first phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
11.3.1.1.French invasion of Venice (War of the League of Cambrai)
Was a French invasion of the Republic of Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai.
May 1509: Louis, with the remainder of the French army, reached Agnadello.
11.3.2.Second Phase - Alliance between Venice and the Papal States
Was the second phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
October 1510: In 1510, Charles II of Amboise, a French military leader, led an invasion of Bologna, which was under papal control. By early October, he had successfully divided the papal forces and advanced to within a few kilometers of the city.
November 1510: Pope Julius II excommunicated the French commander d'Amboise in 1510 after the French forces withdrew from Bologna. The French were persuaded by the English ambassador to avoid attacking the Pope, leading them to retreat to Ferrara.
January 1511: In 1510, Pope Julius II conquered the territories of Modena, Reggio, Parma, and Piacenza, adding them to the Papal States.
May 1511: Cardinal Francesco Alidosi, left in command of the defense of Bologna by the Pope, was not appreciated by the Bolognese and when, on May 23, 1511, a French army commanded arrived at the gates of the city, it quickly surrendered .
11.3.3.Third Phase - The Holy League
Was the third phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
June 1511: In 1511, Pope Julius II successfully recaptured the territories of Rimini, Ravenna, Cesena, and Romagna from the French forces. Meanwhile, the French commander de La Palice sought refuge in the city of Pavia.
June 1511: During May of the same year, the French position deteriorated considerably. Julius hired another army of Swiss mercenaries that crossed the Alps again, through the Valtellina, and invaded Lombardy, soon approaching Milan.
June 1511: Genoa rebelled against the French, acclaiming doge Giano Fregoso.
July 1511: In June 1511 most of Romagna was in French hands.
June 1512: Genoese revolt against France suppressed.
September 1512: Brescia surrendered to the viceroy of Naples and the Venetians.
October 1512: Novara conquered by Duchy of Milan.
January 1513: In 1512 Massimiliano Sforza regained the government of Milan.
11.3.4.Fourth Phase - Alliance between Venice and France
Was the fourth phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
May 1513: At the end of May 1513, a French army commanded by Louis de la Trémoille crossed the Alps and advanced towards Milan, conquering it.
June 1513: The Swiss army, led by General Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, was defending Novara against the French forces commanded by Louis XII. The Swiss were outnumbered and lacked artillery, leading to a fierce siege as the French sought to reclaim the territory.
June 1513: On 6 June, the Swiss defeated the French army in the battle of Novara, forcing French general Trémoille to abandon Milan.
September 1513: In 1513, during the War of the League of Cambrai, the French commander La Palice was defeated by the English forces led by the Earl of Surrey in the Battle of Guinegatte. As a result, Tournai was conquered by England and remained under military occupation.
January 1515: Henry VIII, having failed to gain significant territory, concluded a separate peace with France.
August 1515: The French avant-garde surprised the Milanese cavalry in Villafranca Piemonte, capturing the leader Prospero Colonna.
September 1516: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, led the invasion of Milan in 1516 during the Italian Wars. The city was under the control of the Holy Roman Empire through military occupation. The conflict was part of the power struggle between European states for control over the Italian peninsula.
January 1517: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, retreated from the duchy of Milan in December 1516. This retreat led to the territory falling under the control of tFrance.
11.4.Italian War of 1521-1526
Was one of the so-called Italian wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States.
November 1521: Franco-Navarrese troops led by Bonnivet and Claudius I of Guise captured the key city of Fuenterrabia, at the mouth of the Bidasoa river on the Franco-Spanish border.
December 1521: In 1521, the Holy Roman Empire, led by Henry of Nassau, invaded northern France, capturing Ardres and Mouzon before besieging Tournai. The city fell to the imperial army in November after a prolonged siege.
April 1522: Battle of Bicocca.
May 1522: Colonna and d'Avalos, generals in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, proceeded to lay siege to Genoa, defended by 6,200 men, entering the city on May 30. Genoa was thus freed from the French yoke.
September 1523: A huge English force under the command of the Duke of Suffolk advanced into French territory from Calais in combination with a Flemish-Imperial force. The French, scattered by the imperial attack, were unable to resist and Suffolk soon advanced beyond the Somme River, devastating the countryside and stopping only 80 kilometers from Paris.
October 1523: The English army retreats from Paris.
November 1523: In October 1523, a French army of 18,000 men, under the command of Bonnivet, advanced through Piedmont towards Novara, where they were joined by a similar force of Swiss mercenaries. The French forces occupied the area of Romagnano Sesia.
December 1523: English retreat to Calais.
March 1524: Charles V of Spain was able to retake Fuenterrabia from the French in February 1524.
April 1524: The French, defeated at the battle of the Sesia, where Bayard fell while commanding the French rearguard, once again demonstrated the power of arquebusiers against traditional troops; the French army withdrew beyond the Alps in disarray.
August 1524: D'Avalos and Bourbon, generals in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, crossed the Alps with about 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524.
August 1524: Having passed through most of the smaller towns unopposed, the Duke of Bourbon, a general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence.
September 1524: When the French troops, commanded by Francis himself, arrived in Avignon at the end the imperials were forced to retreat back to Italy.
11.4.1.French invasion of Navarre
Was a French military campaign in Navarre during the Italian War of 1521-1526.
May 1521: In 1521, during the Spanish conquest of Navarre, General André de Foix led the French forces to conquer Pamplona.
June 1521: The french left Navarre after the battle of Noáin on June 30.
11.4.2.Pavia Campaign
Was a French military campaign by Francis I in Lombardy.
October 1524: French king Francis I crossed the Alps and advanced on Milan at the head of an army of over 40,000 men.
October 1524: Charles of Lannoy, who had concentrated around 16,000 men to resist the 33,000 French troops in Milan, decided that the city could not be defended and withdrew to Lodi on 26 October. Milan was subsequently occupied by the French army.
October 1524: The French troops, led by King Francis I, arrived in Pavia in October 1524 during the Italian War of 1521-1526. The city was a strategic location in the conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire, ultimately leading to the Battle of Pavia in 1525.
April 1525: After the battle of Pavia, the disbanded remnants of the French forces, retreated across the Alps.
11.5.War of the League of Cognac
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
11.5.1.French invasion of Lombardy
Was the French invasion of Lombardy during the War of the League of Cognac.
September 1527: The French army led by Lautrec takes Genoa in August 1527.
October 1527: French forces occupy Alessandria.
October 1527: Pavia is sacked by French forces led by general Odet de Foix.
June 1529: In 1529, France suffered a defeat at the hands of the Imperial troops at Landriano, resulting in the loss of control over the Duchy of Milan, along with Lombardy and Liguria.
11.5.2.French Invasion of Naples (War of the League of Cognac)
Was the French invasion of Naples during the War of the League of Cognac.
May 1528: Siege of Naples.
August 1528: An epidemic in Naples in 1528 led to the retreat of the French army from the region.
11.5.3.Peace of Cambrai
Was a treaty between the French king Francis I and the Spanish Habsburg emperor Charles V that ended the French involvement in the War of the League of Cognac.
August 1529: The final Treaty of Cambrai, signed on 5 August, removed France from the war, leaving Venice, Florence, and the Pope alone against Charles. Francis surrendered his rights to Artois, Flanders, and Tournai.
11.6.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
April 1536: Philippe de Chabot, a French general, led his army into Piedmont in March 1536, and proceeded to capture Turin the following month.
September 1536: In 1536, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V invaded Provence, and captured Aix-en-Provence in August.
September 1536: In 1536, the French troops, led by King Francis I, marched onto Southern Piedmont, capturing towns such as Turin and Pinerolo. This military occupation was part of the Italian War of 1536-1538, a conflict between France and the Holy Roman Empire for control over Italian territories.
January 1537: The Imperials retreated to Spain in 1536 instead of attacking Avignon, which was heavily fortified at the time.
11.6.1.Peace of Nice
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1536-1538.
June 1538: The treaty of 1538, negotiated with the strong involvement of Pope Paul III, allowed France to keep its conquests of Bresse, Bugey, and a significant portion of Piedmont. This territory was ceded to the Duchy of Savoy as part of the agreement.
11.7.Italian War of 1542-1546
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
11.7.1.Low Countries Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of the Low Countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
May 1543: Antoine de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, led the French forces to capture Lillers in April 1543 during the Italian War of 1542–1546. This military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its territory and influence in the region.
July 1543: By June 1543, French Marshal Claude d'Annebault had taken Landrecies.
September 1543: The Dukes of Orléans and d'Annebault attacked Luxembourg, which they took on 10 September.
November 1543: French king Francis I withdrew to Saint-Quentin on 4 November, leaving Holy Roman Emperor Charles V free to march north and seize Cambrai.
11.7.2.Italian Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre of northwestern Italy in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
August 1543: Nice fell on 22 August 1543 during the Italian War of 1542–1546. The French forces, led by King Francis I, captured the city from the allied forces of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of Genoa. This military occupation marked the beginning of French control over Nice.
11.7.3.French Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre on French territory in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
May 1544: On 25 May 1544, the city of Luxembourg was captured by the Spanish forces led by Fernando Gonzaga.
July 1544: The Siege of Boulogne in 1544 resulted in the capture of the city by the English forces.
July 1544: On 24 July 1544, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, captured Vitry-le-François.
August 1544: The Duke of Norfolk, was ordered by King Henry VIII of England to besiege Montreuil in France.
August 1544: In 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Duke of Mantua, Federico II Gonzaga, besieged and captured the town of Saint-Dizier. The town surrendered on August 17 after a month-long siege.
September 1544: The Imperial troops marched through Champagne, capturing Épernay, Châtillon-sur-Marne, Château-Thierry, and Soissons.
September 1544: English forces, led by King Henry VIII, besieged the French-held town of Boulogne. The French garrison's firepower prevented any approach on foot, so the English dug tunnels under the castle, and the French eventually surrendered the city.
September 1544: With the Peace of Crépy France abandoned its claims to the territories of the Duchy of Savoy, including Piedmont and Savoy itself.
January 1545: The French Dauphin's army advanced on Montreuil.
June 1546: The French forced the English to raise their siege of the city of Montreuil.
11.7.3.1.Peace of Crépy
The Peace of Crépy was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire that ended the conflict between these two countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
11.8.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
11.8.1.Land Campaigns (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Were the Land campaigns of the Italian War of 1551-1559.
January 1553: Verdun fell to France in 1552 through the Treaty of Chambord.
January 1553: In 1552, the territory of Metz was ceded to the Kingdom of France.
January 1553: In 1552, the territory of Toul was transferred to the Kingdom of France.
January 1553: Verdun was among the Three Bishoprics annexed by France in 1552.
January 1554: The Duchy of Savoy was occupied by the troops of Henry II, king of France.
January 1558: Calais conquered by France.
11.8.2.Mediterranean campaigns
Was a French and Ottoman naval campaign during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
11.8.2.1.Invasion of Corsica (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Was the French invasion of Corsica during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
August 1553: Bastia was captured by the French on 24 August 1553.
August 1553: With the help of the Ottomans, the French had managed to take strong positions on Corsica and finally occupied it almost completely by the end of the summer.
August 1553: French military commander Paulin de la Garde arrived in front of Saint-Florent.
October 1553: In 1553, the French military captured Bonifacio, a town in Corsica. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between France and the Republic of Genoa, which controlled the island at the time.
January 1556: In 1555, the French were expelled from the coastal area of Corsica by the forces of the Republic of Genoa, led by their admiral, Andrea Doria. This marked the end of French control in the region and the territory was subsequently claimed by Genoa.
11.8.3.Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1551-1559, the last of the Italian Wars (1494-1559).
January 1556: In 1555, during the Italian Wars, the March of Montferrat was occupied by French troops. However, the Cateau-Cambrésis treaty returned the territory to Guglielmo Gonzaga, the Duke of Mantua.
January 1557: The territory of Saint Quentin, Ham, Le Catele were seized by Spain during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
April 1559: France ceded the island of Corsica to the Republic of Genoa.
April 1559: France gave the Duchy of Savoy-Piedmont (allied with Spain and fief of the Holy Roman Empire) back to Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy.
April 1559: With the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, Spain gave Saint Quentin, Ham, Le Catelet and other places back to France.
April 1559: In 1559, as part of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, France retained five fortresses in Northern Italy, including those near Turin, Saluzzo, and Pinerolo.
April 1559: In 1559, the March of Montferrat was returned to Guglielmo Gonzaga, who was the Duke of Mantua at the time. This decision was part of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, which ended the Italian War of 1551–1559.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Savoy.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Charles of Gontaut-Biron, a French military leader, captured the city of Bourg-en-Bresse during the French Wars of Religion.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Charles of Gontaut-Biron, a French military leader, captured the city of Bourg-en-Bresse during the French Wars of Religion.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, captured Montmélian from the Savoyards.
August 1600: The city of Chambéry opened its doors to King Henry IV of France in 1600.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, reached Albertville during the military occupation of the territory by France.
August 1600: In 1600, Marshal Lesdiguières, a French military leader, reached Albertville during the military occupation of the territory by France.
August 1600: The siege of the castle of Conflans began in 1600, led by French military leader Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy. The garrison, commanded by Spanish military officer Don Juan de Velasco, surrendered two days later, resulting in the territory going under French military occupation.
August 1600: The defenders of the Castle of Miolans, led by the Duke of Nemours, surrendered to the French forces in 1600.
September 1600: The Bresse, the Bugey and the county of Gex fell into French hands, again by Biron; Biron subsequently occupied Poncin, Pont-d'Ain, Ambronay, Saint Denis-le-Chosson, Saint-Rambert, Belley, the Charterhouse of de Pierre-Châtel, the fort l'Écluse and Gex.
September 1600: The castle of Charbonnières fell during the French military occupation in 1600. This event marked the end of the resistance led by the local lord, François de la Châtre, against the French forces commanded by King Henry IV.
September 1600: Lesdiguières was a French military leader who led the conquest of Val Moriana in 1600. The Moriana valley was a strategic location in the French Alps.
October 1600: Henry IV of France triumphantly entered Annecy.
January 1601: In 1600, the territories of San Damiano Macra, Cartignano, and Dronero were occupied by France.
January 1601: In 1600, during the War of the Mantuan Succession, the French forces under the command of Marshal Lesdiguières retreated to Porte in the Savoy region.
January 1601: In 1600, French general Charles Emmanuel I of Savoy recalled his troops from the Maira valley and retreated back across the Alps. The territory was then taken over by the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1601: The fort of Acceglio was conquered after a bloody battle led by the French military commander, Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, in 1600.
12.1.Treaty of Lyon (1601)
Was the treaty that ended the Franco-Savoyard War of 1600-1601.
January 1601: At the end of the Franco-Savoyard War (1600-1601) France left all the territories it had occupied militarly.
January 1601: The Treaty of Lyon in 1601 ended the war between France and Spain. As a result, Centallo, Demonte, Gresin, and Roccasparviera were ceded to the Duchy of Savoy, allowing them to regain control of the territories lost during the conflict.
January 1601: Henry IV of France bought Bresse, Bugey and Valromey, areas beyond the Alps that were difficult to control by the Savoy.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
13.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
January 1634: In 1633, the Duchy of Lorraine was occupied by France due to the hostile stance of its duke, Charles IV.
February 1661: The Peace of Vincennes in 1661 marked the end of the conflict between the Duchy of Lorraine and the Duchy of Upper Lotharingia. The French, under King Louis XIV, withdrew their forces from the territory as part of the peace agreement.
13.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
13.1.1.1.War of Valtellina
Was a war over the control of Valtellina (today in northern Italy) mainly between Spain and France.
January 1636: In 1631 the French organized a new military campaign, aimed at driving the Spaniards out of Valtellina, which was to be returned to the Three Leagues. In 1635 the Catholic Spaniards were finally driven out.
January 1638: In 1637, Jürg Jenatsch, a Protestant leader in the Grisons region, converted to Catholicism and led a revolt against the Duke of Rohan and the French, resulting in their expulsion from Valtellina and other Grisons lands.
13.1.1.2.War of the Mantuan Succession
Was a war over the succession of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat after the death of the last male heir of the House of Gonzaga.
March 1629: Pinerolo conquered by france.
April 1631: Savoy had to leave the fortress of Pinerolo to France in exchange for the withdrawal of the troops.
13.1.1.3.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
May 1636: The French army besiege Dole.
August 1636: As troops from the Holy Roman Empire, commanded by Charles IV of Lorraine, were approaching Dole, the Prince of Condé ordered the French army to end the siege of Dole and retreat.
March 1637: In 1637, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Comtois forces, led by French military leader Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien, won the battles of Martignat and captured Oyonnax. However, due to a lack of sufficient troops, they were unable to hold onto the territory, which ultimately fell to the Spanish Netherlands.
March 1637: In 1637, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Comtois, led by Henri de Montmorency, returned home to Oyonnax, abandoning most of their conquests in the region.
March 1637: On March 29, 1637, the town of Saint-Amour in the bailiwick of Aval was besieged by the Duke of Longueville, despite a week's resistance from its inhabitants. The town falls into the hands of the French, along with several other surrounding villages.
February 1639: The Château de Joux was a fortress located in the Jura mountains of France. The lieutenant who commanded it was François de Joux, who was bribed by the Swedes to surrender the fortress in 1639.
April 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Count of Guébriant, a French military commander, seized Château-Vilain from the Spanish forces.
April 1639: La Chaux conquered by france.
September 1639: After the death of the Duke of Saxe-Weimar in 1639, the Marquis de Saint-Martin, a French military leader, took over the territories of Nozeroy, Château-Vilain, and the Château de La Chaux.
January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.
13.1.2.Bündner Wirren
Was a war in in what is now the Swiss canton of Graubünden that started as a revolt by local Catholics against their Protestant overlords.
March 1626: The peace treaty of Monzon (5 March 1626) between France and Spain, confirmed the political and religious independence of the Valtellina.
January 1628: In 1627, the French forces, led by Cardinal Richelieu, withdrew from Valtellina, a valley in northern Italy. The Papal troops, under the command of Pope Urban VIII, then occupied the territory as part of the ongoing power struggle in the region.
13.1.3.First Genoese-Savoyard War
Was the theatre of war in Liguria during the Thirty Years' War.
March 1625: French forces led by the Duke of Lesdiguières stormed the towns of Capriata, Novi, and Rossiglione in Italy.
March 1625: The French captured Voltaggio.
March 1625: The French formed a 30,000-strong army that began operations against Genoa in February 1625. The attack caught the Genoese Republic unprepared. Most of the Republic was overrun.
September 1625: In 1625, the Republic of Genoa, led by the Doge Giovanni Giacomo Imperiale, marched against Casale, reclaiming the territories of Gavi and Novi from the Duchy of Savoy.
November 1625: By October the Republic of genoa recuperated all the territories lost to the French (with the exception of the castle of La Penna) and additionally conquered Oneglia, Ormea, and a number of localities in Piedmont.
13.1.3.1.Treaty of Monzón
Was a treaty that ended the Veltellina War and the Ligurian theatre of War of the Thirty Years' War.
March 1637: The Spanish retained Île Sainte-Marguerite and Île Saint-Honorat until they were reconquered by the French admiral Philippe de Poincy.
13.1.4.Swedish Period
Was the third main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of Sweden.
April 1632: The French military under the command of Marshal Urbain de Maillé-Brézé occupied the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein in 1632 as part of their campaign in the Rhineland.
August 1632: Occupation of Trier by the French.
March 1635: The Spaniards recapture Trier from the French.
13.1.5.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: In 1648, a French expedition led by Sir du Mé annexed Îles des Saintes.
13.1.5.1.North German Front (Sweden)
Was the north German front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
June 1648: In May 1648, there was the last major field battle of the Thirty Years' War between French-Swedish and Imperial-Bavarian armies near Augsburg.
November 1648: When in November Gustaf of Sweden received a report about the signed peace, he ordered his troops to leave. Also the French troops started leaving the occupied territories in the Holy Roman Empire.
13.1.5.2.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
May 1635: Battle of Les Avins.
January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.
August 1636: In July 1647, Archduke Leopold, brother of the Emperor and Governor General of the Spanish Netherlands, recaptured Landrecies from the Kingdom of France. The stronghold had been conquered by the French eleven years earlier.
January 1637: Lens is annexed by the Kingdom of France.
June 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the French army led by Marshal Chatillon successfully captured the town of Hesdin in northern France after a failed attempt at Saint-Omer.
August 1640: Arras conquered by france.
October 1641: During the spring of 1641 and until September 1641, other Spanish strongholds, such as Aire-sur-la-Lys, Lens, Bapaume and La Bassée, fell to the French military occupation led by King Louis XIII and his chief minister Cardinal Richelieu.
August 1643: The siege of Thionville in 1643 was led by French military leader Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, against the Spanish-held city.
October 1646: Siege of Dunkirk.
August 1648: Archduke Leopold William of Habsburg captured Lens.
13.1.5.3.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
July 1636: On July 14, Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, who was in the service of France, occupied the Alsatian town of Saverne.
July 1636: French conquest of Landrecies.
August 1636: Maubeuge conquered by france.
August 1636: Spanish and Bavarian troops, commanded by Cardinal-Infant and Jean de Werth, occupy the French fortress of Corbie.
September 1636: French forces occupy La Capelle.
November 1636: During the Thirty Years' War, the frontier fortress of Corbie was recaptured by the French popular army led by Cardinal Richelieu in November 1636.
January 1637: Bohain conquered by france.
January 1637: Franche Comté conquered by france.
June 1637: The Imperial general John of Werth successfully forced the French troops to evacuate the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein near Koblenz.
January 1638: France occupies Laufenberg.
March 1638: France occupies Neuenburg.
April 1638: Freiburg conquered by france.
December 1638: France occupies Breisach.
November 1643: Battle of Tuttlingen: a surprise attack by Imperial forces caused the French army to retreat across the Rhine.
May 1645: French General Thurenne advanced up to Bad Mergentheim, where a battle with German field Marshal Franz von Mercy would take place on May, 5 1645.
August 1645: French general Mercy and the Duc d'Enghien defeated the Imperial army at the Second Battle of Nördlingen on August 3.
November 1645: The French evacuate their ephemeral conquests in Germany, systematically devastating them.
May 1648: The French returned to Swabia and then to Bavaria. They defeated the Imperial forces at Zusmarshausen (May 17, 1648) and drove Maximilian of Bavaria out of Munich.
October 1648: Battle of Dachau.
13.1.5.4.Spanish Front (France)
Was the Spanish front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1637: In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, Spain seized Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a strategic town in the Southwest of France.
September 1638: In 1638 the French army suffered a defeat at the Battle of Hondarribia in Fontarrabie, Basque Country. As a result, the territory fell under Spanish military occupation.
January 1641: Catalonia recognizes Louis XIII of France as Count of Barcelona and Roussillon. France sends an army, commanded by Lamothe to take possession of the new province. Several places are taken and the siege is put in front of Tarragona which is also blocked by the French fleet commanded by the Archbishop of Sourdis.
May 1641: The unsuccessful siege of Lérida in 1641 was led by Louis II de Bourbon, also known as Condé, a French military leader. The city was under Spanish occupation at the time, and the siege lasted from May 12 to June 17.
September 1642: Siege of Perpignan.
October 1642: Marshal de Lamothe was forced to evacuate Catalonia despite his success on October 7 against the Spaniards of Leganez at the Battle of Lérida.
May 1646: The French army besieged the city of Lérida from May 12, 1646.
November 1646: The Siege of Lérida ended on November 22, 1646. The French army left Catalonia.
May 1647: The Siege of Lérida in 1647 was a military campaign led by the French under the command of Grand Condé against the Spanish defenders. Despite the initial attack on May 12, the French were unable to capture the territory, resulting in a failed siege.
June 1647: The French siege of Barcelona, led by French military leader Philippe de La Mothe-Houdancourt, was lifted on June 17, 1647. This marked a significant victory for the Catalan forces and their allies in the ongoing conflict between France and the Personal Union of Aragon and Castile.
13.1.5.5.Italian Front (Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War)
Was the north Italian front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
September 1640: The French military leader Turenne captured the city of Turin, located in the Duchy of Savoy.
January 1641: In 1640, Savoy, ruled by Duke Charles Emmanuel II, fell under French military occupation.
13.1.6.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: In 1648, the imperial city of Weissenburg was made part of France as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War.
October 1648: France retained the Bishoprics of Metz, Toul and Verdun near Lorraine, received the cities of the Décapole in Alsace (except for Strasbourg, the Bishopric of Strasbourg, and Mulhouse) and the city of Pignerol near the Spanish Duchy of Milan.
October 1648: The Murbach Abbey is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: Schlettstadt is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: In 1648, the territory of Hagenau was ceded to the Kingdom of France as part of the Treaty of Westphalia.
October 1648: At the end of the Thirty Years' War, several territories in Alsace were annexed by France.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Münster is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Landau is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1649: Borders of the Duchy of Savoy at the end of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1649: The region of Saarwerden returned to the Nassau-Saarbrücken line except Bockenheim.
January 1651: Through the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Pfirt was to fall as Comté de Ferrette to the Kingdom of France, which finally took possession of the county in 1650.
13.2.Thirty Years' War aftermath wars
Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.
13.2.1.Franco-Spanish War (1648-1659)
Was a war between Spain and France that ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659.
November 1651: Barcelona fell to Catalan rebels supported by France.
November 1652: Spain recaptured Barcelona in October 1652.
January 1654: After fighting in Rousillon, the French retreated to the Pyrenees.
November 1659: With the Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659), France gained French Flanders (Artois) and minor territories on the rhineland (f.e. thionville). The northern part of the Principality of Catalonia, including Roussillon, Conflent, Vallespir, Capcir, and French Cerdagne, was also transferred to France, i.e. what later came to be known as "Northern Catalonia".
13.3.Second Anglo-Dutch War
Was a conflict between England and the Dutch Republic partly for control over the seas and trade routes.
13.3.1.Treaty of Breda
Was the treaty that ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
13.3.2.English occupation of French Guyana
French Guyana was occupied by England during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
13.4.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
13.4.1.Rhineland Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Rhineland Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
October 1688: The French besiege Philippsburg.
November 1688: Louis XIV's army proceeded to take Mannheim, which capitulated.
December 1688: The French army occupies Frankenthal.
January 1689: Several towns fell to the French without resistance, including Oppenheim, Worms, Bingen, Kaiserslautern, Heidelberg, Speyer and, above all, the key fortress of Mainz.
March 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
May 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
June 1689: The French left the Rhineland region.
September 1689: In 1689, during the Nine Years' War, Charles V, Duke of Lorraine, cleared away the French threat on Frankfurt and besieged Mainz, which was under the control of the Mainz Archbishopric. The Marquis of Huxelles surrendered the town on September 8 after a two-month siege.
May 1693: Heidelberg fell on 22 May 1693 during the Nine Years' War, also known as the War of the Grand Alliance. The city was occupied by French forces led by Marshal Claude Louis Hector de Villars. The occupation lasted until the end of the war in 1697.
13.4.2.Asia and the Caribbean (Nine Years' War)
Were battles that took place in Asia and in the Caribbean during the Nine Years' War.
August 1689: The French sieged English Governor Thomas Hill's troops at Fort Charles, forcing their to surrender.
September 1693: In 1693 the Dutch launched an expedition against their French commercial rivals at Pondichéry on the south-eastern coast of India; the small garrison under François Martin was overwhelmed and surrendered on 6 September.
13.4.3.King William's War
Was the North American theater of the Nine Years' War.
May 1690: The British captured Port Royal (in Nova Scotia), then the capital of Acadia.
July 1690: Joseph Robineau de Villebon, one of Meneval's assistants, returned to Port Royal from France in June, and reestablished French authority.
October 1690: The Battle of Québec in 1690 was led by French Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac and English General Sir William Phips. It resulted in a victory for the French, defending the city against the English invasion during King William's War.
October 1690: The Battle of Québec in 1690 was a significant conflict during King William's War between New France, led by Governor Louis de Buade de Frontenac, and Massachusetts Bay, under the command of Sir William Phips. The outcome of the battle resulted in a victory for New France, solidifying their control over the territory of Quebec City.
August 1696: The Siege of Pemaquid occurred during King William's War when French and Native forces from New France attacked the English settlement at Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine).
August 1696: The siege of the English settlement of Pemaquid (present-day Bristol, Maine) by French and Native forces from New France ended on August 14-15, 1696.
13.4.4.Pyrenean Theatre
Was the Pyrenean Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
May 1690: The French forces, led by Marshal Noailles, successfully took control of the town of Camprodon in Catalonia, Spain.
September 1690: In 1690, a large Spanish army led by the Duke of Villahermosa forced the French to retreat back to Roussillon in August.
June 1693: The French led by Noailles secured the valuable seaport of Rosas in Catalonia.
June 1694: Hostalric conquered by france.
June 1694: The French proceeded to take Palamós on 10 June.
June 1694: Gerona conquered by france.
August 1697: In 1697, during the War of the Grand Alliance, French forces led by Vendôme, with troops from Italy, captured Barcelona in Catalonia. The garrison, commanded by Prince George of Hesse-Darmstadt, surrendered on 10 August.
13.4.5.Italian Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Italian Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
September 1690: While to the south in Piedmont, Nicolas Catinat led 12,000 men and soundly defeated Victor Amadeus at the Battle of Staffarda on 18 August. Catinat immediately took Saluzzo, followed by Savigliano, Fossano, and Susa.
January 1691: In 1690 Saint-Ruth took most of the Victor Amadeus II's exposed Duchy of Savoy, routing the Savoyard army in the process until only the great fortress of Montmélian remained in ducal hands.
January 1691: Carmagnola is conquered by France.
January 1691: Lacking sufficient troops, and with sickness rife within his army, Catinat was obliged to withdraw back across the Alps for the winter.
April 1691: Villefranche and Niche conquered by france.
July 1691: Carmagnola fell to French forces in June 1691.
January 1692: In 1691, during the Nine Years' War, the Allies led by Victor Amadeus II of Savoy and Prince Eugene of Savoy recaptured Carmagnola from the French forces. This victory was a significant turning point in the war in northern Italy.
August 1692: Duke of Savoy with 29,000 men (substantially exceeding Catinat's number who had sent some troops to the Netherlands) invaded Dauphiné via the mountain trails shown to them by the Vaudois. The Allies invested Embrun, which capitulated on 15 August.
October 1692: With their commander falling ill with smallpox, and concluding that holding Embrun was untenable, the Allies abandoned Dauphiné in mid-September.
13.4.5.1.Treaty of Turin
Was a treaty that ended the involvement of the Duchy of Savoy in the Nine Years' War.
August 1696: With the Treaty of Turin signed on 29 August 1696, Louis XIV returned Montmélian, Nice, Villefranche, Susa, and other small towns to Savoy. The French, concluding that the defence of Pinerolo was not possible, also agreed to hand back the stronghold on condition that its fortifications were demolished.
13.4.6.Low Countries Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Low Countries Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
April 1691: The French army captured Mons in the Spanish Netherlands.
May 1691: Luxembourg, a French military commander, captured the city of Halle in present-day Belgium at the end of May.
June 1692: In 1692, during the Nine Years' War, the French military under the command of Vauban invested the stronghold of Namur on 29 May. The town fell quickly, but the citadel, defended by the Dutch military engineer Menno van Coehoorn, held out until 30 June.
July 1693: The French took Huy.
October 1693: In 1693, during the Nine Years' War, the French military leaders Luxembourg and Vauban captured Charleroi on 10 October. This victory, along with earlier conquests of Mons, Namur, and Huy, strengthened France's defensive position in the region.
September 1694: In 1694, during the Nine Years' War, the French Marshal Luxembourg was unable to prevent the Allies from garrisoning Dixmude and recapturing Huy in the Liege Prince-Bishopric.
September 1695: Loss of Namur.
June 1697: French forces besieged the city of Ath in present-day Belgium. The siege ended with the city falling under French military occupation.
13.4.7.South American theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the South American Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
May 1697: Raid on Cartagena was a successful attack by the French on the fortified city of Cartagena de Indias, as part of the War of the Grand Alliance.
May 1697: During the War of the Grand Alliance, French privateer Baron de Pointis, along with French Admiral Jean du Casse, led an attack on the Spanish city of Cartagena de Indias in 1697. They plundered the city, looting valuables worth ten to twenty million livres.
13.4.8.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick (1697): France kept Strasbourg but returned Freiburg, Breisach, Philippsburg and the Duchy of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Empire.
September 1697: The French evacuated Catalonia.
September 1697: The Dutch handed back Pondichéry in India to the french.
October 1697: In 1697 France and Spain settled their hostilities on the island by way of the Treaty of Ryswick, which divided Hispaniola between them. France received the western third and subsequently named it Saint-Domingue, the French equivalent of Santo Domingo, the Spanish colony on Hispaniola.
January 1698: In 1680, King Louis XIV of France, through his Chambers of Reunion, claimed Lützelstein as a French fief, which was confirmed by the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697.
Was a series of civil wars in the Kingdom of France between 1648 and 1653. King Louis XIV confronted the combined opposition of the princes, the nobility, the law courts (parlements), as well as most of the French people, and managed to subdue them all.
14.1.Parlamentary Fronde
Was a revolt of the parlament against King Louis XIV of France.
January 1649: Nobel rebels took control of Paris. The Court suddenly left Paris in the night between 5 and 6 January 1649 to move to the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The Parliament of Paris issued a decree on January 8, banning Mazarin.
April 1649: The more moderate parliamentarians such as the first president of the Parliament Mathieu Molé and the president Henri de Mesmes begged Anne of Austria to negotiate. A compromise was reached on March 11 at Reuil, followed by the Peace of Saint-Germain.
14.2.Fronde of the Princes
Was a revolt of the nobility against King Louis XIV of France.
February 1650: The Prince of Marcillac (future La Rochefoucauld) and the Duke of Bouillon agitate Poitou and Limousin.
February 1650: The Princess of Condé urges the Parliament of Guyenne to oppose.
May 1650: Mazarin immediately leaves to pacify Burgundy (March-April).
October 1650: Bordeaux opens its port spontaneously to the Royalists.
December 1650: Battle of Rethel (1650).
November 1651: By the end of 1651, the rebels led by Condé controlled Guyenne (with Bordeaux as a stronghold), Saintonge, Aunis, Limousin, Berry, Provence du Comte d'Alais and the bridge town of Stenay on the Meuse.
November 1651: Royal troops first liberate Champagne.
November 1651: The French military leader Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, was defeated by the royal forces led by King Louis XIV's chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin. This victory solidified the King's power and control over the territory of Cognac.
April 1652: In 1652, during the Fronde rebellion in France, the noble rebel leader Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, sought refuge in Paris after facing opposition from the royal forces of King Louis XIV. The Fronde was a series of civil wars that took place in France between 1648 and 1653, involving various factions including nobles, the monarchy, and the people.
June 1652: The rebels lost Guyenne.
October 1652: Condé leaves Paris followed by the most compromised slingers.
Was the graudal French conquest of modern-day Senegal that started in 1659 when France established the trading post of Saint-Louis.
January 1660: In 1659, France established the trading post of Saint-Louis, Senegal.
November 1677: French rule over the Island of Gorée.
January 1784: In 1783, French Senegal was returned to France after the American Revolutionary War, where France emerged victorious. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Paris, which ended the war and resulted in territorial exchanges between European powers.
January 1810: Saint-Louis (Senegal) conquered by great britain.
January 1856: French conquest of the Kingdom of Waloo.
Was a 1664 military expedition by Louis XIV to seize the port of Djidjelli and establish a naval base against the Barbary corsairs.
July 1664: Djidjelli Expedition.
October 1664: Louis XIV's expeditionary force abandoned Djidjelli and re-embarked for France.
Was a war between France and Spain. The French armies of Louis XIV occupied the Franche-Comté and large parts of the Spanish Netherlands.
17.1.Front of Flanders (War of Devolution)
Was the theatre of war in the Flanders of the War of Devolution.
July 1667: During the War of Devolution, French military leader Marquis de Rochebaron captured the cities of Tournai, Kortrijk, and Oudenaarde in 1667 as part of France's military occupation of the territory.
September 1667: On 12 September, Turenne captured Aalst.
17.2.France Comté Front (War of Devolution)
Was the theatre of war in the Franche-Comté of the War of Devolution.
February 1668: Besançon and Salins-les-Bains surrendered to French forces.
February 1668: Gray conquered by france.
May 1668: The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) in 1668 ended the War of Devolution. Louis XIV took the towns of Lille, Douai and Armentières from the Spanish, thereby allowing France a foothold back in Flanders.
17.3.Front of Catalonia (War of Devolution)
Was the theatre of war in Catalonia of the War of Devolution.
June 1668: In 1668, the Duke of Osuna, Viceroy of Catalonia, led a Spanish military occupation of Upper Cerdanya with 2,300 infantry and 200 cavalry.
17.4.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)
Was the treaty that ended the War of Devolution. France returned much of his gains.
May 1669: With the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), France returned the province of Franche-Comté to Spain.
May 1669: By the terms of theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), Louis XIV returned three cities (Cambrai, Aire, and Saint-Omer) to Spain.
May 1669: At the end of the War of Devolution France kept Armentières, Bergues, Charleroi, Courtrai, Douai, Furnes, Lille, Oudenarde, and Tournai.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
August 1674: In Northern Europe, the French under the command of King Louis XIV recaptured the Franche-Comté by July 1674. This territory was previously under Spanish control and was strategically important for France's military expansion in the region.
March 1676: The French captured Ypres and Ghent in early March.
November 1676: The French captured the city of Kehl.
August 1698: The French army leaves Freiburg.
August 1699: The French army leaves Kehl.
18.1.French invasion of the Dutch Republic
Was the French invasion of the Dutch Republic during the Franco-Dutch War.
June 1672: French forces conquer Burick.
June 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, French forces under the command of King Louis XIV occupied the forts of Tongeren, Maaseik, and Valkenburg.
June 1672: Grol conquered by france.
June 1672: Battle of Tolhuis.
June 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, King Louis XIV of France delayed the capture of Zutphen to allow his brother, Philippe I, Duke of Orléans, to take control of the territory. This military occupation was part of France's larger campaign against the Dutch Republic.
June 1672: The council of Utrecht, led by Mayor Hendrick Moreelse, surrendered to Henri Louis d'Aloigny, Marquis de Rochefort, to prevent the city from being plundered during the Franco-Dutch War. William of Orange retreated his forces on 18 June 1672.
June 1672: The French army, led by King Louis XIV, captured the fortress of Naarden in 1672 during the Franco-Dutch War. This military occupation was part of France's larger campaign to expand its territory and influence in Europe.
June 1672: The province of Overijssel surrendered as a whole to the bishop of Münster, Bernard von Galen. Von Galen's troops plundered towns on the west side of the IJssel, such as Hattem, Elburg and Harderwijk, on 21 June.
June 1672: King Louis XIV of France besieged Doesburg.
July 1672: The French intimidated the garrison of Coevorden into a quick surrender.
July 1672: Nijmegen had been taken on 9 July by the French under the command of King Louis XIV and his military general, Marshal Turenne, during the Franco-Dutch War. The city remained under French military occupation until the Treaty of Nijmegen was signed in 1678.
July 1672: During the Franco-Dutch War, French military leader Turenne was captured near 's-Hertogenbosch while attacking Fort Crèvecœur in 1672. This event marked a significant victory for the French forces in their campaign against the Dutch Republic.
July 1672: The Siege of Groningen in 1672 was part of the Franco-Dutch War. The French forces, led by Marshal Luxembourg, besieged the city of Groningen in the Netherlands. The city eventually surrendered after a month-long siege, leading to its occupation by France.
November 1672: In 1672, during the Franco-Dutch War, the Dutch forces led by Stadtholder William III retook Coevorden and liberated the province of Drenthe from the French occupation.
June 1673: The primary French objective in 1673 was the capture of Maastricht, a strategic city controlled by the Dutch Republic. The French forces, led by King Louis XIV and Marshal Vauban, successfully besieged the city, which surrendered on 30 June, leading to its annexation by the Kingdom of France.
October 1673: In September 1673, William of Orange recaptured Naarden from the French forces during the Franco-Dutch War. Naarden was a strategic fortress town in the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands.
December 1673: Münster and Cologne left the war in November. With the war expanding into the Rhineland and Spain, French troops withdrew from the Dutch Republic, retaining only Grave and Maastricht.
18.2.Peace of Nijmegen
Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.
January 1678: Valenciennes was formally ceded to France in the Peace of Nijmegen.
August 1678: France returned Charleroi, Ghent and other towns to the Spanish Netherlands.
August 1678: With the Peace of Nijmegen France gained further territories of the Spanish Netherlands, adding to those it had annexed under the 1659 Peace of the Pyrenees and 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. These included the town of Saint-Omer with the remaining northwestern part of the former Imperial County of Artois, the lands of Cassel, Aire and Ypres in southwestern Flanders, the Bishopric of Cambrai and the towns of Valenciennes and Maubeuge in the southern County of Hainaut.
August 1678: Spain ceded Franche-Comté to France with the Treaty of Nijmegen of 1678.
August 1678: Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I had to accept the French occupation of the towns of Freiburg and Kehl.
September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen
September 1678: France took Alsace (in 1648), Franche-Comté (in 1678 during the Franco-Dutch War) and Strasbourg (in 1681).
September 1678: By the Treaty of Nijmegen of 1678, Spain relinquished Cambrai, which has remained as a part of France, to this day.
January 1679: Weissenburg made part of France.
January 1679: The castle of Lichtenberg was conquered by troops of Louis XIV in 1678 and came under French sovereignty, as did almost the entire left bank of the Rhine in the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg.
Were a series of conflicts fought intermittently during the 17th century in North America throughout the Saint Lawrence River valley in Canada and the lower Great Lakes region which pitted the Iroquois League against the Hurons, northern Algonquians and their French allies.
January 1681: Iroquois attack in Illinois.
January 1701: Iroquois expansion until 1700.
Was a conflict between France, Spain and the Holy Roman Empire caused by Louis XIV's determination to establish defensible boundaries along France's northern and eastern borders.
November 1683: A French army under the Duke of Humières surrounded the town of Courtrai on the night of 3-4 November 1683.
November 1683: The fortress at Courtrai fell to French forces on 6 November 1683.
November 1683: In 1683, during the War of the Reunions, French Marshal François de Créquy led the military occupation of Dixmude. The city surrendered to French forces under the command of Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme, without resistance.
April 1684: Siege of Luxembourg by the French army.
June 1684: Siege of Luxembourg by the French army.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
21.1.French campaign in Spanish possessions
Were a seris of French military actions to occupy Spanish possession in order to support the Spanish king (who was a grandchild of the French King Louis XIV).
March 1701: In February 1701, the Duchy of Mantua, along with the Duchy of Milan, declared their support for Philip, the grandson of Louis XIV, who was declared king of Spain in the will of Charles II of Spain. As a result, French troops were accepted into the territory, leading to a military occupation by France.
March 1701: In February 1701, the Duchy of Milan, under Spanish control, declared support for Philip, the grandson of Louis XIV, who was declared King of Spain in the will of Charles II. French troops were accepted into the territory as a result.
January 1702: Helped by the Viceroy, Max Emanuel of Bavaria, French troops replaced Dutch garrisons in the 'Barrier' fortresses in the Spanish Netherlands, granted at Ryswick.
21.2.Italian Theatre (War of Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Italy.
September 1701: Victory on 1 September against Catinat's successor, Marshal François de Neufville de Villeroy, in the battle of Chiari.
November 1701: Austrian troops besiege Mantua.
September 1702: End of the siege of Mantua (1701-1702).
April 1704: From the beginning of 1704, French Marshal René de Froulay de Tessé had taken Savoy (with the exception of Montmélian).
July 1704: French military commander Louis d'Aubusson de la Feuillade occupied Susa in June.
August 1704: The Duke of Vendôme, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, was a French military commander who led the capture of Vercelli in July 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. This military occupation by France was part of their campaign in northern Italy against the Habsburg forces.
October 1704: Ivrea conquered by france.
May 1705: In April 1705 French officer La Feuillade occupied the County of Nice, including Nice itself (although the citadel was not captured until January 1706).
May 1705: Fall of Verrua in April 1705.
April 1706: The French defeated Count Christian Detlev Reventlow in the battle of Calcinato, and drove the Austrians back towards the mountains near Lake Garda.
September 1706: Prince Eugene of Savoy's victories gave the imperials effective control of the entire Po valley.
March 1707: The Convention of Milan of March 13, 1707, ensured the uncontested Austrian possession of the Duchies of Milan and of Mantua.
21.3.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.
November 1702: Venlo, Stevensweert, Roermond, and Liege conquered by joint Dutch and British forces.
September 1703: In 1703, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Margrave Louis William of Baden-Baden, a German military commander, led the imperial forces to capture the city of Landau on September 9th. This victory was a significant strategic gain for the Allied forces in the conflict.
October 1703: Marshal Tallard, a French military leader, captured Breisach am Rhein in September 1703.
November 1703: In 1703, Landau was conquered back by the French military under the command of Marshal Villars during the War of the Spanish Succession. The city had previously been captured by the Holy Roman Empire in 1702.
November 1704: While Ludwig von Baden besieged the Landau Fortress, which capitulated on November 26th.
August 1708: The cities of Ghent and Bruges in the Spanish Netherlands were occupied by France after popular discontent with the Allied administration.
October 1708: Lille is besieged by the Allied (Spanish Succession).
December 1708: In 1708, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Ghent and Bruges were retaken by the Anglo-Dutch forces led by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy. This restored the authority of the Anglo-Dutch condominium over the territory, which had been under military occupation by the Dutch Republic and Great Britain.
September 1709: The allies invested Tournai in July. The citadel was only taken on 3 September.
November 1709: Mons, a city in modern-day Belgium, fell in October 1709 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was then occupied by the Dutch Republic and Great Britain, led by military commanders such as the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene of Savoy.
June 1710: During the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene led the Allied forces to victory in Douai in 1710. The Cambrin Lines were breached, and the strategic fortress of Douai fell under Dutch Republic and British military occupation.
November 1710: From the end of 1710 the campaign of the duke and prince Eugene of Savoy achieved new successes with the capture of Béthune, Saint-Venant and, at the beginning of November, Aire-sur-la-Lys.
September 1711: The Duke of Marlborough continued to hold command of the Anglo-Dutch forces in northern France, and in August he managed to bypass Villars and pass through the formidable Ne Plus Ultra defense lines, before capturing Bouchain on September 12th.
July 1712: Landrecies conquered the last fortress of the pré carré which divided it from Paris.
August 1712: In 1712, during the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough led the reconquest of Douai and Le Quesnoy from French military occupation. This victory was a significant turning point in the conflict between France and the Grand Alliance.
September 1713: Landau, a fortified town in the Holy Roman Empire, was captured by the French under Marshal Villars in August 1713.
December 1713: Freiburg conquered by france.
21.3.1.Ramillies Campaign
Was a military campaign by England-Scotland and the Dutch Republic against French occupation in the Low Countries, during the War of the Spanish Succession.
May 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Louvain.
May 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Brussels.
May 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Ghent.
June 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Oudenarde.
June 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Bruges.
July 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Ostend.
August 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Menin.
October 1706: Anglo-Dutch conquest of Ath.
21.4.Queen Anne's War
Was a war between the American territories of Great Britain against the the American territories of Spain and France. In Europe, it is generally viewed as the American theater of the War of the Spanish Succession; in the Americas, it is more commonly viewed as a standalone conflict.
21.4.1.Newfoundland (Queen Anne’s War)
Was the theatre of War in Newfoundland during Queen Anne’s War.
January 1709: Newfoundland's coast was dotted with small French and English communities, with some fishing stations occupied seasonally by fishermen from Europe. Both sides had fortified their principal towns, the French at Plaisance on the western side of the Avalon Peninsula, the English at St. John's on Conception Bay. In December 1708, a combined force of French, Canadian, and Mi'kmaq volunteers captured St. John's.
January 1710: In 1709, the French under the command of Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville abandoned St. John's due to lack of resources. The English then reoccupied and refortified the territory, solidifying their control over the region.
21.4.2.Acadia and New England (Queen Anne’s War)
Was the theatre of War in Acadia and New England during Queen Anne’s War.
October 1710: In October 1710, 3,600 British and colonial forces led by Francis Nicholson finally captured Port Royal after a siege of one week. This ended official French control of the peninsular portion of Acadia.
21.5.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: In the Treaty of Utrecht Duke Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy was assigned Sicily with the relative royal title, as well as Casale and all of Monferrato, part of Lomellina and Valsesia.
April 1713: As a result of the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the War of Spanish Succession, the Spanish part of Guelders was partitioned. The Austrians received the areas of Roermond, Niederkrüchten and Weert.
April 1713: The viguerie of Barcelonnette (also comprising Saint-Martin and Entraunes) was reattached to France in 1713 as part of a territorial exchange with the Duchy of Savoy during the Treaties of Utrecht.
21.6.Treaty of Baden
Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1714: In the Treaty of Baden the French and their allies returned the east bank of the Rhine River (the Breisgau) to Austria.
September 1714: The treaty of Rastatt in 1714 allowed France, under the rule of King Louis XIV, to retain control of Alsace and Landau, solidifying French territorial gains in the region following the War of the Spanish Succession.
Expansion during the rule of Aurangzeb in the Mughal Empire.
April 1705: In March 1705, Mazulipatam was taken over by the Mughal Empire.
Was a war initiated by Spain to recover territories lost after the War of the Spanish Succession.
June 1719: The French, led by General Antoine Le Moyne de Bienville, captured the Spanish settlement of Pensacola in Florida in May 1719 during the War of the Quadruple Alliance. This military occupation marked a significant shift in power in the region.
September 1719: Spanish forces retook the town of Pensacola in August 1719.
November 1719: The territory of Pensacola fell to the French again towards the end of 1719 under the leadership of French military officer, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. This marked a period of French military occupation in the region.
Expansion during the rule of Shahu I in the Maratha Empire.
January 1729: Yanaon (Yanam) was a French colony in India. It was abandoned from 1728 to 1731 during a period of conflict between the French and the Mughal Empire.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
25.1.French Invasion of northern Italy
Was the French invasion of northern Italy during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1733: The French and Savoyard troops, led by Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy, invaded the territory of Pavia in 1733. The military occupation by France lasted until the end of the War of the Polish Succession in 1738.
November 1733: By November 3 1733, the city of Milan surrendered to the French, although the Austrian governor, Count Wirich Philipp von Daun, still held the fortress.
June 1734: The Battle of Colorno was a battle fought between May 25 and June 5 1734, between Franco-Sardinian and Austrian (Habsburg) troops.
July 1734: In 1734, during the War of the Polish Succession, the French forces under the command of Marshal Mercy attempted to cross the Parma River to besiege the city of Parma. After several failed attempts, they finally succeeded in late June, leading to the military occupation of Parma by France.
September 1734: Following their defeat at Guastalla at the hands of the French, which resulted in heavy casualties, the Austrians retreated to the Oglio River. They maintained this position for the remainder of the year.
January 1735: The French army entered winter quarters in December 1734, leaving the North Bank of the Po River.
September 1735: The Austrian main army withdrew through Mantua, leaving the region to the French.
25.2.French invasion of the Rhineland
Was the French invasion of the Rhineland during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1733: A large French army under the command of the Duke of Berwick besieged and captured the fortress of Kehl, which was lightly garrisoned and in poor condition.
November 1733: The Duchy of Lorraine was invaded by France.
July 1734: The French army, led by the Duke of Berwick, besieged the imperial fort at Philippsburg in 1734. The fort fell after a two-month siege in July, marking a significant victory for France during the War of the Polish Succession.
October 1735: The battle of Clausen in 1735 was won by the Austrian forces led by Prince Eugene of Savoy, marking the furthest point of the French invasion during the War of the Polish Succession. The territory of Clausen was later occupied by France.
25.3.Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Polish Succession. Augustus III was officially confirmed as King of Poland.
November 1738: After the Treaty of Vienna in 1738, which concluded the War of the Polish Succession, the French evacuated the territories they had occupied.
November 1738: Stanisław Leszczyński, a Polish nobleman who was briefly King of Poland was compensated with the Duchy of Lorraine in 1738 after losing the Polish throne.
February 1766: The acquisition of Lorraine for the former Polish king, however, proved of lasting benefit to France, as it passed under direct French rule with Stanislaus' death in 1766.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
26.1.Italian Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession.
26.1.1.Invasion of Savoy
Was a French invasion of Savoy during the War of the Austrian Succession.
April 1743: The French entered Savoy and conquered it entirely.
September 1743: Sardinian king Carlo Emanuele managed to drive the invading Spaniards out of Savoy.
December 1743: King Charles Emmanuel III of Savoy was forced to retreat to Piedmont due to the rainy season and disease affecting his army. The Spanish forces took advantage of this situation to reoccupy the region of Savoy.
26.1.2.Franco-Spanish invasion of Northern Italy
Was a joint French and Spanish invasion of northern Italy during the War of the Austrian Succession.
September 1746: The French army commanded by Maillebois engaged the Austrians in Rottofreddo on August 12, 1746. After the battle, Maillebois retreated from Piedmont-Savoy.
26.2.Rhineland Theatre (Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Rhineland during the War of the Austrian Succession.
July 1744: Prince Charles, who, assisted by the veteran Marshal Traun, skillfully manoeuvred his allied army over the Rhine near Philippsburg on 1 July 1744 and captured the lines of Weissenburg, and cut off Marshal Coigny and his army from Alsace.
October 1744: Prince Charles's army was able to return to Bohemia quickly, in good order and at full strength, though it was forced to abandon control of Alsace and Bavaria. Austrian diplomats also persuaded Saxony to re-enter the conflict on Austria's side, though in a strictly defensive role. By early October the Austrians were advancing through southwestern Bohemia toward Prague.
November 1744: During the War of the Austrian Succession, Louis XV of France besieged and captured Freiburg in 1744. This military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its territory and influence in the region.
26.3.Low Countries Theatre (War of the Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Low Countries during the War of the Austrian Succession.
July 1744: During the War of the Austrian Succession, King Louis XV of France led a military invasion of the Austrian Netherlands in July 1744. With a force of 90,000 men, he successfully captured the cities of Menin and Ypres, marking a significant victory for the French forces.
June 1745: After the Battle on Fontenoy, the fortress of Tournay surrendered to the French.
January 1746: The British and Dutch withdrew from Fontenoy in good order but the French-backed Jacobite rising of August, 1745 forced the British to transfer troops from Flanders to deal with it. By the end of 1745, the French held the strategic towns of Ghent, Oudenarde, Bruges, and Dendermonde, as well as the ports of Ostend and Nieuwpoort, threatening Britain's links to the Low Countries.
January 1747: During 1746, the French continued their advance into the Austrian Netherlands, taking Antwerp and then clearing Dutch and Austrian forces from the area between Brussels and the Meuse.
May 1747: Maastricht surrendered on 7 May 1747 during the War of the Austrian Succession. The city was occupied by French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe, marking a significant victory for France over the Dutch Republic.
October 1747: In 1747, during the War of the Austrian Succession, the French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe besieged and captured Bergen op Zoom in September. This victory was part of France's military occupation of the region during the conflict.
26.4.King George's War
Was a war between the British Empire and the French Empire that took place in the Americas. The conflict was part of the War of the Austrian Succession.
June 1745: In 1745, British colonial forces led by William Pepperrell and Peter Warren captured Fortress Louisbourg, a strategic French stronghold in Nova Scotia, after a six-week siege during the War of the Austrian Succession.
August 1745: The New Englanders also assumed control of Port-La-Joye on present-day Prince Edward Island.
January 1747: The New Englanders also assumed control of Port-La-Joye on present-day Prince Edward Island.
26.5.First Carnatic War
Was the Indian theatre of the War of the Austrian Succession and the first of a series of Carnatic Wars. In this conflict the British and French East India Companies fought for control of their respective trading posts at Madras, Pondicherry, and Cuddalore.
September 1746: Fall of Madras to the French.
26.6.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: France returned the Southern Netherlands (i.e. today's Belgium) to Austria.
October 1748: France accepted the re-establishment of the status quo in the overseas territories. Madras given back to the British.
October 1748: The County of Horburg had been under French sovereignty since 1748 and was ceded to France along with the other possessions on the left bank of the Rhine in 1793.
October 1748: In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle restored Louisbourg to France. Louisbourg was a French fortress located on Cape Breton Island in present-day Nova Scotia, Canada. The treaty was signed by representatives of France, Great Britain, and other European powers to end the War of the Austrian Succession.
Were a series of wars fought by the British East India Company in the Indian Subcontinent that resulted in the British conquest and colonial rule of the region.
27.1.Carnatic Wars
The Carnatic Wars were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India's coastal Carnatic region. As a result of these military contests, the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India.
27.1.1.Second Carnatic War
Was the continuation of the first Carnatic War in India despites the end of the War of the Austrian Succession in Europe.
January 1752: In 1751, however, Robert Clive led British troops to capture Arcot.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
28.1.French and Indian War
Was a theater of war of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes.
June 1755: Colonel Robert Monckton, a British military officer, captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 during the Seven Years' War. This victory cut off the French Fortress Louisbourg from land-based reinforcements, marking a significant strategic success for Great Britain in the conflict.
August 1756: During the week of August 10, 1756, a force of French regulars and Canadian militia under General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm captured and occupied the British fortifications at Fort Oswego, leading to France gaining military control of the territory.
August 1757: In early August 1757, French General Montcalm and his 7,000 troops besieged Fort William Henry, leading to its capitulation. The British forces agreed to withdraw under parole, handing over the territory to France.
August 1757: The French forces, led by General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and his subordinate Louis Antoine de Bougainville, remained at Fort William Henry for several days after its surrender by the British in 1757. They destroyed the remaining British fortifications before departing on August 18th to return to Fort Carillon.
January 1759: In 1758, during the French and Indian War, British forces under General John Bradstreet reoccupied Fort Oswego, which had been abandoned since 1756. The territory was previously controlled by the French but was now under British control.
28.1.1.Conquest of New France (1758-1760)
Was a British military campaign in New France during the Seven Years' War.
July 1758: Louisbourg was a strategic French fortress located in present-day Nova Scotia, Canada. Major-General James Wolfe was a British Army officer known for his role in the capture of Quebec City during the Seven Years' War. The capture of Louisbourg was a significant victory for the British in their efforts to gain control of North America.
September 1759: Quebec city capitulated to Britain after the Battle of the Plains Abraham, securing British predominance in North America.
September 1760: In 1760, French military leaders Lévis and Vaudreuil surrendered the French colony of Canada to British forces. This marked the end of the French and Indian War in North America, with the British emerging victorious after the capitulation of Montreal.
June 1762: The French forces, led by the Comte d'Haussonville, successfully captured St. John's in 1762, forcing the British to surrender. This event was part of the wider conflict between France and Britain known as the Seven Years' War.
September 1762: In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, French forces captured St. John's in Newfoundland. General Amherst, a British military leader, sent his nephew William Amherst to recapture the territory. The Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 resulted in the British regaining control of Newfoundland.
28.2.Indian Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the theatre of war of the Seven Years' War in the Indian Subcontinent.
January 1760: The French, led by General Thomas Arthur de Lally, captured Cuddalore from the British East India Company during the Seven Years' War in 1759. This military occupation was part of the larger conflict between France and Britain for control over colonial territories in India.
28.2.1.Third Carnatic War
The outbreak of the Seven Years' War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India.
January 1761: British occupation of Pondichéry.
February 1761: Mahé, a French colony in India, fell to British forces led by Admiral George Pocock and Colonel William Draper on 17 Feb 1761 during the Seven Years' War. This marked the beginning of British military occupation in the region.
February 1765: Karikal was a French colonial territory in India. The territory was restored to French control on 18 Feb 1765 after being temporarily occupied by the British East India Company during the Seven Years' War. This event was significant in the history of French India and the colonial rivalry between France and Britain.
April 1765: In 1765, Pondichéry was restored to France as part of the Treaty of Paris, ending the Seven Years' War. This territory was a French colony in India, and its return was negotiated by French diplomat Louis François Armand de Vignerot du Plessis.
May 1765: French conquest of Yanaon.
May 1765: French conquest of Mahé.
June 1765: French conquest of Chandernagore.
28.3.French Capture of Minorca
Was the French invasion of British-held Minorca during the Seven Years' War.
June 1756: The French opened the campaign against the British with an attack on Menorca in the Mediterranean. A British attempt at relief was foiled at the Battle of Minorca, and the island was captured on 28 June.
28.4.Third Silesian War
Was the last of three wars between Austria and Prussia for the control of Silesia. It was also part of the Seven Years' War.
28.4.1.Russia switches sided
On 5 January 1762 the ailing Russian Empress Elizabeth died. Her nephew and successor, Tsar Peter III, was an ardent admirer of Frederick the Great of Prussia, and he reversed Russia's foreign policy and ordered a ceasefire with Prussia. Peter agreed to an armistice with Prussia in March and lifted the Russian occupation of East Prussia and Pomerania.
July 1762: Since France had never formally declared war on Prussia, he agreed to a ceasefire with Frederick and evacuated Prussia's territories in the Rhineland, ending France's involvement in the war in Germany.
28.5.Central German Theatre
Was the theatre of war in central Germany of the Seven Years' War.
28.5.1.French Invasion (German Theatre of the Seven Years' War)
Was a French large-scale invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
July 1757: The Prussian port of Emden fell to the French.
August 1757: In 1757, during the Seven Years' War, the French under Marshal Louis Charles d'Estrées seized Kassel, securing their right flank. This military occupation was part of the larger conflict between France and Britain for control over Europe and overseas territories.
August 1757: Under Richelieu the French continued their drive, taking Minden.
August 1757: During the Seven Years' War, French Marshal Louis Charles César Le Tellier led the siege of Geldern, which was defended by Prussian General von Spörcken. The prolonged siege resulted in the French army being delayed in their campaign.
August 1757: The French army captured the city of Hanover on 11 August.
September 1757: On 10 September at Klosterzeven the British and French signed the Convention of Klosterzeven which secured the immediate end of hostilities. The terms called for several conditions. The national contingents from Brunswick and Hesse would return to their homelands. Half the Hanoverian force would be interned at Stade, while the remainder were to withdraw across the River Elbe. Most of Hanover would be under French occupation, except for a demilitarised zone. The French would evacuate the Duchy of Bremen, provided the British withdrew their ships from the River Weser.
November 1757: French marshal Louis François Armand de Richelieu moved his forces to take up winter quarters around Halberstadt.
28.5.2.Counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany
Was the Prussian and British counteroffensive against the French invasion of Germany during the Seven Years' War.
April 1758: The British and Hanoverian forces drove the French back across the River Rhine so that by the spring Hanover had been liberated.
April 1758: During the Seven Years' War, Ferdinand of Brunswick led the Allied forces, including British and Hanoverian troops, to re-capture the port of Emden from the French in 1758. This victory was a significant turning point in the war.
28.5.3.Rhineland Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the theatre of War in the Rhineland during the Seven Years' War.
April 1759: The French under General Victor-François de Broglie obtained a victory against British, Hanoverian, Hessian, and Brunswick forces in the Battle of Bergen.
August 1759: On 1 August 1759, the Anglo-German army of Ferdinand Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, routed the French during the Battle of Minden.
July 1760: French general de Broglie launched an offensive in the direction of Hesse, defeating Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel's forces on July 10 at the Battle of Korbach.
July 1760: The Battle of Warburg was fought on 31 July 1760 during the Seven Years' War. The battle was a victory for the Hanoverians and the British against the French army.
28.6.African Theatre (Seven Years' War)
Was the African theatre of the Seven Years' War.
28.6.1.Capture of Senegal
Was a British naval expedition against the French island of Gorée off the coast of Senegal during the Seven Years' War.
May 1758: In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, British General Jeffrey Amherst led the military occupation of Saint-Louis, Senegal. The French garrison, under Governor Jean-Baptiste du Casse, was caught off guard and the fort surrendered to the British forces led by Colonel William Marsh on May 1, 1758. Local traders in the area then pledged their loyalty to the British.
November 1758: In 1758, during the Seven Years' War, the French trading station on the Gambia was captured by British forces led by Admiral Augustus Keppel and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Boyd. This military occupation of the whole French Senegalese coast was part of Britain's strategy to gain control of key trading posts in West Africa.
January 1759: The Capture of Gorée occurred in December 1758 when a British naval expedition led by Augustus Keppel against the French island of Gorée off the coast of Senegal.
28.7.British expedition against Guadeloupe
Was the British invasion of French Guadeloupe during the Seven Years' War.
May 1759: The French forces on the island of Guadeloupe surrendered to the British after months of fighting, leading to a military occupation by Great Britain.
28.8.Invasion of Dominica (1761)
Was a British military expedition to capture the Caribbean island of Dominica in June 1761, as part of the Seven Years' War.
June 1761: In 1761, during the Seven Years' War, British forces led by Admiral George Rodney and General Robert Monckton arrived in Dominica. The French settlers in Dominica surrendered to the British on June 7, leading to the territory coming under British military occupation.
28.9.British expedition against Martinique
Was the British invasion of French Martinique during the Seven Years' War.
February 1762: On 3 February 1762, Fort Royal in Martinique surrendered to British forces.
February 1762: The rest of the island of Martinique is conquered by British forces.
March 1762: Between 26 February and 3 March, British detachments arrived at the islands Saint Lucia, Grenada and Saint Vincent, all of which fell without resistance.
28.10.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris (1763), which put an end to the Seven Years' War, France ceded all its North American possessions, but Britain returned Saint-Pierre and Miquelon to France.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): Britain restored Guadeloupe, Martinique, Saint Lucia, Gorée, and the Indian factories to France.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): France and Spain restored all their conquests to Britain and Portugal.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): France ceded the eastern half of French Louisiana to Britain, that is, the area from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mountains.
February 1763: France recognized the sovereignty of Britain over Canada, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Tobago. France lost all of its territory in mainland North America but had retained fishing rights off Newfoundland and the two small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
September 1783: The territories of Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo were restored to the Dutch with the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Was a military expedition by the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic that led to the annexion of the island by France.
August 1768: Landing of French troops at Saint-Florent.
October 1768: In 1768, French military forces, led by General Marbeuf, swiftly occupied Cap Corse as part of their conquest of the island of Corsica. This strategic move was a key step in France's campaign to assert control over the region.
October 1768: Battle of Borgo.
November 1768: Battle of Borgo.
May 1769: Battle of Ponte Novu.
Was the war of independence of the United States of America (at the time the Thirteen Colonies) against Great Britain.
30.1.Anglo-French War (1778-1783)
Was a war between France, allied to the United States, and Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War.
September 1778: Early on 7 September 1778, French forces landed on the southeastern coast of the island. They rapidly took over some of the island's defenses, and eventually gained control of the high ground overlooking the island capital, Roseau.
March 1779: In March 1779, during the Anglo-French War, British forces led by Admiral Edward Hughes and General James Stuart captured Mahé from the French, marking a significant victory for Great Britain in the Indian Ocean region.
June 1779: In 1779, French military leaders D'Estaing and de Bouille launched operations against British possessions in the Caribbean. They successfully captured the isle of Saint Vincent on June 18th, as part of their strategic campaign in the region.
July 1779: The French army captured Grenada.
January 1780: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1780: Gorée was part of Great Britain in 1779-1783.
January 1781: French reconquest of Martinique.
January 1781: The French retook Mahé in 1780.
March 1781: 17 March 1781 - 26 November 1781: British occupation of Saint Bartholomew (Saint Barthélemy).
November 1781: 25 Nov 1781 - 7 Feb 1784: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
November 1781: 17 March 1781 - 26 November 1781: British occupation of Saint Bartholomew (Saint Barthélemy).
November 1781: 3 Feb 1781 - 26 Nov 1781: British occupation of Saba.
November 1781: In 1781, French forces led by Admiral de Grasse occupied the Dutch part of Saint Martin during the Anglo-French War. The French control would last until 1784 when the Treaty of Paris returned the territory to the Dutch.
January 1782: The French captured Tobago, in 1781.
April 1782: The French fleet of Comte de Grasse, which aimed to annex British Jamaica, left Martinique and headed towards the archipelago of les Saintes. Caught in the Dominica Passage by the British and inferior in number, it was crushed by the vessels of the vices-admirals of Great Britain, Baron George Brydges Rodney and Viscount Samuel Hood. The defeat put les Saintes under British control.
January 1783: During the American Revolutionary War, French Admiral Comte de Grasse captured Montserrat in 1782 as part of France's support for the American colonies against British rule. This military occupation lasted until the end of the war.
March 1783: The French captured the Turks and Caicos islands 1783.
September 1783: St Kitts was recognised as British territory in the Treaty of Paris.
September 1783: In 1783, the French agreed to return the island of Montserrat to Great Britain under the Treaty of Paris. This decision was made after the French had briefly occupied the territory but had no intention of fully colonizing it.
September 1783: Grenada and Saint Vincent were captured by the French during the American Revolutionary War. The 1783 Treaty of Paris, which ended the war, required France to return both territories to Britain.
September 1783: The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 ended the Anglo-French War and resulted in the British regaining control of St. Vincent and the Grenadines from France. This marked the beginning of British colonial rule in the territory.
September 1783: The Treaty of Paris (1783) returned Dominica to British control.
September 1783: The Treaty of Paris (1783) confirmed the Turks and Caicos islands as a British colony. This treaty was signed by representatives of Great Britain, France, and Spain, officially ending the American Revolutionary War.
February 1784: 25 Nov 1781 - 7 Feb 1784: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
January 1785: During the Anglo-French War, the British forces led by Admiral George Rodney captured St. Lucia from the French in 1778. However, the Treaty of Paris in 1783 returned the island to French control, officially transferring it back to Martinique in 1784.
February 1785: In 1785, Pondichéry was restored to France as part of the Treaty of Paris. This territory had been under British control since 1761. The return of Pondichéry was negotiated by French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand and marked a significant victory for France in the region.
February 1785: Karikal was a French colonial territory in India. The territory was restored to French control on 26 Feb 1785 as part of a treaty between the French and the British East India Company. This event was significant for the French colonial presence in India during the late 18th century.
March 1785: British conquest of Yanaon.
June 1785: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. On 27 June 1785, the territory was transferred to British control following a treaty signed between Governor-General of India Warren Hastings and French Governor-General Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau.
30.1.1.Capture of St. Lucia
Was the French capture of St. Lucia, in the Caribbean, during the American Revolutionary War.
December 1778: Upon the British ships' arrival on December 13, Major General James Grant ordered Brigadier General William Medows to land with a force of 1,400 at Grand Cul-de-Sac.
December 1778: In 1778, during the American Revolutionary War, General James Grant led the British forces to capture the fort at Morne Fortune and the capital, Castries, in Saint Lucia. This military occupation was part of Britain's strategy to secure the Caribbean islands during the conflict.
December 1778: Battle of St. Lucia.
December 1778: In 1778, during the Anglo-French War, a force of 9,000 French troops led by Admiral d'Estaing was landed near Castries, St. Lucia to attack General Medows' smaller force of 1,400 British troops. The territory ultimately went to Martinique, a French colony.
December 1778: The French garrison, led by Governor Francois Claude Amour, surrendered to British Admiral Samuel Barrington on 28 December 1778. The remaining French troops, including Governor Amour, embarked on their ships that same night, marking the British military occupation of the coast near Castries.
30.1.2.French Invasion of St. Kitts
Was the French invasion of St. Kitts, in the Caribbean, during the American Revolutionary War.
January 1782: French forces land on Saint Kitts.
January 1782: After landing on Saint Kitts, the French troops of the Marquis de Bouillé stormed and besieged Brimstone Hill.
February 1782: After a month of siege the heavily outnumbered and cut-off British garrison of St. Christopher surrendered to the French.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
September 1792: The monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the French Revolution.
January 1798: The citizens of Parga, a town in western Greece, revolted against French rule in 1815. They sought protection from the British, who had military occupation of the territory since 1797.
April 1798: After the occupation of Rome by French troops on February 10, 1798, Benevento found itself politically isolated, so Ferdinand IV of Bourbon decided to occupy it.
January 1799: On December 10, 1798, the Piedmontese Republic was established in Turin, recognized by the French who had occupied the city.
January 1799: France annexes Geneva and creates the department of Léman.
January 1799: On January 1799 the french troups capture Lucca.
January 1799: The Parthenopean Republic emerged during the French Revolutionary Wars after King Ferdinand IV of Naples fled before advancing French troops.
March 1799: The Helvetic Republic annexed the Three Leagues and created the Canton of Raetia.
January 1802: The Cisalpine Republic is renamed Italian Republic.
January 1803: Salm was created in 1802 as a state of the Holy Roman Empire in order to compensate the princes of Salm-Kyrburg and Salm-Salm, who had lost their states to France in 1793-1795. The new territory was not near most of the old territories of the princes, but instead extended the County of Anholt, which had been a minor possession of the prince of Salm-Salm. Most of the area was taken from the dissolved Bishopric of Münster.
January 1803: On September 11, 1802 (24 Fructidor, Year X), the French Senate took an "organic senatus-consultum, bringing together the departments of Po, Dora, Marengo, Sésia, Stura and Tanaro in the territory of the French Republic ". A part is annexed by Italy.
January 1803: Napoleonic occupation of Zibello.
January 1803: In 1802, the territory of Zwiefalten was secularized and suppressed, leading to its transfer to the Duchy of Württemberg. This decision was part of the secularization process in Germany, which aimed to transfer ecclesiastical territories to secular rulers.
February 1803: Instability in the Republic reached its peak in 1802-03—including the Stecklikrieg civil war of 1802. Together with local resistance, financial problems caused the Helvetic Republic to collapse. On 19 February 1803, the Act of Mediation restored the cantons. In 1803 Napoleon's Act of Mediation partially restored the sovereignty of the cantons, and the former subject territories of Aargau, Thurgau, Vaud, and Ticino became cantons with equal rights. the Three Leagues, formerly an associate (Zogewandter Ort) but not a full member of the confederacy, became a full member as the canton of Graubünden. In contrast, the territories of Biel, Valais, the former Principality of Neuchâtel (the later canton of Neuchâtel), of the Bishopric of Basel (the later Bernese Jura), and of Geneva did not become part of the Swiss confederacy until the end of the Napoleonic era.
February 1803: Reichsdeputationsschluss: the Imperial Recess of 1803, was a resolution passed by the Reichstag (Imperial Diet) of the Holy Roman Empire. The law secularized nearly 70 ecclesiastical states and abolished 45 imperial cities to compensate numerous German princes for territories to the west of the Rhine that had been annexed by France as a result of the French Revolutionary Wars.
May 1804: Declaration of the First Empire in 1804 under Napoleon.
March 1805: Establishment of the Kingdom of Italy.
March 1805: The Principality of Lucca and Piombino was a state created from the union of the Principality of Piombino with Lucca and assigned by Napoleon I to his sister Elisa and brother-in-law Felice Baciocchi on March 18, 1805.
June 1805: The last, and only, doge of the Ligurian Republic was Girolamo Luigi Durazzo, appointed by Bonaparte on August 10, 1802, who was deposed on May 29, 1805 with the annexation of Liguria to the French Empire (June 4).
June 1805: Napoleon creates the Principality of Lucca-Piombino and assigns it to his sister Elisa Bonaparte and her husband Felice Baciocchi. End of the ancient Republic of Lucca.
June 1806: In February 1806 the kingdom of Naples was assigned to Giuseppe Bonaparte and the principalities of Benevento and Pontecorvo were created.
June 1806: The principality of Pontecorvo was a tiny sovereign state forming part of the Napoleonic Empire and established in 1806.
June 1806: Establishment of the Kingdom of Holland.
June 1806: The Kingdom of Holland was created by Napoleon Bonaparte in March 1806 in order to strengthen control over the Netherlands by replacing the republican government with a monarchy.
January 1807: The March of Tresana is mediatizated by Napoleon.
January 1807: Ostfriesland and Ravenstein are annexed by Holland.
January 1807: The March of Aulla-Podenzana is mediatizated by Napoleon.
January 1807: The March of Mulazzo is mediatizated by Napoleon.
January 1807: Napoleon awarded Massa and Carrara to the Principality of Lucca and Piombino.
January 1807: The imperial fief of Fosdinovo is mediatizated by Napoleon.
January 1807: The imperial fief of Sorbello is mediatizated by Napoleon.
January 1807: In 1806, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Kingdom of Prussia annexed the territory of Hannover. This decision was made as a result of the Treaty of Tilsit.
January 1807: French occupation of Jever.
December 1807: In 1807, Napoleon dissolved the kingdom of Etruria and integrated it into France, turning it into three French départements: Arno, Méditerranée and Ombrone.
January 1808: In 1807, Napoleon conquered the County of Carpegna and the County of Scavolino, annexing them to the Kingdom of Italy, a French client state ruled by Napoleon's brother-in-law, Eugène de Beauharnais. This expansion was part of Napoleon's efforts to consolidate his control over Italy.
January 1808: Jever is annexed by the Kingdom of Holland.
January 1808: After the Peace of Pressburg in 1805, the territory of the Republic of Ragusa was occupied by France under Napoleon Bonaparte (May 27, 1806). The Republic was ultimately abolished by decree issued by General Marmont on January 31, 1808.
May 1808: The Metauro department was constituted on 11 May 1808, with the separation of the Marches from the State of the Church and their annexation to the Kingdom of Italy.
May 1809: On May 17, 1809, Napoleon Bonaparte decreed the suppression of the temporal power of the Pope, annexing the territories of Umbria and Latium to the First French Empire. This move was part of Napoleon's efforts to expand his control over Italy and weaken the influence of the Papal States.
July 1810: King Louis did not perform to Napoleon's expectations—he tried to serve Dutch interests instead of his brother's—and the kingdom was dissolved in 1810, after which the Netherlands were annexed by France.
January 1811: Regensburg and Windesheim are acquired by Bavaria.
January 1811: In 1810, the Alpine territories surrounding Sillian and Lienz were added to the First French Empire under the rule of Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte.
January 1811: In 1810 the coastal and northern départements North (capital: Stade) and Lower Elbe (capital: Lunenburg) of the Kingdom of Westphalia were ceded to the French Empire.
January 1811: In 1810, the Duchy of Arenberg was mediatised, leading to France annexing Dülmen and Meppen, while the Grand Duchy of Berg annexed Recklinghausen.
January 1811: Trento is annexed by the Kingdom of Italy.
January 1811: In 1810, the city of Lübeck in Germany was annexed by the First French Empire under the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte.
January 1811: Between 1810 and 1814, Oldenburg was occupied by Napoleonic France. Its annexation into the French Empire, in 1810, was one of the causes for the diplomatic rift between former allies France and Russia.
January 1811: The Imperial City of Hamburg is annexed to the First French Empire.
January 1811: The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen is annexed to the First French Empire.
April 1811: French annexation of the part of Berg north of the Lippe.
January 1812: The Salm Principality was annexed by France in 1811.
January 1812: French troops occupied Swedish Pomerania to end the illegal trade with the United Kingdom from Sweden.
January 1813: Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, the Free City of Danzig was occupied by Prussian and Russian troops. The duchy was under the control of King Frederick William III of Prussia and Tsar Alexander I of Russia.
January 1813: Following Napoleon's failed invasion of Russia, the Duchy of Warsaw, established by Napoleon in 1807, was occupied by Prussian forces under General Ludwig Yorck and Russian troops led by General Mikhail Barclay de Tolly in 1812.
31.1.Haitian Revolution
Was the succesful insurrection by self-liberated slaves of the colony of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti) against French rule leading to the creation of the independent country of Haiti, the first independent nation of Latin America and the Caribbean.
August 1791: The signal to begin the revolt was given by Dutty Boukman, a high priest of vodou and leader of the Maroon slaves, and Cecile Fatiman during a religious ceremony at Bois Caïman on the night of 14 August. Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt.
October 1791: In the south, beginning in September, thirteen thousand slaves and rebels led by Romaine-la-Prophétesse, based in Trou Coffy, took supplies from and burned plantations and freed slaves and occupied (and burned) the area's two major cities, Léogâne and Jacmel.
April 1792: A coalition of whites and conservative free blacks and forces under French commissaire nationale Edmond de Saint-Léger put down the Trou Coffy uprising in the south.
September 1793: About 600 British soldiers from Jamaica landed at Jérémie.
September 1793: On 22 September 1793, Mole St. Nicolas, the main French naval base in Saint-Domingue, surrendered to the Royal Navy peacefully. Everywhere the British went, they restored slavery, which made them hated by the mass of common people.
June 1794: In 1794, General Whyte, a British military leader, captured Port-au-Prince during the military occupation of Great Britain in Haiti. This event was part of the larger conflict between Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars.
January 1795: The French stormed and retook Tiburon in a surprise attack.
November 1803: The Haitian rebels finally managed to decisively defeat the French troops at the Battle of Vertières on 18 November 1803, leading the first ever group of enslaved peoples to successfully create an independent state through a slave revolt.
31.1.1.War of Knives
Was a civil war from June 1799 to July 1800 between the Haitian revolutionary Toussaint Louverture, a black ex-slave who controlled the north of Saint-Domingue (modern-day Haiti), and his adversary André Rigaud, a mixed-race free person of color who controlled the south.
June 1799: Rigaud struck first; after slaughtering many whites in South Province to secure his rear, on June 16-18, 1799, Rigaud sent 4,000 troops to seize the southern border towns of Petit-Goâve and Grand-Goâve.
March 1800: Toussaint Louverture, a former slave who became a leader of the Haitian Revolution, took control of the town of Jacmel.
September 1800: By August, 1800, Toussaint Louverture was ruler of all Saint-Domingue.
31.1.2.Invasion of Santo Domingo
Was the Haitian invasion of the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, which occupied the eastern half of the island of Hispanola.
January 1801: In December 1800, Toussaint ordered an invasion of the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo, which occupied the eastern half of the island of Hispanola. Although Spain had technically ceded Santo Domingo to France in the 1795 Peace of Basel, the colony was still controlled by a Spanish administration at the time.
31.1.3.Saint-Domingue expedition
Was the unsuccesful invasion of Haiti, a rebellious French colony, ordered by Napoleon.
February 1802: The French arrived on 2 February 1802 at Le Cap with the Haitian commander Henri Christophe being ordered by Leclerc to turn over the city to the French. When Christophe refused, the French assaulted Le Cap and the Haitians set the city afire rather than surrender it.
February 1802: The Battle of Ravine-à-Couleuvres, also known as the Battle of Snake Gully, was a major battle of the Haitian Revolution on 23 February 1802. After the battle, France controllled a territory between Fort-Liberté and Lacroix (Artibonite)
March 1802: The Haitian rebeles abandoned the fort of Crête-à-Pierrot.
May 1802: Louverture, a former slave who led the Haitian Revolution, agreed to surrender to French forces. At this point France controlled the whole Island of Hispaniola.
31.2.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
December 1792: Secession of the Rauracian Republic, partly composed of territories belonging to the Abbey of Basel.
January 1793: With an unauthorized plebiscite, under pressure from French revolutionaries, the Comtat Venaissin was annexed by France.
January 1793: In 1792, revolutionary France annexed several territories of the Holy Roman Empire, including Worms, Speyer, and territories of the Flanders region.
January 1793: Marie-Galante, which was Republican, separated itself from the royalist government of Guadeloupe.
February 1793: French control of the Principality of Monaco during the French revolution from 1793 to May 17, 1814, as part of the département of Alpes-Maritimes.
March 1793: The Rauracian Republic was annexed by the First French Republic and became the department of Mont-Terrible.
August 1793: Counter-revolutionary forces turned Toulon over to Britain and Spain.
December 1793: Toulon was not retaken by Dugommier (with the assistance of the young Napoleon Bonaparte) until 19 December.
January 1794: Salm-Salm annexed to France.
January 1794: In 1793, the territory of Dachstuhl was annexed by the First French Republic.
January 1794: In 1793, the territory of Moempelgard was annexed by the First French Republic.
January 1794: In 1794, during the War of the First Coalition, the French armies, led by generals such as Jean-Charles Pichegru and Jacques François Dugommier, were defending the border regions in the Pyrenees against the Spanish and British forces. The territory ultimately went to the First French Republic.
March 1794: In the Caribbean, the British fleet landed in Martinique in February, taking the whole island by 24 March.
May 1794: Guadeloupe conquered by great britain.
June 1794: In 1794, the British were driven out of Guadeloupe by Victor Hugues, a French politician and revolutionary.
July 1794: The Battle of Trippstadt was a relatively minor French military action in 1794. This victory gave the French control of the mountain passes across the lower Vosges ( Kaiserslautern, Trippstadt, Schänzel, Neustadt and along the banks of the Speyerbach River).
September 1794: In mid-September 1794, the Prussians, led by Frederick William II, attacked the weakened French forces, commanded by General Lazare Hoche, in the north-eastern frontier and reoccupied Kaiserslautern, which was part of the territory of Bavaria-Palatinate at the time.
January 1795: The Imperial City of Cologen (German: Köln) is annexed by France.
January 1795: The French armies drove the Austrians, British, and Dutch beyond the Rhine, occupying Belgium, the Rhineland, and the south of the Netherlands.
April 1795: In 1795, Sint Eustatius, a Dutch colony, was occupied by the French military.
April 1795: The French occupy the entire island of Saint Martin.
May 1795: In 1795, Saba was occupied by the French military. This period of French occupation would last until April 1801.
May 1795: The Treaty of Den Haag was signed on May 16, 1795 between representatives of the French Republic and the Batavian Republic. The Batavian Republic ceded to France the territories of Maastricht, Venlo, and Zeelandic Flanders. Moreover, the accord established a defensive alliance between the two nations.
August 1795: Peace of Basel of 1795 at the end of the War of the First Coalition between the Kingdom of Prussia and the French Republic. France gained the left bank of the Rhine.
January 1796: Wied-Runkel was annexed by France.
January 1796: In 1795, the territory of Ligny was annexed by the First French Republic.
January 1796: In 1795 the area of Stablo-Malmedy became part of the French department of Ourthe, and from 1796 the abbeys and monasteries were secularized.
January 1796: Salm-Salm annexed to France.
January 1796: Between 1798 and 1814, Schleiden County was part of France after being conquered in the First Coalition War and through the French annexation of the left bank of the Rhine and through the Peace of Campo Formio and Lunéville.
January 1796: In 1795, the territory of Rochefort was annexed by the First French Republic.
March 1797: On 9 December 1797, Frédéric-César de La Harpe, a member of the Helvetian Club from Vaud, asked France to invade Bern to protect Vaud. Seeing a chance to remove a feudal neighbor and gain Bern's wealth, France agreed. By February 1798, French troops occupied Mulhouse and Biel/Bienne. Meanwhile, another army entered Vaud, and the Lemanic Republic was proclaimed.
March 1797: The Republic of Crema was created in March 1797 following the occupation of the city of Crema (Italy) by French troops.
May 1797: Before the French Revolutionary Wars, the Ionian Islands had been part of the Republic of Venice. When the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio dissolved the Republic of Venice, they were annexed to the French Republic.
October 1797: In 1797, the districts of Chiavenna, Valtellina, and Bormio, dependencies of the Three Leagues (an associate of the Confederation), revolted under the encouragement of France. They were quickly invaded and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic on 10 October 1797.
October 1797: The Duchy of Milan remained an Austrian possession until 1796, when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered it, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.
October 1797: Campo Ligure becomes part of the Ligurian Republic.
October 1797: The March of Mulazzo is occupied by France.
October 1797: The March of Fosdinovo is occupied by France.
October 1797: The March of Tresana is occupied by France.
October 1797: The Republic of Noli is annexed to the Ligurian Republic.
October 1797: The March of Sorbello is occupied by France.
October 1797: Following the Treaty of Campo Formio, where Napoleon Bonaparte decreed the final dissolution of the Venetian Republic, Preveza - like other Venetian possessions in Greece and Albania - was ceded to Revolutionary France.
October 1797: The March of Aulla-Podenzana is occupied by France.
November 1797: The so-called Republic of Ancona was a revolutionary municipality which was proclaimed by the Army of Italy of the young general Bonaparte on 19 November 1797, among the other Jacobin republics. It was based in Ancona and included the territories which, in the Papal State, were part of the Marca of Ancona with the capital Macerata, or the current territory of the Marches.
February 1798: The Tiberina Republic was a provisional government which was proclaimed on February 4, 1798, when the Jacobins took power in the city of Perugia.
February 1798: In February 1798 the ephemeral Roman Republic was proclaimed, closely linked to France.
February 1798: In February 1798, the ephemeral Roman Republic was proclaimed in Rome, Italy. The republic was closely linked to France.
March 1798: The Tiberina Republic became part of the Napoleonic Roman Republic.
March 1798: After only 117 days, on March 7, 1798, the Anconine Republic was united with the Roman Republic.
October 1798: The Battle of Nicopolis in 1798 took place in the Venetian possession of Greece. The Ottoman troops, led by Ali Pasha and his son Mukhtar, decisively defeated the Venetian forces, leading to the territory being transferred to the Ottoman Empire.
October 1798: In 1798 small Venetian territories that were not ceded to the Austrian Empire were conquered by the Ottoman Empire.
January 1799: In 1797, the districts of Chiavenna, Valtellina, and Bormio, dependencies of the Three Leagues (an associate of the Confederation), revolted under the encouragement of France. They were quickly invaded and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic on 10 October 1797.
March 1802: Great Britain held Martinique until the Peace of Amiens.
31.2.1.Belgian front
Was the Belgian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
June 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, General Luckner led a 20,000 strong French force to invade the Austrian Netherlands. They successfully captured Menen and Kortrijk on 19 June.
June 1792: The French forces, led by General Charles François Dumouriez, withdrew back to Lille on 30 June 1792 after facing resistance from Austrian and Dutch troops in Menen and Kortrijk.
31.2.2.Battle of Valmy
Was a battle between France and an alliance of European states led by Prussia that attempted an invasion of the French territory.
August 1792: Coalitionary forces captured Longwy.
August 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the First Coalition forces, led by Duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick, conducted a slow march to besiege the city of Verdun. The city eventually fell to the Coalition forces, marking a significant event in the early stages of the war.
September 1792: Verdun surrendered on 2 September 1792.
September 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the Duke of Brunswick, leading the First Coalition forces, decided not to attack and instead camped for three days at Landres. This delay allowed the French revolutionary forces, led by General Dumouriez, to regroup and prepare for the Battle of Valmy.
September 1792: In July 1792 an Austro-Prussian force assembled at Coblenz in the Rhineland with the aim of marching on Paris, rescuing King Louis XVI, and ending the revolution. The coalition forces met with the French army in Valmy on September 20, 1792 but were defeated.
September 1792: First Coaltion leaves conquered territory in the Rhineland.
31.2.3.Piedmontese front
Was the Piedmontese theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
September 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolution, the County of Nice was attacked and forced to surrender by the French revolutionary forces under the command of General Jacques Bernard d'Anselme. This resulted in the territory of Savoy and Nice being occupied by France.
January 1794: In 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars, a French invasion of Piedmont led by General Jean-Charles Pichegru failed in the border regions. The territory ultimately went to the Kingdom of Sardinia, ruled by King Victor Amadeus III.
31.2.4.Rhineland campaign of 1792
Was a French military campaign in the Rhineland.
September 1792: The French attacked Speyer on 29 September and conquered it the next day.
October 1792: French troops occupy Worms and Philippsburg without a fight.
October 1792: French general Custine captured Mainz on 21 October 1792.
October 1792: The French army penetrated as far as Frankfurt, which surrendered.
31.2.5.Battle of Jemappes
Was a battle between France and Austria in modern-day Belgium during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1792: Advancing French forces reach Mons.
31.2.6.Flanders Campaign
Was a French military campaign in the Flanders.
February 1793: The Republican French army stopped near Aldenhoven.
February 1793: The French Armée du Nord commanded by general Charles-François Dumouriez advanced from Antwerp and invaded Dutch Brabant.
February 1793: A French army under Francisco de Miranda laid siege to Maastricht.
July 1793: Condé-sur-l'Escaut conquered by First Coalition.
July 1793: During the French Revolutionary Wars, the Prussians, led by Duke of Brunswick, besieged Mainz, held by French revolutionary forces under General Custine. The siege lasted from 14 April to 23 July 1793.
July 1793: Valenciennes conquered by First Coalition.
September 1793: Coalitionary forces captured Le Quesnoy, a strategic town in northern France.
September 1793: Maubege is conquered by coalitionary forces.
September 1793: In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the Austrian general Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, began besieging the French-held city of Maubeuge as part of the First Coalition's efforts to defeat the revolutionary government in France.
October 1793: In mid October French officer Vandamme laid siege to Nieuport. At the same time French marshal MacDonald took Werwicq.
October 1793: Dumonceau (France) drove the Hanoverians from Menen.
October 1793: Cysoing conquered by First Coalition.
October 1793: Marchiennes on 29 October 1793 was the site of a battle between the French Revolutionary Army, led by General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, and the First Coalition forces. The First Coalition was a group of European nations united against revolutionary France during the French Revolutionary Wars.
January 1794: Spanish armies crossed the Pyrenees.
January 1794: In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, General Charles François Dumouriez led French forces into Brabant, a territory that was part of the Austrian Netherlands. This military occupation was part of France's campaign to expand its territory and spread revolutionary ideals.
April 1794: Landrecies fell on 30 April 1794 to the First Coalition forces, led by Austrian General Prince Josias of Coburg and British General Sir William Erskine. The capture of Landrecies was part of the larger War of the First Coalition, a conflict between revolutionary France and a coalition of European powers.
April 1794: French generals Jean-Charles Pichegru and Lazare Hoche defeated Austrian General Clerfayt at the Battle of Mouscron. As a result, they were able to retake the territories of Courtrai (Kortrijk) and Menen, which had been under Austrian control.
June 1794: Ypres surrendered to French General Charles Pichegru.
July 1794: After suffering defeats at the hands of French revolutionary forces, Austrian General Coburg retreated to Tienen in 1794.
July 1794: Brussels is conquered by French troops led by general Jean-Charles Pichegru on 11 July 1794.
August 1794: Mechelen, a city in present-day Belgium, fell to French forces on the 15th of January, 1794.
September 1794: Antwerp was evacuated by the Austrian forces on the 24th of November 1794. Three days later, General Pichegru, a prominent French military leader during the French Revolutionary Wars, occupied the city.
October 1794: General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan led the French forces to capture the city of Namur in present-day Belgium.
November 1794: After a brief siege, Nijmegen was found to be untenable and the city was abandoned to the French.
November 1794: The French army occupies Liège.
December 1794: By 28 December the French had occupied the Bommelwaard and the Lands of Altena.
January 1795: On 10 January French general Pichegru ordered a general advance across the frozen river between Zaltbommel and Nijmegen and the allies were forced to retreat behind the Lower Rhine.
January 1795: On 16 January, the city of Utrecht surrendered to the French.
January 1795: Dutch revolutionaries led by Cornelius Krayenhoff put pressure on the city council of Amsterdam to hand over the city to the invading French army.
January 1795: The Batavian Republic was established after the French revolutionary forces invaded the Netherlands, leading to the overthrow of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The proclamation of the Batavian Republic on 19 January 1795 marked the beginning of a new era in Dutch history.
January 1795: The Batavian Republic (Dutch Bataafse Republiek, Nine Dutch: Bataafsche Republiek) was a daughter republic established by the French Revolutionary Export, formed from the Republic of the Seven United Provinces. It was proclaimed on January 19, 1795.
June 1795: Territory evacuated by the French at the end of the Flanders Campaign. The surrender of Luxembourg on 7 June 1795 concluded the French conquest of the Low Countries, thus marking the end of the Flanders Campaign.
31.2.7.British Invasion of Corsica
British forces invaded and succesfully occupied Corsica during the War of the First Coalition.
February 1793: The French forces, led by General Napoleon Bonaparte, withdrew from San Fiorenzo in 1793 after facing military occupation by Great Britain. This event marked a strategic victory for the British forces in the Mediterranean region during the French Revolutionary Wars.
May 1794: In 1794, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the city of Bastia in Corsica surrendered to British Admiral Samuel Hood offshore. This marked the beginning of Great Britain's military occupation of the territory, which lasted until 1796.
August 1794: In 1794, during the Anglo-Corsican Kingdom, negotiations between British commander Stuart and French commander Raphaël de Casabianca in Calvi, Corsica, resulted in a truce and eventual capitulation on August 10th.
31.2.8.War of the Pyrenees
Was the Pyrenean front of the First Coalition's war against the First French Republic.
April 1793: In 1793, Spanish General Antonio Ricardos invaded the Cerdagne region and captured the town of Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans during the War of the Pyrenees between France and Spain. This military occupation marked a significant event in the conflict between the two countries.
June 1793: The Siege of Bellegarde was part of the War of the First Coalition, with the French garrison surrendering to the Spanish forces led by Captain General Antonio Ricardos. This marked a significant victory for Spain in the conflict.
August 1793: In 1793, Luc Siméon Auguste Dagobert, a French military leader, defeated a Spanish force led by Manuel la Peña at Puigcerdà in the Cerdagne region. This victory led to the territory of Puigcerdà and Bellver being occupied by France.
September 1793: Eustache Charles d'Aoust rallied the French to win the Battle of Peyrestortes on 17 September. This represented the farthest Spanish advance in Rousillon.
December 1793: In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, Spanish General Gregorio García de la Cuesta led the successful military occupation of Collioure and Port-Vendres, seizing control of the ports from the French.
February 1794: In 1794, during the War of the Pyrenees, Jacques Lefranc, a French general, led 2,000 Republican troops to capture the strategic Izpegi Ridge in the Basque Country, which was under Spanish control at the time. This victory marked a significant military occupation by France in the region.
August 1794: Moncey, a French general during the French Revolutionary Wars, captured San Sebastián in 1794 without facing any opposition. This marked the beginning of French military occupation in the region.
September 1794: The fortress of Bellegarde fell on 17 September 1794 after the Spanish garrison, led by Captain General Alejandro O'Reilly, was starved out by the French forces under General Dugommier during the War of the Pyrenees. This marked a significant victory for France in their military occupation of the region.
October 1794: From 15 to 17 October, French marsha Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey, launched a broad front offensive from the Baztan valley and the Roncevaux Pass to the south in the direction of Pamplona. The Battle of Orbaitzeta saw clashes at Mezkiritz (Mezquiriz), Orbaitzeta, Lekunberri, and Villanueva (Hiriberri).
November 1794: Figueres and its Sant Ferran Fortress fell to the French with 9,000 prisoners.
February 1795: Pierre François Sauret was a French general who led the successful Siege of Roses in 1795. The Siege of Roses was a military operation during the War of the Pyrenees, where French forces occupied the town of Roses in Catalonia, Spain.
July 1795: Vitoria, a city in northern Spain, fell to the French forces led by General Jean-Charles de Bailleul on 17 July 1795 during the War of the Pyrenees.
July 1795: Bilbao conquered by france.
July 1795: The Peace of Basel ends the War of the Pyrenees on July 22, 1795 In the treaty, it was established that France returned the occupied territories to Spain. Spain, in compensation for the recovery of the territories of the Pyrenees, ceded to revolutionary France the eastern part of Santo Domingo. The French already controlled the western part of the island, Santo Domingo, since the signing of the Treaty of Rijswijk in 1697.
July 1795: Spanish general Cuesta recaptured Puigcerdà and Bellver from the French on 26 and 27 July.
31.2.9.Peace of Basel
Were a series of Treaties between the French Republic and Prussia, Spain and Hesse-Kassel that ended the War of the First Coalition with these countries.
April 1795: Peace of Basel of 1795 at the end of the War of the First Coalition between the Kingdom of Prussia and the French Republic. France gained the left bank of the Rhine.
April 1795: The Peace of Basel of 1795 consisted of three peace treaties involving France during the French Revolution. The first was with Prussia (represented by Karl August von Hardenberg) on 5 April. France returned all of the lands east of the Rhine captured during the war.
31.2.10.Italian theatre (War of the first coalition)
Was the Italian theatre of the War of the First Coalition.
November 1795: In northern Italy the victory at the Battle of Loano in November gives France access to the Italian peninsula.
April 1796: Napoleon defeated an Austro-Sardinian force at the Battle of Millesimo.
April 1796: Napoleon won at the Second Battle of Dego, driving the Austrians northeast, away from their Piedmontese allies.
April 1796: Battle of Mondovì.
May 1796: French forces occupy Lodi and Milan.
May 1796: On 28 April, the Piedmontese signed an armistice at with the French at Cherasco. On 18 May they signed a peace treaty in Paris, ceding Savoy and Nice and allowing the French bases to be used against Austria.
May 1796: The Duchy of Milan was ruled by the Habsburgs and became the Transpadane Republic after being occupied by Napoleon's French forces in 1796. This marked the end of Habsburg rule in the region and the establishment of a new republic.
June 1796: The Bolognese Republic was a French client republic established when Papal authorities escaped from the city of Bologna in June 1796.
August 1796: The Reggiana Republic was an ephemeral republican municipality born from the secession of the Reggio territories from the Duchy of Modena and Reggio proclaimed on 26 August 1796.
September 1796: In September, Napoleon Bonaparte marched north against Trento in Tyrol. Bonaparte overran the holding force at the Battle of Rovereto.
September 1796: French victory at the Battle of Bassano on 8 September 1796.
October 1796: The Duchy of Modena-Reggio was occupied by Napoleon and entered the Cispadan Republic.
October 1796: Spain signed the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso with France on 19 August 1796, entering the war against Britain on the side of France in return for concessions in Italy. In response, Britain withdrew from Corsica. On 19 October 1796, the French reconquered Bastia and Corsica became a French département.
October 1796: Constitution of the Cispadane Republic.
November 1796: The Austrians were victorious over the French at Bassano.
November 1796: The Austrians defeated the French at Calliano.
November 1796: Napoleon defeated the Venetians led by Alvinczi in the Battle of Arcole southeast of Verona.
December 1796: The Bolognese Republic was absorbed by the Cispadana Republic within a few months.
January 1797: The Duchy of Milan remained an Austrian possession until 1796, when a French army under Napoleon Bonaparte conquered it, and it ceased to exist a year later as a result of the Treaty of Campo Formio, when Austria ceded it to the new Cisalpine Republic.
January 1797: The March of Castevoli and the March of Villafranca were unified in the Castevoli and Villafranca Marquisate.
January 1797: The Rocchetta-Suvero Marquisate became part of the territories of the Cispadana Republic.
January 1797: In 1797, during the Napoleonic Wars, French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte occupied the Venetian state up to the Adige River. The Austrians controlled Vicenza, Cadore, and Friuli as part of the ongoing conflict in the region.
February 1797: Frecnh forces besiege Mantua.
February 1797: Carpi is annexed to the Cisalpine Republic.
February 1797: French troops advanced directly toward Austria over the Julian Alps. General Barthélemy Joubert invaded Tyrol.
March 1797: Archduke Charles of Austria was defeated at the Tagliamento on 16 March, and Napoleon proceeded into Austria, occupying Klagenfurt.
April 1797: The French advanced as far as Judenburg by the evening of April 7th.
June 1797: In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte deposed Giacomo Maria Brignole, the last doge of the Republic of Genova. This marked the end of the Republic of Genova and the territory was incorporated into the Ligurian Republic.
June 1797: In June 1797, the territories of Bologna, Ferrara, and Romagna were annexed to the Cisalpine Republic through the Treaty of Tolentino. This agreement was signed between Napoleon Bonaparte, who was leading the French forces in Italy, and representatives of the Papal States.
June 1797: The Cispadane Republic was merged with the Transpadane Republic (formerly the Duchy of Milan until 1796) to form the Cisalpine Republic.
July 1797: The Republic of Crema entered then into the Cisalpine Republic in July 1797.
July 1797: The Cispadane Republic is merged into the Cisalpine Republic.
July 1797: The 1797 Republic of Aste was a Jacobin municipality fruit of the political events that led, between June and July of that same year, to the proclamation of popular self-government in the city of Asti.
August 1797: On August 5, 1797 Napoleon's troops occupied the Principality of Torriglia, and annexed it to the Ligurian republic.
31.2.11.Rhine campaign of 1796
Were a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
June 1796: A division of French general Kléber's troops seized a bridge over the Sieg from Michael von Kienmayer's Austrians at Siegburg.
June 1796: French General Kléber defeated the Duke of Württemberg in the Battle of Altenkirchen.
June 1796: The French army occupies Renchen.
July 1796: On 5 July 1796, French general Desaix defeated Austrian general Latour at the Battle of Rastatt.
July 1796: French forces occupied the city of Giessen.
July 1796: Ettlingen conquered by france.
July 1796: French forces occupy the city of Friedberg.
July 1796: Neuwied conquered by france.
July 1796: French conquest of Cannstadt.
August 1796: French forces occupy Neresheim.
August 1796: On 17 August the French took Sulzbach.
September 1796: End of Mainz blockade.
31.2.12.Rhine campaign of 1797
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
September 1796: Wiesbaden conquered by france.
31.2.13.Rhine campaign of 1799
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
September 1796: The Austrians established a strong cordon that forced General Jean Victor Marie Moreau to shift his forces southward to the remaining bridgehead at Hüningen.
31.2.14.Rhine campaign of 1798
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
September 1796: On 16-18 September Charles of Brunswick defeated the French Army of Sambre & Meuse in the Battle of Limburg.
31.2.15.Rhine campaign of 1800
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
October 1796: The French retreated across the rivers Rhine and Elz, destroying all the bridges.
October 1796: French forces occupy Schliengen.
31.2.16.Rhine campaign of 1801
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
January 1797: The French besieged Kehl from 10 November 1797.
31.2.17.Rhine campaign of 1802
Was one of a series of battles in the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition.
February 1797: The French handed over the east-bank bridgehead at Hüningen.
31.2.18.Treaty of Campo Formio
Was a treaty between France and Austria that ended the War of the First Coalition.
October 1797: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
January 1798: The Treaty of Campo Formio was signed on 17 October 1797 (26 Vendémiaire VI). The treaty transferred the Austrian Netherlands to France. The territories of Venice were partitioned, most were acquired by Austria. Austria recognized the Cisalpine Republic and the newly created Ligurian Republic. Extension of the borders of France up to the Rhine, the Nette, and the Roer.
January 1798: In 1797, the territory of St. Hubert was ceded to the First French Republic. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Campo Formio, signed by Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian foreign minister Count Ludwig von Cobenzl.
31.3.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
May 1793: In 1793 the British landed in Saint-Pierre and, the following year, again expelled the French.
May 1793: Dutch control over the entire island of Saint Martin.
June 1793: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. In 1793, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the British East India Company captured the territory.
June 1793: Karikal conquered by great britain.
July 1793: Yanaon (Yanam) conquered by great britain.
July 1793: Mahé, a French colony, was occupied by British forces on 16 July 1793.
August 1793: In 1793, Pondichéry was occupied by the British military. This event was part of the larger conflict between Great Britain and France during the French Revolutionary Wars. Pondichéry was a French colonial territory in India, and its capture by the British was a significant blow to French influence in the region.
January 1794: The name of Île Bourbon was changed into Île de la Réunion in 1793 by a decree of the Convention Nationale (the elected revolutionary constituent assembly) with the fall of the House of Bourbon in France.
May 1794: The British frigate "Orpheus" commanded by Captain Henry Newcome arrived at Mahé on 16 May 1794, during the War of the First Coalition. Terms of capitulation were drawn up and the next day Seychelles was surrendered to Britain.
January 1797: In 1796, the British colony of Saint Peter (located in present-day Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada) was sacked by French troops during the French Revolutionary Wars. This event was part of the military occupation of the territory by France.
February 1797: In 1796, French troops led by General Victor Hugues sacked the British colony of Saint Peter in present-day Guyana. This event marked a significant moment in the conflict between France and Great Britain during the late 18th century.
October 1797: French Guyana is organized as a département of France.
March 1801: In 1801, the island of Saint Martin in France was occupied by the British from March 24.
April 1801: 16 April 1801 - January 1803: British occupation of Saba.
April 1801: 21 April 1801 - 21 November 1802: British occupation of Sint Estatius.
January 1802: Establishment of French Guyana.
December 1802: Great Britain leaves the Island of Saint Martin where the French (northern part of the Island) and the Dutch (southern part of the Island) resume control.
March 1803: 20 Mar 1803 - 22 Jun 1816: British occupation of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
January 1804: British occupation of Saint Lucia.
January 1804: During the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain captured Gorée in 1803.
February 1805: On 25 February 1805, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, the leader of the First Empire of Haiti, led 30,000 troops to capture Santiago, a city in present-day Dominican Republic.
March 1805: Three frigates and two French brigantines arrived in Santo Domingo. Dessalines abandoned the siege of Santo Domingo and retreated to Haiti.
January 1807: French conquest of El Kala in 1806.
January 1809: The Royal Navy took possession of Marie-Galante to stop French privateers using its port.
January 1809: Portuguese conquest of French Guiana.
February 1809: 24 Feb 1809 - 9 Dec 1814: British occupation of Martinique.
April 1809: During the Napoleonic Wars, Admiral Sir Alexander Forrester Inglis Cochrane led the British armada to reconquer the Iles des Saintes from French control on 14 April 1809. This strategic victory helped secure British dominance in the Caribbean region.
February 1810: In 1810, the British captured the island of Guadeloupe again.
February 1810: The British occupy the entire island of Saint Martin.
May 1814: The Treaty of Paris ceded Tobago to the British in 1814.
December 1814: 24 Feb 1809 - 9 Dec 1814: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1815: The British leave northern Saint Martin.
June 1815: 5 Jun 1815 - 28 Apr 1816: British occupation of Martinique.
July 1815: After Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, the French-controlled Les Saintes islands were annexed by Great Britain on 6 July 1815.
August 1815: The British re-occupied the French part of Saint Martin in the Caribbean.
January 1816: The British returned Marie-Galante Island to France.
January 1816: Ile Bourbon was restored to France by the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
April 1816: 5 Jun 1815 - 28 Apr 1816: British occupation of Martinique.
June 1816: The Treaty of Paris (1814) gave the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon back to France.
July 1816: After being occupied by the British during the Napoleonic Wars, the Iles des Saintes were returned to French control on 22 July 1816.
November 1816: After the British occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, the French Saint-Martin administration resumed control of the territory in 1816.
December 1816: Pondichéry and Chandernagore restored to France.
January 1817: Karikal was a French colonial territory in India. The territory was restored to French control on January 14, 1817, after being temporarily occupied by the British during the Napoleonic Wars.
April 1817: Yanaon was given back to the French on 12 Apr 1817.
November 1817: After Napoleon's abdication in 1814, it was decided to return French Guyana to French control, but it was only on 8 November 1817, when a French expedition arrived with Cayenne's new governor, Claude Carra Saint-Cyr, that the French took formal possession of the territory.
31.3.1.French India (Treaty of Amiens)
Restoration of French rule in French India according to the Treaty of Amiens.
31.4.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
January 1799: The County of Vernio is abolished by Napoleon.
June 1799: The Parthenopean Republic collapsed when Ferdinand IV of Naples returned with the help of the British to restore his monarchial authority.
September 1799: In 1799, during the Roman Republic (Napoleonic), the Austrians, led by Archduke Charles, occupied the Legations and the Marches. Meanwhile, the British forces, under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby, landed in Civitavecchia and expelled the French. Subsequently, they set up military administrations in different cities in the region.
September 1799: In 1799, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the Austrians, led by Archduke Charles, occupied the Legations and the Marches in Italy. Meanwhile, the British forces, under the command of Admiral Nelson, landed in Civitavecchia and expelled the French. Subsequently, they set up military administrations in different cities in the region.
June 1800: During the Siege of Genoa, the Austrian forces led by General Michael von Melas besieged and captured the city, which was defended by the French under General André Masséna. This event was part of the Second Coalition, a military alliance against France during the Napoleonic Wars.
June 1800: After the Battle of Mareng, the Austrians evacuated Northern Italy west of the Ticino, and suspended military operations in Italy.
June 1800: Battle of Marengo. Melas promptly entered into negotiations which led to the Austrians evacuating Northern Italy west of the Ticino, and suspending military operations in Italy.
June 1800: Napoleon defeated the army of the Second Coalition at Marengo and refounded the Cisalpine Republic. The legations of Bologna, Ferrara and Romagna were once again taken away from the Holy See.
January 1801: On June 20, 1799, Austro-Russian troops reconquer Turin and restore Charles-Emmanuel IV to his throne.
January 1801: In 1797, the districts of Chiavenna, Valtellina, and Bormio, dependencies of the Three Leagues (an associate of the Confederation), revolted under the encouragement of France. They were quickly invaded and annexed to the Cisalpine Republic on 10 October 1797.
March 1801: The Kingdom of Etruria was created by the Treaty of Aranjuez, signed at Aranjuez, Spain on 21 March 1801. It was established for the House of Bourbon-Parma, with Louis, Duke of Parma, becoming King of Etruria. The territory was formed from the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
March 1801: By the Treaty of Florence of 28 March 1801, the king of Naples ceded the Presidi to the French Republic, which then ceded them to the new Kingdom of Etruria.
31.4.1.Malta during the War of the Second Coalition
During the War of the Second Coalition, Malta, at the time controlled by the Knights Hospitalier, was conquered by France but shortly after occupied by Great Britain.
June 1798: The Maltese troops refused to continue the fight without support from their government and negotiations followed in which Hompesch and the knights agreed to abandon Malta on condition of financial compensation amounting to 3 million Francs. Bonaparte gained the entire Maltese archipelago, including fortresses, military stores and cannon, the small Maltese Navy and Army and the entire property of the Roman Catholic Church in Malta.
October 1798: The island of Gozo, which is today a part of Malta, was independent for nearly three years between 1798 and 1801 during the French Revolutionary Wars. During the revolt on september 3 the French garrison held out in the Cittadella and Fort Chambray, until they capitulated on 28 October after negotiations which were made with the help of Sir Alexander Ball.
September 1800: Malta (proper - without Gozo island) conquered by great britain.
31.4.2.Mediterranean campaign of 1798
Was a French military campaign in Egypt led by Napoleone Bonaparte. The French Republic sought to capture Egypt as the first stage in an effort to threaten British India and force Great Britain to make peace.
July 1798: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led the French army to victory in the Battle of Alexandria, securing the city during the French military occupation of Egypt. This was part of Napoleon's campaign to disrupt British trade routes and establish French dominance in the region.
July 1798: French general Louis Desaix marched across the desert with his division and two cannon, arriving at Demenhour, 24 kilometres from Alexandria, on 18 Messidor (6 of July).
July 1798: In 1798, French forces under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte marched to Rahmanié in Egypt during the French campaign in the country. The fleet was expected to arrive with much-needed provisions for the troops.
July 1798: The village of Chebreiss, located in modern-day Lebanon, was captured by French forces in 1798 after two hours of fierce fighting led by General Napoleon Bonaparte during the French campaign in Egypt and Syria.
July 1798: On 2 Thermidor (20 July) 1798, French General Napoleon Bonaparte's army arrived 800 meters from the village of Embabé in Egypt during his military campaign in the region.
July 1798: Battle of the Pyramids, also known as the Battle of Embabeh. It was a major engagement fought during the French Invasion of Egypt. The French army, under Napoleon Bonaparte, scored a decisive victory against the forces of the local Mamluk rulers, wiping out almost the entire Ottoman army located in Egypt. The victory effectively sealed the French conquest of Egypt as Murad Bey chaotically fled to Upper Egypt. Napoleon entered Cairo after the battle and created a new local administration under his supervision.
August 1798: In 1798, Napoleon Bonaparte led the French military occupation of Upper Egypt, defeating Ibrahim Bey at the Battle of Salahie and driving him out of the territory.
February 1799: Bonaparte's French forces left Egypt on 5 February 1799 and, seven days after leaving Cairo, Bonaparte arrived at Arish and bombarded one of the castle towers. The garrison surrendered two days later.
March 1799: French forces managed to capture Jaffa.
March 1799: The French captured Haifa and the munitions and provisions stored there, along with the castle at Jaffa, the castle at Nazareth and even the town of Tyre much farther up the coast. Also the siege of Acre began on 18 March but the French were unable to take it.
May 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte retreated from Acre on 21 May after a failed final assault on 10 May, and withdrew to Egypt.
April 1801: In April 1801, Fort Julien, Egypt, surrendered to the Ottoman Empire.
June 1801: Cairo conquered by Ottoman Empire.
September 1801: After Napoleon's failed campaign in Egypt, French General Menou was left in charge. He was eventually besieged in Alexandria by the British forces led by General Abercromby. Menou surrendered on September 2, 1801, marking the end of French rule in Egypt.
31.4.3.Russian and Turkish expedition in the Ionian Islands
A joint Russian and Turkish expeditionary force occupied the French-held Ionian Islands.
October 1798: A joint Russian and Turkish expeditionary force, which included ten Russian ships of the line, numerous smaller Russian vessels and approximately 30 assorted Turkish ships, rapidly invaded and seized the islands of Paxi, Santa Maura, Theaki, Cephalonia, Zante and Cerigo, capturing 1,500 French prisoners by 10 October.
31.4.4.German Front (War of the Second Coalition)
Was the German theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
March 1799: On 1 March 1799, the French Army of Observation, in an order of battle of approximately 30,000 men in four divisions, crossed the Rhine at Kehl and Basel.
March 1799: At the intensely fought Battle of Ostrach, 21-22 March 1799, French suffered significant losses and were forced to retreat from the region, taking up new positions to the west at Messkirch.
May 1800: After French general Claude Lecourbe had captured Stockach, the Austrians led by general Paul Kray retreated to Messkirch, where they enjoyed a more favourable defensive position.
May 1800: French forces movement to fight at nearby Biberach an der Ris.
May 1800: The French army forced the Austrians to retreat to Ulm.
June 1800: After being defeated by the French at the Battle of Höchstädt, Hungarian General Paul Kray retreated to Munich.
December 1800: The French victory in the Battle of Hohenlinden ended the War of the Second Coalition against France.
December 1800: French General of Division Claude Lecourbe's Right Wing brushed aside Riesch at Rosenheim.
December 1800: The French army occupied Salzburg.
December 1800: Austria was defeated by France in the Battle of Hohenlinden (3 December 1800). By december, 25th the French forces were 80 km from Vienna. The Austrians requested an armistice, which French general Moreau granted on 25 December.
31.4.5.Suvorov Italian campaign
Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Italy.
April 1799: On 27 April, Russian feldmarshal Suvorov defeated French general Jean Victor Moreau at the Battle of Cassano.
April 1799: Napoleon Bonaparte entered Milan on 29 April 1799.
June 1799: The Russian army led by Suvorov moved on to Turin, having defeated Moreau yet again at Marengo.
June 1799: On June 20, 1799, Austro-Russian troops reconquer Turin and restore Charles-Emmanuel IV to his throne.
June 1799: In 1799, during the Second Coalition, the Allies, led by Russian General Alexander Suvorov and Austrian Archduke Charles, defeated the French at the Trebbia River. They continued to push the French forces back into the Alps and Genoa, ultimately reaching Fiorenzuola.
July 1799: Coalition forces took the key fortress of Mantua.
August 1799: In 1799, French General Joubert was defeated and killed in battle with Russian General Suvorov at Novi, during the Second Coalition War. The battle took place to the north of Genoa, in present-day Italy.
31.4.6.Suvorov Swiss campaign
Was a military campaign led by Russian general Alexander Suvorov against France that took place in Switzlerand.
May 1799: French army defeated at the Battle of Winterthur.
September 1799: In 1799, during the Second Battle of Zürich, the French army led by André Masséna defeated the Russian forces commanded by Alexander Korsakov. This victory forced Korsakov to retreat to Schaffhausen in the territory of the Helvetic Republic.
October 1799: The Russian troops were forced by the French to abandon their hold on the left bank of the Rhine.
31.4.7.Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland
An expeditionary force of British and Russian troops invaded the North Holland peninsula in the Batavian Republic.
August 1799: In August 1799, the Duke of York led a combined Anglo-Russian army to invade the northern tip of Holland, which was then a French vassal state known as the Batavian Republic (1795-1806). This invasion was part of the Second Coalition against France.
November 1799: The defeat at Castricum in 1799 marked the end of the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland during the French Revolutionary Wars. British General Ralph Abercromby and Russian General Herman Willem Daendels were involved in the conflict. The Batavian Republic, a French client state, regained control of the northern tip of Holland after the British and Russian troops were forced to retreat.
31.4.8.Treaty of Lunéville
Was a treaty between the French Republic and the Holy Roman Empire that formally ended the partecipation of Austria and the Holy Roman Empire in the War of the Second Coalition.
February 1801: The Treaty of Lunéville was signed in the Treaty House of Lunéville between the French Republic and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II. Certain Austrian holdings within the borders of the Holy Roman Empire were relinquished, and French control was extended to the left bank of the Rhine, "in complete sovereignty" but France renounced any claim to territories east of the Rhine. Contested boundaries in Italy were set. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was awarded to the French.
March 1801: The Duchy of Parma-Piacenza is occupied by France after the Traety of Lunéville (2/9/1801).
31.4.9.War of the Oranges
Was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal.
June 1801: Portugal signed a second Treaty of Badajoz with France, represented by Napoleon's younger brother Lucien Bonaparte, granting France substantial territorial gains in South America. The modern border between French Guiana and Brazil is the Oyapock River, which was agreed in 1713. The proposed Treaty moved it south to the Araguari or Amapá River, taking in large parts of Northern Brazil.
31.4.10.Treaty of Amiens
Was a treaty between France and Great Britain that ended the War of the Second Coalition.
March 1802: The Treaty of Amiens in 1802 restored the island of Marie-Galante to France. With the restoration, slavery too was reinstated .
31.4.10.1.Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Treaty of Amiens)
The Treaty of Amiens of 1802 returned Saint Pierre and Miquelon to France.
August 1802: The Treaty of Amiens of 1802 returned the Saint Peter islands to France.
31.5.French invasion of Switzerland
French invasion of the Old Swiss Confederacy.
January 1798: French troops under general Ménard invaded Vaud.
April 1798: On April 12, 1798, 121 cantonal deputies proclaimed the Helvetic Republic under the auspices of the French occupying forces. The Helvetic Republic was a centralized state based on the ideas of the French Revolution.
31.6.Irish Rebellion of 1798
Was an uprising against British rule in Ireland.
31.6.1.Connacht Republic (Irish Rebellion of 1798)
Was a major uprising against British rule in Ireland.
August 1798: The Irish Republic of 1798, more commonly called the Republic of Connacht, was a short lived puppet state proclaimed during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 that resulted from the French Revolutionary Wars. In theory the republic was to cover the whole island of Ireland, but its functional control was limited to only very small parts of the Province of Connacht. The rebel republic was a puppet state of the French Republic and was very short lived.
September 1798: The British army then slowly spread out into the rebel held Province of Connacht in a brutal campaign of killing and house burning which reached its climax on 23 September 1798 when Killala was stormed and retaken with much slaughter.
31.7.Treaty of San Ildefonso (1800)
Was a secret agreement signed on 1 October 1800 between the Spanish Empire and the French Republic by which Spain agreed to exchange its North American colony of Louisiana for territories in Tuscany.
October 1800: In the secretly negotiated Third Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, Spain returned the colonial territory of Louisiana to France. This was done under the rule of King Charles IV of Spain and First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte of France.
October 1800: The treaty of San Ildefonso (October 1, 1800) between France and Spain provided for the transfer of the island of Elba, then part of Tuscany, under French sovereignty.
31.8.War of the Third Coalition
Was a European conflict spanning the years 1805 to 1806. During the war, France and its client states under Napoleon I opposed an alliance, the Third Coalition, made up of the United Kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the Russian Empire, Naples, Sicily, and Sweden. Prussia remained neutral during the war.
February 1806: The assignment treaties of Paris in 1806 involved Napoleon Bonaparte and King Frederick William III of Prussia. As a result of these treaties, the territory of Neuchatel Principality was transferred from Prussia to Napoleon's control.
31.8.1.Ulm Campaign
Was a series of French and Bavarian military maneuvers and battles to outflank and capture an Austrian army in 1805 during the War of the Third Coalition. It took place in the vicinity of and inside the city of Ulm.
October 1805: The French army crossed the Danube at Donauwörth.
October 1805: Battle at Wertingen between the Austrians led by Auffenburg troops and the French of Murat and Lannes.
October 1805: By 10 October French officer Loison's division held Elchingen.
December 1805: French forces seized Vienna in November 1805.
31.8.2.Venetian front or Italian campaign of 1805
Was the Venetian theatre of the War of the Third Coalition.
October 1805: The French managed to gain a bridgehead over the Adige river at Verona.
October 1805: Between 29 and 31 October, the outnumbered French defeated the superior Austrian army in the battle of Caldiero.
November 1805: By November 14th, 1805 the French armies had reached the Isonzo but the army of Archduke Charles of Austria prevented them to cross the river.
31.8.3.Peace of Pressburg
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Third Coalition.
December 1805: On December 16, 1805, the area of Königsegg-Rothenfels went to the Kingdom of Bavaria through the Peace of Pressburg.
December 1805: French evacuation of occupied territories after the Peace of Pressburg.
December 1805: Territorial changes after the Peace of Pressburg.
31.8.4.French invasion of Naples
In 1806 the French army invaded the Kingdom of Naples, which was soon conquered. The Bourbon King of Naples, Ferdinand IV fled to Sicily.
February 1806: On 9 February 1806, Masséna invaded the Kingdom of Naples and two days later, the Bourbon king of Naples, Ferdinand IV also fled to Sicily, protected by the British fleet. Naples soon fell into French hands and by the end of February, only two places in the kingdom still held out.
March 1806: French force and the Royal Neapolitan Army was soundly defeated at the Battle of Campo Tenese on 10 March 1806. A day after Campo Tenese, Joseph was installed as the new King of Naples.
July 1806: Gaeta surrendered, concluding the invasion with a decisive French victory.
31.9.Franco-Swedish War
Was a war between France and Sweden that took place in Swedish Pomerania.
31.9.1.Offensive in Swedish Pomerania
Were a series of French campaigns were Swedish Pomerania was occupied.
January 1807: On 28 January, French forces commanded by Marshal Mortier crossed the Peene River in an attempt to impose a blockade on Stralsund. To the east, General of Division Charles Louis Dieudonné Grandjean's division crossed the Peene at Anklam, driving back the Swedish outposts. To the west, General of Division Pierre Louis Dupas' division crossed the stream unopposed near Demmin. On the 29th, Mortier's two divisions appeared before the port and on 30 January began the blockade.
September 1807: Rügen conquered by france.
May 1809: The French occupation of Stralsund was interrupted when a Prussian freikorps under Ferdinand von Schill seized the city.
May 1809: The Prussian freikorps are defeated by the French who recaptured Stralsund.
31.10.War of the Fourth Coalition
Was a war between the French Empire and a coalition of European monarchies, mainly Prussia and Russia.
31.10.1.Prussian Campaign (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was a French military campaign in Prussia during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
October 1806: Napoleon Bonaparte led the Grande Armée to victory in the Battle of Schleiz against the Prussian division on 9 October 1806.
October 1806: French Marshal Lannes crushed a Prussian division at Saalfeld.
October 1806: French Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte defeated Eugene Frederick Henry, Duke of Württemberg, at the Battle of Halle and chased his forces across the Elbe River.
October 1806: At the double Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October, Napoleon defeated a Prussian army led by Frederick Louis.
October 1806: Napoleon entered Berlin on 27 October 1806.
December 1806: The Albertines remained electors until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and then attained the Saxon royal dignity through an alliance with Napoleon.
31.10.2.Polish, Russian and Swedish campaigns (War of the Fourth Coalition)
Was the theatre of war in Poland, Russia and Sweden during the War of the Fourth Coalition.
January 1807: The Siege of Stralsund in 1807 was a military conflict between French forces under Marshal Brune and Swedish defenders led by Count von Schill. The city eventually fell to the French, leading to its occupation by Napoleon's troops.
February 1807: The Battle of Eylau was fought between Napoleon's Grande Armée and the Imperial Russian Army led by General Levin August von Bennigsen. It was one of the bloodiest battles of the Napoleonic Wars, with heavy casualties on both sides. The battle ended inconclusively, with neither side achieving a decisive victory.
April 1807: In 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars, France and Sweden agreed to a ceasefire in Stralsund. This led to the withdrawal of all French troops from Swedish Pomerania. The agreement was negotiated by French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and Swedish King Gustav IV Adolf.
June 1807: In 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte defeated the Russian army at the Battle of Friedland. This victory led to the Treaty of Tilsit, where Russia ceded territory to France and solidified Napoleon's dominance in Europe.
August 1807: However, Swedish refusal to join the Continental System led to a second invasion of Swedish Pomerania led by Marshal Brune. Stralsund fell on 24 August after a second siege and the Swedish army surrendered at Rügen, completing the occupation of Swedish Pomerania.
January 1808: In 1807, Swedish Pomerania was occupied by France under Marshal Brune. The peace treaty negotiated by Brune and Swedish general Johan Christopher Toll allowed the Swedish army to withdraw with their weapons and ammunition.
31.10.3.Peace of Tilsit
Were a series of treaties that ended the War of the Fourth Coalition.
July 1807: The Treaties of Tilsit were two agreements signed by Napoleon I of France in the town of Tilsit in July 1807 in the aftermath of his victory at Friedland. The first was signed on 7 July, between Emperor Alexander I of Russia and Napoleon I of France.
July 1807: The treaty signed between Prussia and France at Tilsit, following the War of the Fourth Coalition, was highly disadvantageous to Prussia. As a result of this agreement, the Kingdom lost most of its Polish territories to the newly created Duchy of Warsaw. Additionally, it ceded most of its territories in central Germany and the Rhineland to France, the Grand Duchy of Berg, and the Kingdom of Westphalia. The remnant territories occupied by France in Germany were evacuated.
July 1807: Peace of Tilsit.
July 1807: The second of the Treaties of Tilsit was signed by France with Prussia on 9 July 1807 and awarded the left bank of the Elbe to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia.
July 1807: The Peace of Tilsit was signed in 1807 between Emperor Napoleon I of France and Tsar Alexander I of Russia. The treaty divided Europe into spheres of influence, with the Duchy of Warsaw being created out of Prussian territory as a French client state.
July 1807: The Duchy of Warsaw was a Polish state established by Napoleon in 1807 from the Polish lands ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia under the terms of the Treaties of Tilsit.
July 1807: Towards the end of 1806, the French entered Poland and Napoleon created a new Duchy of Warsaw.
July 1807: After the defeat of King Frederick William III of Prussia at the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, according to the Franco-Prussian Treaty of Tilsit of 9 July 1807, the territory of the free state was carved out from lands that made up part of the West Prussia province.
July 1807: The second of the Treaties of Tilsit was signed by France with Prussia on 9 July 1807. It awarded the left bank of the Elbe to the newly created Kingdom of Westphalia. In addition, Białystok was given to Russia (which led to the creation of the Belostok Oblast).
31.11.Peninsular War
Was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1813: In 1812-1813, the First French Empire annexed Catalonia during the Peninsular War (Guerra Peninsular) and divided the region into four départements, with Andorra as a part of the district of Puigcerdà.
March 1814: French retreat t Tarbes. End of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Spain.
April 1814: The Battle of Toulouse took place in April 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars. It was fought between the French army, led by Marshal Soult, and the Allied forces of Spain and Great Britain, commanded by the Duke of Wellington. The battle resulted in a victory for the Allies, leading to the occupation of Toulouse.
31.11.1.French Campaigns in Spain and Portugal (1807-1812)
Were a series of military campaigns by the French army in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War.
November 1807: In 1807, French General Junot invaded Portugal, leading to the occupation of Lisbon on November 30. The Portuguese Prince Regent John fled with his family, courtiers, and valuables aboard a fleet, seeking refuge in Brazil.
February 1808: Between 9 and 12 February, the French divisions of the eastern and western Pyrenees crossed the border and occupied Navarre and Catalonia, including the citadels of Pamplona and Barcelona.
March 1808: In early March 1808, Marshal Joachim Murat, a French military leader and brother-in-law of Napoleon Bonaparte, established his headquarters in Vitoria, Spain. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of the territory during the Napoleonic Wars.
March 1808: On 23 March 1808, French Marshal Joachim Murat entered Madrid.
May 1808: In 1808, under French pressure, King Charles IV and his son, Ferdinand VII, both abdicated their claims to Napoleon. This led to the establishment of the Kingdom of Spain under Napoleonic rule.
December 1808: Napoleon struck with overwhelming strength and the Spanish defense evaporated at Burgos, Tudela, Espinosa and Somosierra.
December 1808: Madrid surrendered on 1 December 1808 to French forces.
December 1808: Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr's 17,000-strong VII Corps besieged and captured Roses from an Anglo-Spanish garrison.
December 1808: In 1808, during the Peninsular War, French Marshal Soult captured the city of León in Spain as part of Napoleon's invasion. This event was significant in the struggle for control of the Iberian Peninsula between the French forces and the Spanish resistance.
January 1809: The British troops escaped to the sea after fending off a strong French attack at Corunna. The French occupied the most populated region in Spain, including the important towns of Lugo and La Corunna.
February 1809: French forces captured the city of Zaragoza.
March 1809: A French army led by Victor invaded southern Spain and routed Gregorio de la Cuesta's army at Medellín.
August 1809: The French withdrew for the last time from Galicia in July 1809.
August 1809: Allied forces withdrew from Talavera, Spain, on 4 August.
December 1809: The city of Girona fell on 12 December 1809 during the Peninsular War, when French forces captured the city from the Spanish defenders.
January 1810: Ellermann marched on Del Parque's position at Salamanca, who promptly abandoned it and retreated south.
January 1810: The Junta Central decided to flee to the safety of Cádiz.
January 1811: General Suchet, a French military leader under Napoleon Bonaparte, captured the town of Tortosa from the Spanish in Catalonia during the Napoleonic Wars in 1811. This victory was part of the French conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
June 1811: Catalonia fell to a surprise attack on 29 June.
October 1811: The Spanish defenders of Sagunto capitulated on 25 October.
January 1812: During the Peninsular War, French Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet trapped Spanish General Joaquin Blake's army in Valencia, forcing its surrender in January 1812. This victory was part of Napoleon's efforts to control Spain during the Napoleonic Wars.
31.11.2.Iberia in revolt
Were a series of uprisings against the French rule in the Iberian Peninsula.
May 1808: In 1808, the first wave of uprisings against French occupation of Spain occurred in Cartagena and Valencia.
May 1808: Zaragoza and Murcia conquered by Kingdom of Spain.
May 1808: The province of Asturias cast out its French governor on 25 May and declared war on Napoleon.
June 1808: By 1 June the main French army of 80,000 held a narrow strip of central Spain from Pamplona and San Sebastián in the north to Madrid and Toledo in the centre.
July 1808: In 1808, Portugal erupted in revolt in June against French occupation led by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Portuguese royal family, including Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John, fled to Brazil, transferring the kingdom's capital to Rio de Janeiro.
July 1808: At the Battle of Medina de Rioseco on 14 July, Bessières defeated Cuesta and Old Castile returned to French control.
August 1808: Joseph Bonaparte evacuated the capital for Old Castile, while ordering Verdier to abandon the siege of Zaragoza and Bessières to retire from Leon.
31.11.3.Second Portuguese campaign
Was a French military campaign in Portugal during the Peninsular War.
March 1809: In 1809, during the Peninsular War, Marshal Soult's French troops attacked Braga, Portugal. The Portuguese forces, led by General Francisco Silveira, were unprepared and suffered heavy losses. Approximately 4,000 Portuguese soldiers were killed, while the French lost around 200 men in the battle.
March 1809: First Battle of Porto.
May 1809: After the Battle of Grijó (10-11 May) and the Second Battle of Porto (12 May), the French lost all their conquests in Portugal.
31.11.4.Coalition campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula
Ware a series of military campaigns by Great Britain, Spain and Portugal against the French forces in the Iberian Peninsula. The French were finally expelled.
January 1812: The border fortress town of Ciudad Rodrigo was captured with an assault led by the Duke of Wellington and his British and Portuguese forces during the Peninsular War in 1812. The territory was then returned to the Kingdom of Spain.
January 1812: French conquest of Catalonia.
April 1812: The town of Badajoz was stormed on 6 April 1812 during the Peninsular War. The assault was led by British General Arthur Wellesley, also known as the Duke of Wellington, and resulted in a bloody battle with heavy casualties on both sides. The town ultimately fell to the British and Portuguese forces, marking a significant victory in the war against the French.
June 1812: The allied army took Salamanca.
June 1813: In 1813, during the Peninsular War, Burgos was seized by the French forces.
June 1813: At the Battle of Vitoria, Joseph Bonaparte's 65,000-man army were defeated decisively.
July 1813: In 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars, Marshal Soult of the Kingdom of Spain launched a counter-offensive against the Allies in the Battle of the Pyrenees. The Allies were defeated at the Battle of Maya, marking a significant victory for the Kingdom of Spain.
July 1813: Battle of Roncesvalles.
August 1813: The Allies chased the retreating French, reaching the Pyrenees in early July, and began operations against San Sebastian and Pamplona.
August 1813: The French forces of Suchet, after the Battle of Vitoria, evacuated Tarragona.
September 1813: The Citadel of San Sebastián surrendered to Spanish forces on 9 September.
December 1813: Wellington occupied the right as well as the left bank of the Nive.
February 1814: During the Peninsular War in 1814, British General Hill successfully pushed the French forces back to Joyeuse after defeating them in the Battle of Garris.
March 1814: In 1814, during the Napoleonic Wars, French Marshal Suchet's division of 9,661 men retreated to Figueras, leaving most of Catalonia. The territory was then occupied by Spain and Great Britain. Suchet was a prominent French military leader known for his campaigns in Spain.
April 1814: French General Pierre-Joseph Habert surrendered Barcelona to Spanish forces on 25 April 1814.
31.11.5.French Autumn counterattack
Was a French counterattack against the military campaign by the Coalition in the Iberian Peninsula.
July 1812: As a consequence of the Salamanca campaign, the French were forced to evacuate the provinces of Andalusia and Asturias.
31.12.Adriatic campaign of 1807-1814
Was the theatre of war in the Adriatic Sea during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1808: In 1807, the Royal Navy, under the command of Admiral William Hoste, seized the Dalmatian Island of Lissa from the French forces. This strategic move was part of the Napoleonic Wars, with Lissa serving as a key naval base in the Mediterranean.
October 1809: In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, HMS Warrior, commanded by Captain William Hoste, successfully landed on the island of Cephalonia and forced the Neapolitan garrison to surrender. This marked the beginning of Great Britain's military occupation of the territory.
October 1809: The islands of Zante and Ithaca surrendered to the British forces led by Sir James St. Clair-Erskine.
October 1809: In 1809, the detached frigate HMS Spartan, commanded by Jahleel Brenton, successfully invaded Cerigo, which was under Ottoman control at the time. This military occupation was part of the British efforts during the Napoleonic Wars to control strategic locations in the Mediterranean.
April 1810: The island of Santa Maura, also known as Lefkada, surrendered to the British forces on 16 April 1810.
December 1813: Surrender of the strategic port of Zara to the British.
January 1814: Cattaro, a strategic port city in modern-day Montenegro, was captured by Austrian forces in collaboration with Montenegrin ground troops in 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars. This victory was part of the Sixth Coalition's efforts to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte.
January 1814: Ragusa conquered by Sixth Coalition.
February 1814: By 16 February 1814 every French harbour in the Illyrian provinces had been captured by British or Austrian troops. Over 700 French merchant ships had been seized and the only remaining French outpost in the region was Corfu.
May 1814: The abdication of Napoleon in early April 1814 brought the War of the Sixth Coalition to a close. Corfu, the longest-held French territory in the Adriatic surrendered and was added to the United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection.
31.13.Finnish War
Was a war between the Kingdom of Sweden and the Russian Empire fought during the Napoleonic Wars. Sweden lost Finland, which became the Grand Duchy of Finland within the Russian Empire.
January 1810: The Treaty of Paris in 1810 ended the war between France and Sweden after Sweden's defeat by Russia in the Finnish War. As a result, Swedish Pomerania was ceded to France.
31.14.Spanish Restoration in Santo Domingo
Was an Anglo-Spanish military expedition that restored Santo Domingo to Spain.
November 1808: Battle of Palo Hincado.
July 1809: The Siege of Santo Domingo of 1808 was a military conflict between French forces led by General Marie-Louis Ferrand and Spanish forces led by Juan Sánchez Ramírez. The siege resulted in the surrender of Santo Domingo to the French, who then controlled the territory until 1809 when it was transferred to Spanish America.
31.15.War of the Fifth Coalition
Was a conflict between a colition of European monarchies and Napoleon's French Empire.
31.15.1.Dalmatian Campaign (1809)
Was the Dalmatian theatre of the War of the Fifth Coalition.
March 1809: In 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars, the French forces led by Marshal Marmont were defeated and driven back to Knin and Zadar by the Austrian Empire under the command of Archduke John of Austria. This marked the beginning of the Austrian military occupation of the territory.
May 1809: In 1809, Marshal Marmont, a French military commander, achieved a significant victory over the Austrians at Pribudić.
May 1809: French forces under general Marmont take the city of Gospić.
June 1809: Ljubljana conquered by france.
31.15.2.Danube Campaign (War of the Fifth Coalition)
Was a French military campaign in the Danube area during the War of the Fifth Coalition. The French forces defeated the Austrian army and occupied Vienna.
May 1809: After defeating the Austrian forces led by Archduke Charles, Napoleon Bonaparte occupied Vienna in May 1809.
July 1809: After the Battle of Wagram, Napoleon's forces, led by Marshal Davout, pursued the retreating Austrians under Archduke Charles. The exhausted French troops caught up with the Austrians at Znaim in mid-July 1809, leading to a military occupation of the territory by France.
31.15.3.Austro-Polish War
Was a war between the Austrian Empire and the Napoleon-allied Duchy of Warsaw.
April 1809: After the Battle of Raszyn on 19 April, where Poniatowski's Polish troops brought an Austrian force twice their number to a standstill (but neither side defeated the other decisively), the Polish forces nonetheless retreated, allowing the Austrians to occupy the Duchy's capital, Warsaw.
May 1809: Polish forces took the major cities of Lublin.
May 1809: In 1809, Sandomierz was incorporated into the Duchy of Warsaw.
May 1809: Zamość conquered by france.
May 1809: Lwów conquered by france.
June 1809: The Austrian main army under Archduke Ferdinand Karl Joseph, unable to push further on the left bank, and in danger of having its supply lines cut by Poniatowski, was forced to abandon the siege of Toruń.
June 1809: The Austrians abandoned Warsaw on 1 June.
June 1809: The Austrians took back Sandomierz and Lwów.
July 1809: Kielce and Kraków conquered by france.
31.15.4.Walcheren Campaign
Was an unsuccessful British expedition to the Netherlands in 1809, during the War of the Fifth Coalition.
July 1809: The British seized the swampy island of Walcheren at the mouth of river Scheldt, as well as South Beveland island, both in the present-day Netherlands.
September 1809: The British expedition in the Netherlands ("Walcheren Campaign") was called off in early September.
31.15.5.Treaty of Schönbrunn
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Fifth Coalition.
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. Austria lost its access to the Adriatic Sea by waiving the Littoral territories of Gorizia and Gradisca and the Imperial Free City of Trieste, together with Carniola, the March of Istria, western ("Upper") Carinthia with East Tyrol, and the Croatian lands southwest of the river Sava to the French Empire (Illyrian provinces).
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna.
October 1809: The Illyrian Provinces (in French: Gouvernement des Provinces Illyriennes) were a French governorate of the Napoleonic era, a sort of exclave of metropolitan France, created with the union of the territories ceded by the Austrian Empire and the Italian Kingdom Napoleonic empire to the French Empire as a result of the Treaty of Schönbrunn (October 14, 1809).
October 1809: The Treaty of Schönbrunn was signed between France and Austria at Schönbrunn Palace near Vienna. West Galicia was ceded to the Duchy of Warsaw.
31.16.Mauritius campaign of 1809-1811
Was a series of British amphibious operations and naval actions fought to take possession of the French Indian Ocean territories of Isle de France and Île Bonaparte during the Napoleonic Wars.
31.16.1.Invasion of Île Bonaparte
British invasion of Île Bonaparte (today called Réunion).
July 1810: The island of Ile Bonaparte was invaded by a Royal Navy squadron led by Commodore Josias Rowley in 1810, who used the old name of "Bourbon".
31.16.2.Invasion of Isle de France
British invasion of Isle de France (today called Mauritius).
December 1810: Invasion of Isle de France: a substantial British military force was landed by the Royal Navy at Grand Baie on Isle de France (now Mauritius). Marching inland against weak French opposition, the British force was able to overwhelm the defenders.
31.17.Invasion of Java (1811)
Was a successful British amphibious operation against the Dutch East Indian island of Java that took place between August and September 1811 during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1811: The Dutch-held islands of Amboyna, Harouka, Saparua, Nasso-Laut, Buru, Manipa, Manado, Copang, Amenang, Kemar, Twangwoo and Ternate had surrendered to a force led by Captain Edward Tucker in 1810.
January 1811: Captain Christopher Cole was a British naval officer who led the capture of the Banda Islands in 1810. This marked the final conquest of Dutch territories in the Maluku Islands by Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars.
January 1811: The Kingdom of Holland was annexed to the First French Empire in 1810, and Java became a titular French colony.
August 1811: British naval forces landed at 14:00 at Cilincing.
August 1811: In 1811, during the Napoleonic Wars, the British forces led by Sir Samuel Auchmuty and Sir Robert Gillespie advanced on Batavia, the capital of the Dutch East Indies. The city was left undefended by the Dutch colonial authorities, leading to its occupation by the British.
August 1811: The British forces, led by Lieutenant Colonel Gillespie, attacked Fort Cornelis in Java, which was held by the Dutch. The fort was captured after a fierce battle in 1811, marking the beginning of British military occupation in the region.
September 1811: On 16 September Salatiga fell to the British.
September 1811: With his effective force reduced to a handful of men, Janssens surrendered two days later, on 18 September.
31.18.French invasion of Russia
Was a French military campaign in Russia. It was launched by Napoleon to force the Russian Empire back into the continental blockade of the United Kingdom. The campaign proved unsuccesful, and the French Army suffered heavy losses.
June 1812: The 25th of June 1812 found Napoleon Bonaparte's group advancing past the bridge head with Marshal Ney's command approaching the existing crossings at Alexioten in Lithuania during the French military occupation.
June 1812: On June the 28th Napoleon entered Vilnius.
June 1812: Jerome Bonaparte, the younger brother of Napoleon Bonaparte, moved VII Corps to Białystok.
June 1812: Eugene de Beauharnais, the stepson of Napoleon Bonaparte and Viceroy of Italy, crossed at Prenn on June 30.
August 1812: Following a defeat at Smolensk on August 16-18, Napoleon Bonaparte continued his move east during the French invasion of Russia in 1812. The Battle of Smolensk was a key engagement between the French forces and the Russian army led by General Mikhail Kutuzov.
September 1812: The Battle of Borodino took place during Napoleon's invasion of Russia in 1812. It was fought between the French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and the Russian army commanded by General Mikhail Kutuzov. The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides, with neither emerging as a clear victor.
September 1812: The Battle of Borodino, was the largest and bloodiest battle of the French Campaign in Russia.
September 1812: Napoleon Bonaparte, the French military leader and emperor, moved into Moscow in 1812 during the French invasion of Russia. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of the city during the Napoleonic Wars.
October 1812: The Second Battle of Polotsk was fought between the French army and the Russian army.
November 1812: Battle of Vyazma.
November 1812: Battle of Krasnoi (Krasny) (November 15 to 18, 1812).
December 1812: The last French troops left Russian soil.
31.19.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
October 1813: The Swedish Army mobilized and assisted against Napoleon in the Battle of Leipzig in 1813.
November 1813: The Battle of Nivelle.
November 1813: The Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands was a short-lived sovereign principality and the precursor of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The principality was proclaimed in 1813 when the victors of the Napoleonic Wars established a political reorganisation of Europe, which would eventually be defined by the Congress of Vienna.
December 1813: The Battle of Nive near Bayonne in 1813 involved the forces of French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte against the Spanish and British armies led by Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington. The battle resulted in the territory of Bayonne being captured by Spain and Great Britain.
January 1814: Bremen reverted to an independent Free City in 1813.
January 1814: Dortmund, Ostfriesland, Gleichenstein, Goslar, Halberstadt, Mark, Nordhausen, Paderborn, Tecklenburg are annexed by Prussia.
January 1814: Görz and Trient are annexed by Austria.
January 1814: Kniphausen is annexed by Oldenburg.
January 1814: After the defeat of Napoleon in Leipzig (Battle of Leipzig), the Papal territories occupied by the French were returned to the Holy See (January 24, 1814).
January 1814: On 25 January Blücher entered Nancy.
January 1814: The Austrian advanced near La Rothière on the afternoon.
February 1814: Blücher himself on the night of 7/8 February was at Sézanne.
February 1814: Mormant conquered by Sixth Coalition.
February 1814: Montereau conquered by Sixth Coalition.
February 1814: Méry-sur-Seine conquered by Sixth Coalition.
February 1814: Napoleon inflicted such heavy punishment upon his adversaries that they fell back precipitately to Bar-sur-Aube.
March 1814: With the occupation of Benevento by Murat, the prince of Talleyrand was removed (February 1814), and the principality became extinct.
March 1814: After the Congress of Vienna in 1814, the former republic of Lucca was transformed into a duchy under the rule of Maria Luisa of Spain. Piombino, on the other hand, was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany under the control of Ferdinand III.
March 1814: After the Congress of Vienna in 1814, the former republic of Lucca became a duchy under the rule of Maria Luisa of Spain. Piombino was annexed to the grand duchy of Tuscany under the control of Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany.
March 1814: After the Congress of Vienna in 1814, the former republic of Lucca was transformed into a duchy under the rule of Maria Luisa of Spain. Piombino was annexed to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, which was ruled by Ferdinand III.
March 1814: Battle of Laon.
March 1814: On 13 March Napoleon retook Reims.
March 1814: The Battle of Paris ended when the French commanders, seeing further resistance to be hopeless, surrendered the city.
April 1814: The French monarchy was restored by the other great powers in 1814.
April 1814: In 1814, the military occupation of the Sixth Coalition ended in France. This marked the withdrawal of foreign troops, including those of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, from French territory after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in the War of the Sixth Coalition.
April 1814: The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed on 11 April 1814. Napoleon was stripped of his powers as ruler of the French Empire. The treaty also established the island of Elba as a separate principality to be ruled by Napoleon.
April 1814: The principality of Elba Island was a small European state, which existed in the 19th century from 1814 to 1815, ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, former emperor of the French and king of Italy.
May 1814: Republic's revival in Genoa.
May 1814: During the French Revolution, the territory of Monaco was under French control from 1793 to May 17, 1814, as part of the département of Alpes-Maritimes. This period ended with the fall of the French Empire.
May 1814: The Valtellina, formerly owned by Graubunden, was granted to Austria.
May 1814: The Duchy of Massa in 1814, following the Congress of Vienna, at the time of its maximum expansion after the acquisition of some of the former Malaspina fiefdoms of Lunigiana, assigned the following year to the Duchy of Modena and Reggio.
May 1814: The Carpegna County reacquired its independence at the end of the Napoleonic Domain in Italy.
May 1814: The Marquisate of Sorbello reacquired its independence at the end of the Napoleonic Domain in Italy.
May 1814: The Duchy of Modena-Reggio is restored.
May 1814: The Marquisate of Fosdinovo reacquired its independence at the end of the Napoleonic Domain in Italy.
May 1814: The Scavolino County reacquired its independence at the end of the Napoleonic Domain in Italy.
May 1814: The Vernio County reacquired its independence at the end of the Napoleonic Domain in Italy.
May 1814: Louis-Nicolas Davout, a French military commander, was in control of Hamburg during the War of the Sixth Coalition. He eventually surrendered to Russian forces led by General Levin August, Count von Bennigsen in April 1814.
31.19.1.Treaty of Paris (1814)
Was the treaty that ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: By the Treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814, the House of Savoy was restored to its rights.
May 1814: Lingen and Ravensberg are acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia.
May 1814: The Duchy of Massa and Carrara is restored after the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: Oldenburg administration in Jever.
May 1814: Vechta and part of the Bishopric of Lübeck are acquired by Oldenburg.
May 1814: Restoration of the Duchy of Parma-Piacenza, wich is assigned for life to Napoleon's wife Maria Luisa d'Austria, who will rule on the duchy until her death in 1847.
May 1814: In the 1814 Treaty of Paris, Sweden ceded Guadeloupe to France.
31.20.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
September 1814: Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva were raised to full members of the Swiss Confederation.
September 1814: On 29 December under pressure from Austria, the Diet abolished the 1803 constitution which had been created by Napoleon in the Act of Mediation. On 6 April 1814 the so-called Long Diet met to replace the constitution. The Diet remained dead-locked until 12 September when Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva were raised to full members of the Confederation.
September 1814: On September 12, 1814, Neuchâtel became the capital of the 21st canton, but also remained a Prussian principality.
October 1814: After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, George III regained his lands in Hanover and acquired additional territories from Prussia, becoming the King of Hanover.
October 1814: The Kingdom of Hanover was established in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna as the successor state to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This territory was given to the Kingdom of Hanover, which was ruled by the House of Hanover, a British royal family.
January 1815: In 1814, an imperial decree reestablished the independence and economy of Andorra.
March 1815: The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, with William I of Orange-Nassau becoming the first King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. This marked the unification of the Northern and Southern Netherlands under one sovereign principality.
March 1815: On 20 March 1815 Bern was given the town of Biel/Bienne and much of the land that had been owned by the Bishop of Basel as compensation for lost territories.
June 1815: The Congress of Vienna was a meeting of European powers to reorganize the continent after the Napoleonic Wars. The principality of Pontecorvo was ruled by Napoleon's brother-in-law, Marshal Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte. The return of Pontecorvo to the Papal States was part of the restoration of territories taken by Napoleon during his reign.
June 1815: Establishment of the free city of Lübeck after the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: With the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of prussia acquired a large territory in the Rhineland which formed the Grand Duchy of the Lower Rhine, a new province of the Kingdom of Prussia.
June 1815: Luxembourg existed as an independent Grand Duchy from 1815 and was therefore not part of the Kingdom of the United Netherlands. However, from 1815 to 1890 it was ruled by the Dutch king, who was also the Grand Duke of the sovereign Luxembourg.
June 1815: Territories awarded to the Granduchy of Hesse by the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: In addition, Oldenburg received the Principality of Birkenfeld an der Nahe as a further exclave alongside the Principality of Lübeck, so that the national territory now comprised three parts.
June 1815: Some minor territories de facto fell under the control of the Ottoman Empire in 1815.
June 1815: According to the Congress of Vienna and because of the end of the Principality of Lucca-Piombino, the Duchy of Massa/Principality of Carrara is restored under the rule of Maria Beatrice d'Este.
June 1815: Territories awarded to the Kingdom of Bavaria by the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: In 1815, the Congress of Vienna compelled the state to recognize the independence of Hesse-Homburg, which was expanded by adding Meisenheim. This decision was significant for the Landgraviate of Hesse-Homburg and its ruler, Frederick VI.
June 1815: Establishment of the free city of Hamburg after the Congress of Vienna.
June 1815: According to the Congress of Vienna, Lucca maintains its indipendence from Tuscany as a Duchy.
November 1815: The British gradually took control of the islands, and following the Treaty of Paris, the islands were formally organised into the United States of the Ionian Islands under British protection.
31.21.War of the Seventh Coalition (The Hundred Days)
Napoleon escaped the exile he had been forced after the War of the Sixth Coalition and reorganized the French army. He was defeated by a coalition that included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia and sent into permanent exile on the island of Saint Helena.
March 1815: Napoleon arrived in Paris, and re-established the Empire.
June 1815: To secure a central position at the Battle of Waterloo Napoleon secured Charleroi.
June 1815: A French army hoccupies Genappe before the Battle of Quatre Bras.
June 1815: French retreat after being defeated in the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815).
June 1815: From Beaumont the Prussians advanced to Avesnes, which surrendered to them.
June 1815: The British took Cambrai.
June 1815: The castle of Guise surrendered to the Prussian army.
June 1815: In 1815, during the Napoleonic Wars, the Prussians, led by Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, were stationed at Crépy, Senlis, and La Ferté-Milon. This strategic positioning played a crucial role in the Seventh Coalition's efforts to defeat Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo.
June 1815: In 1815, during the Napoleonic Wars, the advanced guards of Napoleon Bonaparte's army were stationed at Saint-Denis and Gonesse. This marked the beginning of the Battle of Waterloo, where Napoleon's forces faced the Seventh Coalition led by the Duke of Wellington and Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher.
June 1815: Aubervilliers conquered by Seventh Coalition.
July 1815: After the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, the Seventh Coalition forces, led by Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, advanced towards Paris. By July 2, Blücher had positioned his troops with his right at Plessis-Piquet, left at Meudon, and reserves at Versailles, preparing to besiege the city.
July 1815: The two Coalition armies, with Graf von Zieten's Prussian I Corps as the vanguard, entered Paris. .
July 1815: The French King, Louis XVIII, made his public entry into Paris, amidst the acclamations of the people, and again occupied the throne.
31.21.1.Neapolitan War
Was a conflict between the Napoleonic Kingdom of Naples and the Austrian Empire during the War of the Seventh Coalition. Naples, which was still ruled by the Napoleonic general Joachim Murat, decided to side with Napoleon. The Austrian won the war and reinstated Ferdinand IV as King of Naples and Sicily.
31.21.1.1.Austrian counterattack (Neapolitan War)
Was the Austrian invasion of Italy during the Neapolitan War.
May 1815: By 12 May, Bianchi, who was now in command of both his and Neipperg's corps, had taken the town of L'Aquila.
May 1815: Nugent intercepted Murat at San Germano (now Cassino).
May 1815: The Austrian armies united near Calvi and began the march on Naples.
May 1815: Neapolitan Generals Pepe and Carrascosa sued for peace and concluded the Treaty of Casalanza with the Austrians, bringing the war to an end.
Was a military expedition by the Bourbon King of France, Louis XVIII, to help the Spanish Royalists restore King Ferdinand VII of Spain to the absolute power of which he had been deprived during the Liberal Triennium.
July 1823: To the east and the southeast, Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor pushed back General Francisco Ballesteros into Aragon, pursuing him as far as Murcia and Granada, winning an engagement at Campillo de Arenas on 28 July.
August 1823: The city of Coruna surrendered to French forces on 21 August.
August 1823: The city of Coruna surrendered on 21 August.
September 1823: Pamplona conquered by france.
September 1823: San Sebastián conquered by france.
September 1823: Cádiz surrendered to the French.
November 1823: After a 14-month siege, Barcelona surrendered to French forces, leaving Catalonia under French control.
November 1823: Alicante fell to the French forces.
January 1829: The gradual evacuation of French forces from Spain was not completed until 1828.
Was the French conquest of Algeria. It begun with the French sizing Algiers and other coastal territories of Algeria in 1830. Due to the Algerian resistance, France had slowly to conquer the interior of Algeria over the next 100 years.
June 1830: The troops of Africa, led by French General Bertrand Clauzel, landed on June 14, 1830 on the peninsula of Sidi Ferruch, 30 km west of Algiers, marking the beginning of the French military occupation of Algeria.
July 1830: Capitulation of Algiers to French forces.
July 1830: Creation of the colony of French Algeria.
August 1830: In 1830, French Generals Bourmont and Damrémont occupied Bône, Oran, and Mers el-Kébir in French Algeria.
September 1830: The French detachments of Bône, Oran and Mers el-Kébir were recalled to Algiers in early August due to political events in France.
December 1830: With regard to the beylik of Titteri, Clauzel's mandate is marked by the expedition led against Blida and then Médéa in November 1830.
December 1830: Expansion of French Algeria by 1830.
February 1831: French forces leave Médéa.
February 1831: Oran was occupied by French General Damrémont in January 1831.
July 1831: French expedition to Medea in June 1831.
July 1831: Médéa is abandoned by the French.
September 1833: Occupation of Bougie by a French column commanded by General Trézel.
January 1834: In Oran, French General Desmichels, acting autonomously, occupies Arzew and Mostaganem.
December 1834: Expansion of French Algeria by 1834.
December 1835: French attack launched against Mascara, the capital of the Emirate of Abdelkader (November-December 1835).
January 1836: After holding the city for a short-time, French forces left Mascara.
February 1836: In January 1836, French General Bertrand Clauzel led an expedition against Tlemcen, a city in northern Algeria. The expedition resulted in the capture of Tlemcen, further expanding French control in the region during the colonization of Algeria.
March 1836: A bloody fight with the resistants of Mitidja took place on March 31, 1836 near Thénia de Mouzaïa.
April 1836: The French garrison of Médéa left the city on orders from Paris.
November 1836: The Siege of Constantine in 1836 was a military conflict between the French forces led by General Damrémont and the Emir Abdelkader. The siege resulted in the capture of Constantine by the French, marking a significant victory in their conquest of Algeria.
November 1836: The Siege of Constantine in 1836 was a conflict between the French forces led by General Damrémont and the local Algerian resistance fighters, including Emir Abdelkader. The siege resulted in the surrender of Constantine to the French, marking a significant victory in their colonization of Algeria.
May 1837: After French imperial forces sustained heavy losses and military reversals in Algeria, the French signed with Abdelkader the Treaty of Tafna in May 1837. The treaty gave the Emir the provinces of Oran, Titteri and part of the province of Algiers.
October 1837: Siege of Constantine (1837).
January 1838: In 1837, the Emir Abdelkader took control of a territory in the province of Oran, Algeria, extending from the Chelif River to Morocco. Abdelkader was a prominent Algerian leader who led a resistance movement against French colonization in the 19th century.
December 1840: Expansion of French Algeria by 1840.
January 1841: Cherchell and Miliana occupied by French forces.
September 1842: French forces occupy the region of the Tell tribes.
January 1844: In 1841, France sent reinforcements to Algeria led by General Jean-René Sillègue, then stationed in Marseille. The general pacified the regions of Sétif and Kabylie.
December 1847: Abdelkader surrenders to the Duke of Aumale and his Emirate was reintegrated into French Algeria.
December 1847: Surrender of Emir Abdelkader.
December 1847: In 1847, the Emir Abdelkader surrendered to the French forces in the Emirate of Abdelkader, which was located in present-day Algeria. This event marked the end of Abdelkader's resistance against French colonization in North Africa.
December 1848: Expansion of French Algeria by 1848.
August 1857: Tribes of the Kabylie region surrender to the French.
December 1870: Expansion of French Algeria by 1870.
December 1900: Expansion of French Algeria by 1900.
December 1930: Expansion of French Algeria by 1930.
December 1934: Expansion of French Algeria by 1934.
Was the independence war of Belgium against the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
34.1.Ten Days Campaign
Was a failed military expedition by the United Kingdom of the Netherlands against the secessionist Kingdom of Belgium between 2 and 12 August 1831.
August 1831: The French army under Marshal Étienne Gérard crossed the border with Belgium.
August 1831: Fearing a war with France, the Dutch halted their advance in Belgium, and a ceasefire was signed on 12 August. The last Dutch troops returned to the Netherlands around 20 August, while only Antwerp remained occupied. The French troops that had been moved into Belgium to counter the Dutch invasion also left the country.
Were two French military interventions in Mexico.
35.1.Pastry War
Was a conflict between France and Mexico.
January 1839: The French forces, led by Admiral Charles Baudin and General Gabriel Valentin, captured Veracruz during the Pastry War, a conflict between France and Mexico over unpaid debts. Mexico's President at the time, Anastasio Bustamante, declared war on France in response to the occupation of Veracruz.
March 1839: The French forces withdrew from Veracruz in 1839 after a peace treaty was signed with the Centralist Republic of Mexico.
35.2.Second French intervention in Mexico
Was an invasion of Mexico by the Second French Empire. It led to the creation of the Second Mexican Empire, a French protectorate, which collapsed after the withdrawal of the French troops.
35.2.1.Tripartite Alliance Invasion
Was a joint French, Spanish and British invasion of Mexico that started the Second French intervention in Mexico.
February 1862: The city of Campeche surrendered to the French fleet.
35.2.2.French Invasion (Second French intervention in Mexico)
Was the French military campaign to occupy Mexico during the Second French intervention in Mexico.
October 1862: The French occupied the port of Tampico.
December 1862: Unopposed by Mexican forces, the French took control of Xalapa.
March 1863: General Forey was a French military leader who led the French Army in the siege of Puebla in 1863. The siege was part of the French intervention in Mexico, where French forces sought to establish a monarchy under Emperor Maximilian I.
May 1863: Puebla surrendered to the French during the Battle of Puebla in 1863. The French forces were led by General Charles de Lorencez, while the Mexican defenders were commanded by General Ignacio Zaragoza. This event marked a significant moment in the French intervention in Mexico.
June 1863: French troops under Bazaine entered Mexico City.
January 1864: The French under general Bazaine occupied Guadalajara.
February 1864: In 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico, General Douay led French troops to occupy Zacatecas.
April 1864: The French, under Napoleon III, attempted to set up a client state known as the Second Mexican Empire with Emperor Maximilian I. This was in response to the Second Federal Republic of Mexico led by President Benito Juárez.
April 1864: Archduke Maximilian of Austria was installed as Emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III of France with the Treaty of Miramar. In reality, Maximilian was a puppet monarch of the Second French Empire.
June 1864: Fall of Acapulco to Imperial forces on 3 June 1864.
July 1864: In 1864, during the French intervention in Mexico, the city of Durango was occupied by French forces.
December 1864: The defeat of republicans in the states of Sinaloa and Jalisco in November 1864 was a significant victory for the Second Mexican Empire led by Emperor Maximilian I and General Tomas Mejia. This marked a turning point in the French intervention in Mexico.
February 1865: French General Bazaine captured Oaxaca.
March 1865: The French fleet landed soldiers who captured Guaymas.
April 1865: In 1865, Republican forces led by General Nicolás Régules defeated Imperial forces commanded by General Leonardo Márquez at Tacámbaro in Michoacán during the Second French intervention in Mexico. This victory was a significant blow to the Second Mexican Empire established by Emperor Maximilian I.
May 1865: In 1865, during the Second French intervention in Mexico, Republican forces led by General Nicolás Régules defeated Imperial forces at Tacámbaro in Michoacán. This victory was a significant blow to Emperor Maximilian I's regime.
June 1865: In April and May the republicans had many forces in the states of Sinaloa and Chihuahua. Most towns along the Rio Grande were also occupied by republicans.
35.2.3.French withdrawal (Second French intervention in Mexico)
Was the withdrawal of French forces from Mexico at the end of the Second French intervention in Mexico.
March 1866: In 1866, choosing Franco-American relations over his Mexican monarchy ambitions, Napoleon III announced the withdrawal of French forces beginning 31 May. The Republicans won a series of crippling victories taking immediate advantage of the end of French military support to the Imperial troops, occupying Chihuahua on 25 March.
July 1866: The Republicans took Guadalajara on 8 July.
July 1866: The French evacuated Monterrey on 26 July.
August 1866: The Second Federal Republic of Mexico captured Matamoros, Tampico and Acapulco in July.
August 1866: Saltillo was occupied by the Republicans on 5 August.
October 1866: State of Sonora conquered by Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
October 1866: The Republicans, led by General Porfirio Díaz, defeated the imperial troops of Emperor Maximilian I in the Battle of Miahuatlán in Oaxaca in 1866. This victory was a significant moment in the struggle between the Second Federal Republic of Mexico and the French-backed Second Mexican Empire.
November 1866: Ramón Corona was a Mexican general who played a key role in the French intervention in Mexico. The French forces, led by Emperor Maximilian, agreed to withdraw from Mazatlán as part of the terms negotiated with Ramón Corona in 1866.
December 1866: The whole of Oaxaca was occupied in November by the Republic of Mexico.
February 1867: In January 1867, the Republicans led by President Benito Juárez occupied the states of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, and Guanajuato during the Second French intervention in Mexico. This marked a significant advance for the Second Federal Republic of Mexico in their fight against the French-backed Imperial forces.
March 1867: Maximilian I of Mexico withdrew to Querétaro. The Republicans began a siege of the city on 9 March.
April 1867: Mexico City conquered by Second Federal Republic of Mexico.
June 1867: Ultimately the French were unable to consolidate control of the entire nation and under pressure from the United States which after the end of the Civil War, could more effectively enforce the Monroe Doctrine, withdrew from Mexico, leading to the Empire's collapse in 1867.
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of the French and the Kingdom of Tahiti and its allies in the South Pacific archipelago of the Society Islands in modern-day French Polynesia.
September 1842: French naval commander Abel Aubert Dupetit Thouars responded to French complaints of mistreatment and forced the queen and the Tahitian chiefs to sign over Tahiti as a protectorate.
November 1843: Encouraged by Pritchard, Queen Pōmare resisted in vain against French intervention, writing to Queen Victoria, asking for British intervention, and to King Louis Philippe I of France. She refused to fly the flag of the protectorate with the French tricolour at its canton and continued to fly the Tahitian flag at her residence. In November 1843, Dupetit Thouars deposed the queen for her continued resistance and formally annexed the islands.
Was a war between France and Morocco which was indirectly caused by the French conquest of Algeria.
August 1844: In 1844, the French military, led by Duquesne and Bouet, took control of Mogador island, located in present-day Morocco. The occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its influence in North Africa during the 19th century.
August 1844: In 1844, French troops led by General Bugeaud successfully invaded Mogador, a city in present-day Morocco. The military occupation was part of France's efforts to expand its colonial empire in North Africa. The 600 troops were able to enter the harbour and city of Mogador, establishing French control over the territory.
September 1844: In 1844, the French forces, led by General Bugeaud, evacuated Mogador (now Essaouira) after signing the Treaty of Tangiers with Sultan Abd al-Rahman of the Sultanate of Morocco. This marked the end of French occupation in the region.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
38.1.French Revolution of 1848
Was an insurrection in France that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic.
February 1848: The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution.
38.2.First Italian War of Independence
Was the first of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Austrian Empire but it did not led to any territorial modification.
38.2.1.French Invasion of the Papal States
Was a French military campaign against the insurgents that had created the Roman Republic in the Papal States.
April 1849: A French army corps led by General Nicolas Charles Victor Oudinot landed in Civitavecchia.
July 1849: The Siege of Rome in 1849 was a battle between the French forces and the Roman Republic. The French military occupation of Rome marked the end of the Roman Republic and the restoration of Papal rule.
April 1850: On April 12, 1850, Pius IX returned to Rome and abrogated the Constitution granted in March two years earlier.
Was an attack on Honolulu, capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom, by French admiral Louis Tromelin in 1849 in retribution for the local persecution of Catholics and repression of French trade.
August 1849: In 1849, French Admiral Louis Tromelin captured Honolulu Fort in Hawaii as part of a military occupation ordered by King Louis-Philippe of France. This action was in response to the mistreatment of French residents in the Hawaiian Islands.
September 1849: In 1849, the French forces withdrew from Honolulu, Kingdom of Hawaii, following a conflict known as the French Incident. This event was a result of tensions between the Hawaiian monarchy and French government, led by Admiral Louis Tromelin and King Kamehameha III.
A period (1839-1949) of foregin interventions in China resulting in the occupation, conquest or lease of large territories by foregin countries.
40.1.Concessions in China
During the XIX and XX century China was forced into treaties with foreign powers that established concessions (factually enclaves) in its territory.
January 1850: China leases to France a concession in Shanghai.
May 1861: China leases a concession in Tientsin to France.
June 1896: China leases a concession in Hankow to France.
October 1938: Japanese occupy the Chinese city of Hankow.
April 1943: Vichy France retrocedes the French Concession in Tianjin to the Japanese.
July 1943: Vichy France retrocedes the French Concession in Shanghai to the Japanese.
40.2.Sino-Japanese Wars
Were two major wars between China and Japan in the XIX and XX centuries.
40.3.Boxer Rebellion
Was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901. The rebels were known as the "Boxers" in English because many of its members had practiced Chinese martial arts, which at the time were referred to as "Chinese boxing".
40.3.1.Initial revolt of the Boxers
Was the revolt by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (known as the "Boxers" by western countries) that started the Boxer Rebellion.
June 1900: Thousands of boxers from the countryside converged on Tientsin, and on June 15, 1900, they rampaged through the walled city destroying Christian churches and killing Chinese Christians. On June 16, a mob of partially armed boxers advanced on the foreign settlements.
40.3.2.Eight Nations Alliance Invasion of China
Was the invasion of Qing China by the Eight-Nation Alliance (formed by the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and Japan) during the Boxer Rebellion.
July 1900: The international force captured Tianjin.
Was a series of conflicts that led to the unification of the Italian Peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy. It includes the three wars considered the three independency wars of Italy, in addition to a series of military operations like the Expedition of the Thousand and the Sardinian military campaign in Central Italy.
41.1.Second Italian War of Independence
Was the second of the three traditional Italian Wars of Independence. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Kingdom of France against the Austrian Empire. It resulted in the Sardinian annexion of Austrian ruled Lombardy, as well as the annexion of several Italian polities in Central Italy.
March 1860: On March 24, 1860, the Treaty of Turin was signed by which the Kingdom of Sardinia, recognizing the provisions of the alliance treaty to France, ceding the region of Savoy and the city of Nice.
Was a joint military expedition by France and Spain agains the Nguyen Dynasty of Vietnam. The operation was started on the pretext of the persecution of Christian missionaries but led to the French occupation of territories in Vietnam that represented the initial core of French Indochina.
42.1.Treaty of Saigon
Was the war that concluded the Cochinchina campaign and created the French colony of Cochinchina.
June 1862: The French established the colony of Cochinchina with the 1862 Treaty of Saigon.
June 1862: The war concluded with the founding of the French colony of Cochinchina. Tự Đức ceded Saigon, the island of Poulo Condor and three southern provinces of what was to become known as Cochinchina (Bien Hoa, Gia Dinh, and Dinh Tuong) to the French.
Was an 1866 punitive expedition undertaken by the Second French Empire against Joseon Korea in retaliation for the execution of seven French Catholic missionaries.
October 1866: In 1866, a group of 170 French Naval Fusiliers, led by Admiral Roze, landed on Ganghwa Island in Korea. They seized the fortress controlling the Han River and occupied the city of Ganghwa.
November 1866: With winter approaching and the Korean forces growing stronger, the French evacuated Ganghwa Island.
Were a series of wars that resulted in the creation of the German Empire under Prussian leadership in 1871.
44.1.Franco-Prussian War
Was a war that saw the Second French Empire fight against an alliance of German states led by the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was caused by the struggle over dominance in continental Europe between Prussia and France. The German states were victorious and in 1871 merged to form the German Empire. France was occupied and forced to cede Alsace-Lorraine to Germany.
44.1.1.French Army incursion
Was a French military operation at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War.
August 1870: Battle of Saarbrücken.
44.1.2.German Invasion (Franco-Prussian War)
Was the invasion of the Second French Empire by an alliance of German states during the Franco-Prussian War. The French defeat at Sédan (1870) caused the fall of the French Empire.
August 1870: Upon learning from captured Prussian soldiers and a local area police chief that the Prussian Crown Prince's Third Army was just 48 km north from Saarbrücken near the Rhine river town Wissembourg, General Le Bœuf and Napoleon III decided to retreat to defensive positions. General Frossard, without instructions, hastily withdrew his elements of the Army of the Rhine in Saarbrücken back across the river to Spicheren and Forbach.
August 1870: Battle of Wissembourg.
August 1870: Battle of Wörth.
August 1870: Battle of Spicheren.
August 1870: Siege of Bitche (1870-1871).
August 1870: Siege of Phalsbourg (1870).
August 1870: On the late afternoon of 14 August the leading Prussian VII Corps of First Army attacked the French forces still east of the Moselle in the battle of Borny (also known as Borny-Colombey or Colombey-Nouilly from the chain of villages to the east of Metz).
August 1870: Siege of Strasbourg.
August 1870: Siege of Toul.
August 1870: Battle of Mars-la-Tour.
August 1870: Battle of Gravelotte.
August 1870: Siege of Metz.
August 1870: Battle of Beaumont.
September 1870: The Battle of Sedan in northeastern France during September 1-2, 1870, was the most important engagement of the Franco-Prussian War). The battle brought the French Empire to an end and decided the outcome of the war.
September 1870: Battle of Noisseville.
September 1870: When the news of the surrender at Sedan of Napoleon III and 80,000 men arrived, the Second Empire was overthrown by a popular uprising in Paris, which forced the proclamation of a Provisional Government and a Third Republic by general Trochu, Favre and Gambetta on 4 September. The new government called itself the Government of National Defence.
September 1870: Battle of Borny-Colombey.
September 1870: Battle of Mars-la-Tour.
September 1870: Siege of Toul.
September 1870: Siege of Metz.
September 1870: Siege of Strasbourg.
December 1870: Siege of Phalsbourg (1870).
44.1.3.War of the Government of National Defence
Was the continuation of the German invasion of France after the fall of the Second French Empire. The newly created Second French Republic continued to fight, but the German troops eventually occupied most of northern and central France.
September 1870: It was not till after the capitulation of Metz, and almost at the same time with the close blockade of Thionville, that Montmedy was invested by the German forces.
September 1870: Siege of Soissons.
September 1870: On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz, completing the encirclement on 20 September.
October 1870: Siege of Soissons.
October 1870: Battle of Chateaudun.
October 1870: Battles of Dijon (1870-1871).
November 1870: Siege of Belfort (1870-1871).
November 1870: Siege of La Fère (1870).
November 1870: Battle of Coulmiers.
November 1870: Siege of Thionville (1870).
November 1870: Battle of Villers-Bretonneux (1870).
November 1870: Battles of Dijon (1870-1871).
December 1870: Battle of Orleans (1870).
December 1870: Battle of Coulmiers.
December 1870: Siege of Montmédy (1870).
December 1870: Fight of Longeau.
December 1870: Siege of Péronne (1871).
January 1871: Battle of Villersexel.
January 1871: Battle of Le Mans (1871).
January 1871: Battle of the Lisaine.
January 1871: Battle of Saint-Quentin (1871).
February 1871: Battle of Villersexel.
February 1871: Siege of Belfort (1870-1871).
44.1.4.German Withdrawal (Treaty of Frankfurt of 1871)
Was the phased evacuation of France by the forces of the German Empire as settled in the Treaty of Frankfurt (1871) that had ended the Franco-Prussian War.
May 1871: By application of the Treaty of Frankfurt, the departments of Calvados, Orne, Sarthe, Eure-et-Loir, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher, Indre-et-Loire, Yonne, Seine-Inférieure, Eure, Seine-et-Oise, Seine-et-Marne as far as the Seine, Aube and Côte-d'Or were evacuated by the Germans following its signature on May 10, 1871.
July 1871: The treaty of Frankfurt provided that after a first payment by France of an indemnity of half a billion, the evacuation of German troops would extend to the departments of the Somme, the Oise and parts of the departments of Seine-Inférieure, Seine-et -Oise and Seine-et-Marne, located on the right bank of the Seine. These 6 departments were liberated at the end of July 1871 after payment of 500 million francs in mid-July, and one billion in August.
October 1871: The departments of Aisne, Aube, Côte-d'Or, Doubs and Jura were evacuated by the Germans in accordance with the treaty of Frankfurt.
August 1873: The advance payment by the French at the beginning of 1873 of the last of the 5 billion in compensation led to the liberation of the departments of Ardennes, Marne, Haute-Marne and Vosges from german occupation in July 1873.
October 1873: The German army leaves Belfort, the Meuse and the Meurthe-et-Moselle.
Was the French conquest of Tunisia that became a French protectorate.
45.1.Conquest of Tunisia
Was the French military invasion and occupation of Tunisia.
April 1881: General François Auguste Logerot was a French military leader who led 5,000 troops into Sakiet Sidi Youssef in 1881. This marked the beginning of France's military occupation of the territory.
April 1881: The bombardment of the fort on the island of Tabarka in 1881 was part of the French military occupation of Tunisia. La Surveillante, an armored frigate, attacked the fort, leading to its near destruction. Tunisian soldiers abandoned the fort, allowing 1,300 French soldiers to occupy it.
April 1881: In 1881, French General Charles Lallemand led the forces that laid siege to Le Kef, a strategic town in Tunisia. This marked the beginning of the French military occupation of Tunisia, which was completed later that year.
April 1881: General Logerot, a French military leader, left Le Kef and passed through Nebeur without any trouble.
April 1881: Souk El Arba is occupied by French forces.
May 1881: The Logerot column, led by French General Paul Flatters, returned to Fernana, which they reached on May 6.
May 1881: The Treaty of Bardo established a French protectorate over the Beylik of Tunis.
Was a French military campaign to conquer Tonkin and Annam, in Vietnam, that became French protectorates.
46.1.Rivière's Expedition
Was a military expedition of French officer Henri Rivière to conquer Tonkin and Annam during the Tonkin Campaign.
April 1882: The French army under Rivière captured the citadel of Hanoi, capital of Tonkin.
May 1882: In 1882, the Tonkin region was returned to the Nguyễn Dynasty in Vietnam. The Citadel, a fortified structure, was handed back to the Vietnamese control after being under French occupation during the Tonkin Campaign.
March 1883: General Alexandre-Eugène Bouët led the 520 infantry troops from France to occupy the citadel of Nam Dinh in 1883 during the French military occupation of the territory. Bouët was a prominent French military leader known for his role in the colonization of Vietnam.
July 1883: The French position in Tonkin on Bouët's arrival in early June 1883 was extremely precarious. The French had only small garrisons in Hanoi, Haiphong and Nam Định, isolated posts at Hon Gai and at Qui Nhơn in Annam.
46.2.War with the Black Army
Was the conflict between the French forces, that had invaded Vietnam, and the Black Flag Army, a Chinese paramilitary group that controlled territories in Vietnam.
August 1883: In 1883, during the period of French military occupation in Hải Dương, a successful attack was led by Lieutenant-Colonel Brionval. The French forces, including marine infantry and Cochinchinese riflemen, overcame Vietnamese defenses on August 13th.
December 1883: In November the French further strengthened their grip on the Delta by occupying the towns of Ninh Bình, Hưng Yên and Quảng Yên.
December 1883: Sơn Tây campaign.
March 1884: Bắc Ninh Campaign.
April 1884: The French captured Hưng Hóa.
June 1884: Thái Nguyên conquered by france.
July 1884: Tuyên Quang conquered by france.
46.3.Treaty of Huế
The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
August 1883: The 1883 and 1884 Treaties of Huế divided the remaining Vietnamese territory into the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin under nominal Nguyen dynasty rule.
46.4.Sino-French War
Was a war between France and Qing China caused by the French military campaigns to conquer Vietnam.
September 1884: Chinese invasion of the Red River Delta. By late September 1884, the Guangxi Army had advanced as far as the Lục Nam valley.
October 1884: In 1884, during the Sino-French War, French forces occupied Keelung, a strategic port city in Taiwan. This military action was part of France's efforts to expand its influence in East Asia. The conflict was led by Admiral Amédée Courbet on the French side.
October 1884: Kep conquered by france.
October 1884: Chu conquered by france.
November 1884: The French occupied Tien Yen and Dong Trieu.
February 1885: Tây Hòa conquered by france.
February 1885: Hạ Hòa conquered by france.
February 1885: Dong Song is occupied by French forces.
February 1885: Pho Vy conquered by france.
February 1885: The french overwhelmed the Chinese defenses at Bac Vie.
February 1885: The French reached Lạng Sơn after ten days' march.
February 1885: De Négrier defeated the Chinese at the Battle of Đồng Đăng on February 23, 1885 and drove them out of Tonkin.
March 1885: Lạng Sơn conquered by china.
April 1885: Admiral Courbet, a French naval officer, was ordered by the French government to send a marine infantry battalion to occupy the Pescadores Islands in late March 1885.
April 1885: Lacking sufficient troops, the Chinese contented themselves with a further advance as far as Dong Song.
46.4.1.Treaty of Tientsin (1885)
Was the treaty that ended the Sino-French War. Qing China recognized the French protectorate over Vietnam.
June 1885: The Treaties of Tientsin recognized most of France's claims.
June 1885: French troops had to leave Formosa and the Pescadores.
Were a series of conflicts from 1883 to 1898 between France and the Wassoulou Empire.
47.1.First Mandingo War
Was a war between France and the Wassoulou Empire.
January 1884: French troops occupied Bamako.
January 1887: In 1886 Samory was forced to accept the Niger as his frontier.
47.2.Second Mandingo War
Was a war between France and the Wassoulou Empire.
January 1896: Samory defeated the French, putting a temporary end to the protectorate over the Ivory Coast.
Was a conflict between Aussa, Oromo, and Somali tribesmen, and the Khedivate of Egypt from 1874 to 1885. In 1874, the Egyptians invaded Eastern Ethiopia and ruled it for 11 years.
January 1885: Egyptian occupation of the Gulf of Tadjoura.
Were two French military interventions in Madagascar between 1883 and 1896 that overthrew the ruling monarchy of the Merina Kingdom, and resulted in Madagascar becoming a French colony.
49.1.First Madagascar expedition
Was a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar.
June 1885: In 1885, the French under Admiral Pierre bombarded the northwestern coast of Madagascar and occupied Majunga. This military action was part of France's efforts to establish control over the island, which eventually led to the colonization of Madagascar.
January 1886: A Treaty was signed in December 1885 by France and by the Kingdom of Madagascar. The French agreed to leave the occupied territories.
January 1886: When the ultimatum was refused, France bombarded the east coast, and occupied Toamasina.
49.2.Second Madagascar expedition
Was a French military expedition against the Merina Kingdom of Madagascar, which became a French protectorate.
January 1895: The French occupied the harbor of Toamasina on the east coast of Madagascar.
February 1895: In 1895, French military forces bombarded and occupied Mahajanga, a port city on the west coast of Madagascar.
June 1895: Tsarasaotra fell under French control.
August 1895: Andriba conquered by france.
September 1895: The French arrived at the end of September in Antananarivo, the capital of Madagscar, and placed an artillery battery in front of the royal palace. High-explosive shells were fired on the palace, killing many. The Queen promptly surrendered.
October 1895: The Merina Kingdom was ruled by Queen Ranavalona III at the time of signing the treaty with France. The treaty effectively placed Madagascar under French protection, leading to the establishment of the Malagasy Protectorate.
Were two conflicts between France and the Kingdom of Dahomey (in Benin) that ended with the French conquest of the latter.
50.1.First Franco-Dahomean War
Was a conflict between France and the Kingdom of Dahomey (in Benin).
October 1890: The French emerged triumphant against Dahomey after winning the Battle of Abomey.
50.2.Second Franco-Dahomean War
Was a French military expedition that led to the incorporation of the Kingdom of Dahomey in the French Empire.
October 1892: Battle of Poguessa.
October 1892: The French army was able to cross another 24 km toward Abomey after Adégon, bivouacking at the village of Akpa.
November 1892: The French entered Abomey, the capital of Dahomey, on the 17 November.
January 1894: King Béhanzin of Dahomey surrendered to the French.
Were a series of armed conflicts between the Siamese Ayutthaya Kingdom and Rattanakosin Kingdom and the various dynasties of Vietnam mainly during the 18th and 19th centuries.
51.1.Franco-Siamese War
Was a conflict between the French Republic and the Kingdom of Siam.
October 1893: The Siamese found they had no British support and surrendered to France, ceding Laos during the Treaty of Bangkok of October 3, 1893.
Was a war by Mahdist Sudan against Egyptian rule. The Mahdista were finally defeated by Egyptian and British forces, and Sudan became an Anglo-Egyptian condominium.
52.1.Anglo-Egyptian conquest of Sudan
Was the joint Anglo-Egyptian military invasion of Mahdist Sudan that ended the Mahdist War.
52.1.1.Fashoda Incident
Was a French expedition to Fashoda whose aim was to conquer territories in Sudan.
July 1898: In 1898, French explorer Jean-Baptiste Marchand reached Fashoda and raised the French flag.
November 1898: The Fashoda Incident in 1898 involved French Captain Jean-Baptiste Marchand and British Major-General Herbert Kitchener. The French troops were ordered to withdraw by the French government, avoiding a potential conflict with Great Britain.
Expansion during the rule of Menelik II in the Ethiopian Empire.
January 1899: Ethiopia's expansion under Menlik II until 1898.
The Dendi Kingdom was conquered by France in 1901.
January 1902: The Dendi Kingdom was conquered by France in 1901.
Was a British military expedition that led to the fall of the Sokoto Caliphate and its partition between Great Britain and Germany.
March 1903: At the grand market square of Sokoto, the last Vizier of the Sokoto Caliphate officially surrendered to British forces. The Caliphate was partitioned between great Britain, France and Germany in accordance with the borders decided at the Berlin Conference.
By the Treaty of Fez of 1912, France imposed a protectorate over Morocco and spent the next two decades conquering the country.
December 1907: Oujda was occupied by French forces.
December 1907: French Expansion in Morocco by 1907.
January 1908: French conquest of Chaouïa.
December 1908: French Expansion in Morocco by 1908.
December 1909: French Expansion in Morocco by 1909.
December 1910: French Expansion in Morocco by 1910.
December 1911: French Expansion in Morocco by 1911.
March 1912: The Treaty of Fez, signed by Sultan Abd al-Hafid of Morocco under duress and French diplomat Eugène Regnault, established the French protectorate in Morocco.
December 1912: French Expansion in Morocco by 1912.
December 1913: French Expansion in Morocco by 1913.
December 1914: French Expansion in Morocco by 1914.
December 1915: French Expansion in Morocco by 1915.
December 1916: French Expansion in Morocco by 1916.
December 1917: French Expansion in Morocco by 1917.
December 1918: French Expansion in Morocco by 1918.
December 1919: French Expansion in Morocco by 1919.
The Mahafaly kingdom in Madagascar ended after a short French military campaign in 1907.
January 1908: A short French military campaign in 1907 ended the reign of king Tsiampondy. French authorities annexed the Mahafaly kingdom to French Madagascar.
Was a war between France and the Wadai Empire that resulted in the French conquest of the Wadai Empire and several other small polities in the Chad Basin.
May 1909: A column of 200 soldiers led by French Captain Jérusalemy inflicted heavy defeats on Wadaian forces at Dokotchi on 29 May 1908.
June 1909: A French column of 180 under Captain Jean-Joseph Fiegenschuh was able to occupy Abéché on 2 or 12 June 1909.
June 1909: Dud Murra, kolak (ruler) of Wadai refused to surrender to French forces and retreated northward into Senussi-held areas.
January 1913: Wadai was completely occupied by the French in 1912.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
59.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
59.1.1.Zaian War
Was a war fought between France and the Zaian Confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco between 1914 and 1921 during the French conquest of Morocco.
59.1.1.1.Khenifra Conquest
Was the French conquest of Khenifra during the Zaian War.
59.1.1.2.1917 Offensive (Zaian War)
Was the French offensive of 1917 during the Zaian War.
59.1.2.Togoland Campaign
Was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa, which began the West African campaign of the First World War.
August 1914: A column under French Captain Marchand took Aneho.
August 1914: The French advanced to Porto Seguro and Togo.
August 1914: German Togo was occupied by France and Great Britain at the beginning of WWI.
December 1916: Militarly occupied Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones.
59.1.3.Kamerun Campaign
Took place in the German colony of Kamerun in the African theatre of the First World War when the British, French and Belgians invaded the German colony.
November 1914: The French captured Edéa, Nola and Sanaga in October.
December 1914: Shortly before Christmas 1914, the French succeeded in taking the Molundu station (Cameroon).
April 1915: The French took over Lomié in 1915 when they defeated the German forces in southern Cameroon.
March 1916: After the conquest of German Cameroon by French and British forces, part of the occupied territories was integrated into French Equatorial Africa.
March 1916: Provisional division of militarly occupied German Kamerun between France and the United Kingdom.
59.1.3.1.Naval Operations
Naval operations during the Kamerun campaign of World War I.
September 1914: French infantry landed at Ukoko and took the town shortly after fighting the German garrison there. Germany had effectively no control over the portion of Kamerun to the south of the Spanish colony of Rio Muni.
59.2.World War I Balkan Theatre
Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.
59.2.1.Albania during World War I
Albanian theatre of World War I.
January 1917: Austria-Hungary used the French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of the independence of Albania under its protectorate on January 3, 1917 in Shkodër.
59.2.1.1.Collapse of Albania
Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.
November 1916: French general Sarrail detached a French cavalry column which occupied Korçë the following November 29 with little resistance.
December 1916: Descoins proclaimed the establishment of an Albanian Republic of Korçë under a protectorate of France.
April 1917: Between March and May 1917 a series of operations by the French army involved the area between Lake Ohrid and Lake Prespa, on the border between Albania and Macedonia.
June 1917: The ground recently gained by the French was largely lost in counter-attacks by the Bulgarian-German forces.
June 1917: On 3 June 1917, General Ferrero proclaimed the establishment of an Italian protectorate of Albania in Gjirokastra.
February 1918: On February 16, 1918, the new French commander of the Korçë sector, General Salle, formally abolished the previous autonomous statute of the republic proclaimed on December 10, 1916, bringing the area back under the strict control of the French military authorities.
59.3.World War I western Front
Was the theatre of war in western Europe during World War I.
May 1915: Second Battle of Artois: On 9 May, five French corps had attacked two German divisions on a 25 km front and advanced 4 km on the front of the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division between the Lorette Spur and La Targette. The 77th Division and the DM of XXXIII Corps penetrated between Carency and Neuville.
May 1915: Second Battle of Artois: After the initial disbandment the Germans concentrated their reserves on 140m altitude and repulsed the attack.
May 1915: Second battle of Artois: the French army conquered Carency.
May 1915: With the Second Battle of Artois, Ablain-Saint-Nazaire is freed by French forces.
June 1915: Second Battle of Artois: Neuville is freed by French forces.
June 1915: Second Battle of Artois: the French were driven back after a few days, due to the very intense reaction of the German artillery and infantry.
September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: Battle of Loos: The British were able to break through the weaker German defences and capture the village of Loos-en-Gohelle, mainly due to numerical superiority.
September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: French III and XII Corps proceeded slowly and with little progress southeast of Neuville-Saint-Vaast.
September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: French XXXIII and XXI Corps had taken the town of Souchez.
September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: In very wet weather the French Tenth Army captured Vimy Ridge, except for the highest point, where German counter-attacks retook the ground from XXXIII Corps.
February 1916: Battle of Verdun: The Germans took Fort Douaumont and then French reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February.
May 1916: The Germans turned their focus to Le Mort Homme. After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. On 24 May, the Germans took the second summit, Côte 295.
June 1916: The Germans captured Fort Vaux on 7 June.
June 1916: With the aid of diphosgene gas, the Germans came within 1 km of the last ridge before Verdun.
June 1916: The German advance was contained on 23 June.
July 1916: On 1 July, after a week of heavy rain, British divisions in Picardy began the Battle of the Somme with the Battle of Albert, supported by five French divisions on their right flank. The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment. The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire, nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned.
July 1916: Advancement of the French up to July 14.
September 1916: Advancement of the French forces up to 15 september.
November 1916: The final phase of the battle took place in October and early November, again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life. All told, the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres and failed to reach the original objectives. The advancement showed on map are up to november.
December 1916: The French recaptured Fort Vaux in November.
January 1917: By December 1916 the French had pushed the Germans back 2.1 km from Fort Douaumont.
March 1917: During the Somme battle and through the winter months, the Germans created a fortification behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line. During the German withdrawal, the British Third Army and Fifth Army followed up and conducted the Capture of Bapaume, 17 March 1917.
March 1917: The French took Péronne.
March 1917: The German retirement took place between 9 February and 20 March 1917, after months of preparation. The German retreat shortened the Western front by 40 km.
April 1917: Battle of Arras: initial French advancement.
April 1917: French advancement after the Battles of Arras and of Vimy Ridge.
April 1917: The French Third Army in the centre advanced astride the Scarpe River and in the south, the British Fifth Army attacked the Hindenburg Line but made few gains. The British armies then conducted smaller attacks to consolidate the new positions.
April 1917: The Nivelle Offensive was a failed military operation led by French General Robert Nivelle during World War I. It took place in 1917 in the region of Chemin des Dames in France. The offensive resulted in heavy casualties and led to widespread mutinies within the French army.
May 1917: The Nivelle Offensive was a failed military operation led by French General Robert Nivelle during World War I. It took place in 1917 in the region of Chemin des Dames in France. The offensive resulted in heavy casualties and led to widespread mutinies within the French army.
November 1917: Battle of Cambrai:On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery-fire. he attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four month.
December 1917: Battle of Cambrai: The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November, which drove back the British in the south and failed in the north.
59.3.1.German Offensive in Flanders (World War I)
Was the German offensive in the Flanders at the beginning of World War I.
August 1914: The French occupied Mulhouse on 8 August.
August 1914: French forces captured Mulhouse, a city in Alsace, from the German Empire. However, they were later forced out by German counter-attacks led by General August von Mackensen and Crown Prince Wilhelm.
August 1914: The First and Second Armies, led by French generals Joseph Joffre and Auguste Dubail, attacked towards Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine, which was then under German control. The battle resulted in the territory being occupied by France.
August 1914: Siege of Maubeuge.
August 1914: Battle of St. Quentin.
September 1914: The German Army came within 70 km of Paris but at the First Battle of the Marne (6-12 September).
September 1914: The opposing forces in Western Europe made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the Race for the Sea and quickly extended their trench systems from the Swiss frontier to the North Sea.
September 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Ham.
September 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Mericourt.
October 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Bapaume.
October 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Ypres and Baielleul.
October 1914: Changes of the Western front by 8 October 1914.
59.3.2.German spring offensive
Was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans decided that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources.
March 1918: Somme Offensive.
April 1918: Somme Offensive.
April 1918: The Lys Offensive was a major German attack on the Western Front during World War I in April 1918. The Germans managed to penetrate Allied lines to a depth of 9.3 mi (15 km).
June 1918: Aisne Offensive.
June 1918: Noyon-Montdidier Offensive.
July 1918: Champagne-Marne Offensive.
59.3.3.Second Battle of the Marne
Was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War.
July 1918: Second Battle of the Marne.
August 1918: Second Battle of the Marne.
59.3.4.Hundred Days Offensive
Was a series of massive Allied offensives that led to the collapse of the Western Front and of the German Empire.
August 1918: Battle of Amiens (1918).
August 1918: Second Battle of the Somme: Albert was captured by the French on 22 August.
August 1918: Second Battle of the Somme: Bapaume fell to the French on 29 August.
August 1918: Allied advancement up to 30 August.
September 1918: The Germans had been forced back to the Hindenburg Line.
September 1918: Havrincourt and St Mihiel conquered by French Third Republic.
September 1918: Avancement up to 25 September.
October 1918: Battle of Cambrai.
October 1918: The British arrived in Roubaix.
November 1918: Entente advance in central Europe by 11 November 1918.
59.4.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
July 1920: The Syrian mandate region was subdivided into six states. One of themwas the state of Damascus (1920).
September 1920: The State of Greater Lebanon was declared on 1 September 1920, following Decree 318 of 31 August 1920, as a League of Nations Mandate under the proposed terms of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon.
September 1920: The State of Aleppo was declared by the French General Henri Gouraud on 1 September 1920 as part of a French scheme to make Syria easier to control by dividing it into several smaller states.
September 1920: In 1920, the Alawite State was established in the region of present-day Syria. The Alawites, a religious minority group, gained autonomy under French colonial rule.
59.4.1.Treaty of Versailles
Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.
59.4.1.1.Occupation of the Rhineland
The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.
59.4.1.2.Territorial cessions of Germany in Europe
Were territorial cessions of Germany in Europe after World War I.
January 1920: The treaty of Versailles restored the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871.
59.4.2.German Revolution
Was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic.
59.4.2.1.Revolutionary States
A series of short-lived states were proclaimed in various territories of the German Empire in the aftermath of World War I.
November 1918: French troops put the Alsace-Lorraine under military occupation and entered Strasbourg.
59.4.3.Lithuanian War of Independence
Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Lithuania leading to the independence of the country.
January 1920: According to Article 99 of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Memelland was ceded to the Allied powers without a referendum effective January 10, 1920. From early 1920 to early 1923 it was administered by France as its agent.
59.4.4.Territory of the Saar Basin
The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
January 1920: The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
Was a series of military campaigns waged by the Turkish National Movement after parts of the Ottoman Empire were occupied and partitioned following its defeat in World War I. The war led to the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.
60.1.Franco-Turkish War
Was a war between France and the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I. France started a military campaign in the southern territories of the Ottoman Empire because in the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement with the United Kingdom it had agreed to take control of the region.
December 1918: French troops occupy Antakya.
December 1918: French troops occupy Tarsus and Ceyhan and face the first exchanges of fire in Dörtyol in one of the opening acts of what will later be termed the Franco-Turkish War.
December 1918: French troops occupy Adana, Çukurova's largest city with central importance for southern Turkey.
December 1918: French troops occupy Osmaniye and Islahiye.
December 1918: The control over Çukurova was acquired by General Henri Gouraud, a French military commander, in a move that extended French military occupation to Pozantı in Gülek Pass (Cilicia Gates) on December 27, 1918.
October 1919: French troops occupy Maraş and replace the British troops stationed in the city.
April 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Urfa faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
June 1920: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate the entire region of Urfa, east of Euphrates.
June 1920: The French retire their troops from Karadeniz Ereğli.
February 1921: Antep's Turkish forces surrendered to French forces after 384 days of fighting.
March 1921: French occupation troops are forced to evacuate Kadirli faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
March 1921: French occupation troops were forced to evacuate Feke faced to the resistance and assaults of the Turkish Revolutionaries.
June 1921: The French troops depart from Zonguldak.
November 1921: French troops evacuate Islahiye.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Mersin.
January 1922: French troops evacuate Dörtyol.
60.1.1.French Occupation of strategic places in Turkey after WWI
Were a series of French military actions to occupy territories in the southern part of the Ottoman Empire.
January 1919: The city of Bursa (a former Ottoman capital of central importance in northwest Anatolia) was also held by French forces for a brief period before the great summer offensive of the Greek army in 1920.
March 1919: Two French gunboats brought troops to the Black Sea ports of Zonguldak and Karadeniz Ereğli to command the Ottoman coal mining region.
June 1920: Because of the resistance they faced during their one-year stay in the region, French troops begin to withdraw from Karadeniz Ereğli.
60.1.2.Cilicia Campaign
Was a French and British military campaign in southern Anatolia during the Franco-Turkish War.
November 1918: French forces land at Mersin.
November 1918: Tarsus, a city in modern-day Turkey, was occupied by French forces in 1918.
November 1919: The city of Mardin was occupied by the French for one day.
60.1.3.French Withdrawal (Franco-Turkish War)
Was the withdrawal of French forces from Southern Anatolia.
November 1919: The French abandoned the occupation attempt of Mardin.
February 1920: After 22 days of the Battle of Marash, the French occupation troops, followed by members of the local Armenian community, found themselves forced to evacuate Marash by the resistance and assaults of the Turkish revolutionaries.
January 1922: The French forces withdrew from the occupation zone in Turkey in the first days of 1922, about ten months before the Armistice of Mudanya. Beginning on 3 January, French troops evacuated Mersin and Dörtyol.
January 1922: On 5 January the French left Adana, Ceyhan and Tarsus to the Ottomans.
January 1922: The French evacuation of Anatolia was completed with the last troops leaving Osmaniye. France left all territories occupied in Cilicia and southern Turkey with the exception of the Republic of Hatay.
Was a war between the independent Arab Kingdom of Syria that was proclaimed in Damascus on March 8, 1920 and the French authorities.
July 1920: In spite of King Faisal's acceptance of France's ultimatum, Yusuf al-'Azma refused to give in. He raised a small body of disbanded troops and civilians, poorly armed relative to the modern, well-equipped professional French Army, and led them to Maysalun. The Battle of Maysalun resulted in a crushing Syrian defeat.
July 1920: The final stage of the Franco-Syrian War took place when the French forces entered Damascus without any resistance.
July 1920: The Arab Kingdom of Syria was abolished, and French rule officially reinstalled.
Was a revolt in the Klaipėda region that had been placed under provisional French administration after World War I. After the revolt the territory was unified with Lithuania.
February 1923: Faced with the fait accompli, the League of Nations had to resolve to accept the transfer of the Memel Territory to Lithuania as an autonomous region.
In 1933, France occupied Andorra as a result of social unrest before elections.
August 1933: From 18 August until 9 of October of 1933 , a detachment of French gendarmes occupied Andorra due to altercations produced to achieve male universal suffrage.
October 1933: French forces evacuated Andorra.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
64.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
64.1.1.Second Sino-Japanese War
Was a military conflict between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Theater of the Second World War.
64.1.1.1.Japanese invasion of French Indochina
Was the Japanese invasion and occupation of French Indochina.
64.1.1.1.1.Annexation of southern french indochina
Was the Japanese occupation of southern Indochina during World War II.
64.1.1.1.2.French reconquest of Laos
Was the French reconquest of Laos from Japanese occupation at the end of World War II.
64.1.2.Franco-Thai War
Was fought between Thailand and Vichy France over certain areas of French Indochina.
May 1941: The Japanese, directly interested in infiltrating the region, brokered a ceasefire with France which became effective at 10.00 on 28 January and forced the French to cede the disputed territories in the treaty signed in Tokyo on 9 May 1941.
May 1941: Franco-Thai War: Thai annexation of territories of French Indochina.
64.1.3.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
November 1945: Thailand returns annexed territories to French Indochina.
64.2.World War II (Western Front)
Was the Western European theatre of World War II.
June 1944: Following the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944 and the liberation of France later that year, the Free French Provisional government of the French Republic (GPRF) was installed as the new national government, led by de Gaulle.
September 1944: End of the German Occupation of Monaco.
64.2.1.Saar Offensive
Was the French invasion of Saarland, Germany, in the first stages of World War II.
September 1939: The French army advanced to as far as 8 kilometres in some areas of Germany, and captured about 12 towns and villages unopposed: Gersheim, Medelsheim, Ihn, Niedergailbach, Bliesmengen, Ludweiler, Brenschelbach, Lauterbach, Niedaltdorf, Kleinblittersdorf, Auersmacher, and Sitterswald.
September 1939: The French occupied most of the Warndt Forest.
September 1939: The French 32nd Infantry Regiment made further gains on 12 September, seizing the German town of Brenschelbach.
September 1939: The French held German territory along all of the Rhine-Moselle front, but after the collapse of Poland, General Maurice Gamelin on 21 September ordered French units to return to their starting positions on the Maginot Line. On 17 October the withdrawal was complete.
64.2.2.German Invasion of Belgium
Was the German Invasion of Belgium during World War II.
May 1940: Battle of Boulogne.
64.2.3.German Invasion of France
The Battle of France was the German invasion of France during World War II that ended with the French Armistice of Compiègne on 22 June 1940.
64.2.3.1.Central Front of the German Invasion of France (World War II)
Was the front of the Meuse Line during the German invasion of France in World War II.
May 1940: On 12 May, Sedan was captured without resistance and the Germans defeated the French defences around Sedan on the west bank of the Meuse.
May 1940: The German advance forces reached the Meuse line late in the afternoon.
May 1940: German advance in Belgium.
May 1940: Battle of Montcornet.
May 1940: Stonne changed hands 17 times and fell to the Germans for the last time in the evening.
June 1940: Battle of Dunkirk.
64.2.3.2.Fall Rot
Was the operation to complete the conquest of France by the German Army during the Battle of France.
June 1940: Frontline of the Battle of Belgium in that date.
June 1940: German advance in France.
June 1940: On 14 June, Paris fell to the German forces. The Parisians unable to flee the city found that in most cases the Germans were extremely well mannered.
June 1940: The German 7th Panzer Division headed west over the Seine river through Normandy and captured the port of Cherbourg on 18 June.
June 1940: German conquest of Rennes.
June 1940: German conquest of Nantes.
June 1940: German conquest of Brest.
June 1940: The remnants of French Army 2 Group are encircled by German forces.
June 1940: German advances in France by June, 25th 1940.
64.2.3.3.French Armistice
Was the Armistice of 22 June 1940 when France surrendered to Germany during World War II.
64.2.3.3.1.Franco-German Armistice
The French Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36 near Compiègne, France, by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic. The armistice partitioned France: northern and central France were militarly occupied by Germany, Alsace-Lorraine was inglobated into the German State, and the remainder of France became Vichy France, a regime loyal to Germany.
June 1940: The Armistice of 22 June 1940 was signed at 18:36 near Compiègne, France, by officials of Nazi Germany and the French Third Republic. It did not come into effect until after midnight on 25 June. Northern and coastal France fell under direct German occupation, whereas a French government aligned with Germany ("Vichy France") was established in the south. Alsace-Lorraine was annexed to Nazi Germany.
64.2.4.Overall Frontline (Belgium and France)
Refers to the battles on the northern French and Belgian front during the German invasion of the region.
May 1940: Frontline of the Battle of Belgium in that date.
May 1940: Surrender of French troops in Calais.
May 1940: Defensive Perimeter around Dunkirk established. The Germans occupy the surroundings of Dunkirk.
June 1940: Evacuation of British and Belgian forces from Dunkirk completed.
64.2.5.Italian invasion of France
Was the invasion of southern France by Fascist Italy during the Battle of France.
June 1940: After eliminating the French field fortifications with artillery fire, the Germans took the city of Bramans.
June 1940: German forces occupied Les Granges-Saint-Paul.
June 1940: That day the fort of Pont Saint-Louis engaged in its last artillery duel with the Italians. No vehicles managed to cross the bridge before the armistice. The capture of "the pearl of France", Menton, a famous tourist destination, was "an undeniable success" (despite its cost) for the Italians.
64.2.6.Siegfried Line campaign
Was a phase in the Western European campaign of World War II which involved actions near the German defensive Siegfried Line.
September 1944: Allied liberation of Antwerp.
September 1944: German garrison of Le Havre surrenders.
September 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
64.2.6.1.Clearing the Channel Coast
Was a World War II operation undertaken by the First Canadian Army in August 1944 to capture the French coastline along the Strait of Dover.
May 1944: Allied forces arrive at the outskirts of Dunkirk.
September 1944: Dieppe was captured by the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division on 1 September.
September 1944: The Germans surrender to the 3rd Canadian Division in Boulogne-sur-Mer.
September 1944: The attack on the Cap Gris Nez batteries in 1944 was part of the Allied invasion of Normandy during World War II. The operation was led by General Bernard Montgomery and resulted in the capture of strategic coastal positions.
September 1944: Calais fell to the Allied forces on 30 September
64.2.6.2.Battle of the Scheldt
Was a series of military operations led by the First Canadian Army, with Polish and British units attached, to open up the shipping route to Antwerp so that its port could be used to supply the Allies in north-west Europe.
October 1944: Allied advances by October 16th in the Low Countries and Belgium, during the Battle of the Scheldt.
64.2.7.Operation Overlord
Was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II.
64.2.7.1.Allied Invasion of Normandy
The allied forces launched an invasion of German-occupied France with the Normandy landings of 6 June 1944 (D-Day).
June 1944: Allied forces invade France, landing on the coast of Normandy. Two of the beaches (Juno and Gold) were linked on the first day
June 1944: The five beachheads of the Allied invasion of Normandy were connected by 12 June.
64.2.7.2.Battle of Cherbourg
Was a battle fought in Cherbourg, France, immediately after the successful Allied landings on 6 June 1944.
June 1944: On 18 June the US 9th Infantry Division reached the west coast of the peninsula, isolating the Cherbourg garrison from any potential reinforcements. There was little opposition on the western side of the peninsula and on the eastern side, the exhausted defenders around Montebourg collapsed.
June 1944: Allied troops, mainly American, captured the fortified port of Cherbourg.
64.2.7.3.Battle of Saint-Lô
Was an allied military operation that liberated the region around Saint-Lô, France.
July 1944: American forces occupy Saint-Lô.
64.2.7.4.Battle of Caen
Was an Allied military operation that liberated the region around Caen, France.
July 1944: Caen, a major objective, was still in German hands at the end of D-Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July.
64.2.7.5.Operation Cobra
Was an offensive launched by the United States First Army seven weeks after the D-Day landings, during the Normandy campaign of World War II that led to the collapse of the German Normandy front.
July 1944: Allied operations to liberate St. Lo.
64.2.7.6.Conquest of Normandy
Was the Allied conquest of German-occupied Normandy during World War II.
August 1944: Allied military operation in Normandy.
64.2.7.7.Battle of Mortain
Was a German counter-attack near Mortain, in northwestern France during the Battle of Normandy.
August 1944: Frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
August 1944: Allied liberation of Le Mans.
64.2.7.8.Operation Totalize
Was an offensive launched by Allied troops in the First Canadian Army during the later stages of Operation Overlord in order to break through the German defences south of Caen.
August 1944: Based on available maps.
64.2.7.9.Battle of the Falaise Pocket
Was an Allied operation during the Battle of Normandy that led to the destruction of the German pocket in the area of the French cities of Trun, Argentan, Vimoutiers and Chambois.
August 1944: Allied forces clear the Chambois area.
August 1944: By the evening of 21 August, the Falaise pocket had been sealed, with Germans trapped inside.
64.2.7.10.Liberation of Paris
A military battle that took place during World War II from 19 August 1944 until the German garrison surrendered the French capital on 25 August 1944.
August 1944: Battle of Paris frm 19 August 1944 until the German commander in Paris, Lt. Gen. Dietrich von Choltitz, surrendered formally to Brig. Gen. Jacques Philippe Leclerc of the French 2nd Army at 15:15 of 25 August 1944.
64.2.7.11.Battle for Brest
Was fought in August and September 1944 in Brest as part of the Battle of Normandy during World War II.
September 1944: General Ramcke surrendered the city of Brest on 19 September 1944 to the Americans.
64.2.8.Operation Dragoon
Was the landing operation of the Allied invasion of Provence (Southern France) on 15 August 1944.
August 1944: Allied operations In Southern France, 15-28 August 1944.
August 1944: Allied liberation of Grenoble.
August 1944: Territorial changes based on the known frontline of the western front of World War II in that date.
August 1944: Allied liberation of Marseille and Toulon.
August 1944: On 29 August, the Allies captured Montélimar.
September 1944: Lyon was liberated by the French 2nd Corp.
September 1944: Allied liberation of Autun.
September 1944: Allied liberation of Dijon.
September 1944: Operation Dragoon encountered Siegfried Line campaign "closing" central france
September 1944: Allied liberation of Langres.
September 1944: Allied advance in Germany in that date.
64.2.8.1.Main invasion (operation Dragoon)
The invasion of the bulk of the armies partecipating to operation Dragoon during World War II.
August 1944: Operation Dragoon landing in France started on the morning of 15 August.
64.2.9.Lorraine campaign
Was the operation of the U.S. Army to liberate German-occupied Lorraine during World War II.
September 1944: Allied advance in France up to Nancy, which is abandoned by German forces.
December 1944: Allied forces accept surrender of last of the Metz forts.
64.2.10.Western Allied invasion of Germany
Was the invasion of the western territories of Germany mainly by the United States, United Kingdom, France and Canada at the end of World War II.
64.2.10.1.German Offensive on the Western Front during the Allied invasion
Was a offensive of Germany against the Allies that were invading German-occupied Europe during World War II.
December 1944: Territorial changes caused on December 16th 1944 by the German Ardenne Offensive of 1944 ("Unternehmen Wacht am Rhein").
64.2.11.Colmar Pocket
Was an Allied military operation to liberate central Alsace from German forces.
January 1945: Allied operations in the Colmar Pocket (January-February 1945).
February 1945: Allied operations in the Colmar Pocket (January-February 1945).
64.3.World War II (East African Theatre)
Was the East African theatre of World War II.
64.3.1.French Somaliland during World War II
Was an Italian military campaign in French Somaliland during World War II.
June 1940: Italian troops under General Guglielmo Nasi attacked the fort of Ali-Sabieh in the south and Dadda'to in the north.
June 1940: By the end of June the Italians had also occupied the border fortifications of Magdoul, Daimoli, Balambolta, Birt Eyla, Asmailo, Tewo, Abba, Alailou, Madda and Rahale.
July 1940: Germain succeeded Legentilhomme as commander-in-chief of French forces. He was loyal to Vichy France.
December 1942: Christian Raimond Dupont, Governor of French Somaliland, surrendered to British forces. French Somaliland ceased to be part of the Vichy France colonial empire.
64.4.World War II (All other Vichy France Colonies)
Refers to the events that happened in French Colonies that decided to be loyal to the German puppet state of Vichy France.
June 1940: During the period from June 16, 1940, to July 14, 1943, Saint Barthélemy was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Marshal Philippe Pétain. This changed in 1943 when the territory transitioned to being under the control of Free France.
June 1940: During the period from June 16, 1940, to May 27, 1942, Wallis and Futuna were under the administration loyal to Vichy France, which was the government established in the unoccupied zone of France following the German occupation in World War II.
June 1940: During the period of 16 Jun 1940 - 13 Jul 1943, Martinique was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Admiral Georges Robert. Vichy France was the government regime established in unoccupied France during World War II, collaborating with Nazi Germany.
June 1940: Administration of French India loyal to "Vichy" France.
June 1940: During the period of June 16, 1940, to July 14, 1943, Guadeloupe was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Marshal Philippe Pétain.
June 1940: Chandernagore switched allegiance to Free France.
June 1940: The administration of French Guyana is loyal to "Vichy" France.
June 1940: After the fall of France to Nazi Germany in 1940, the island of Saint Martin came under the control of the Vichy regime, which collaborated with the Nazis. The administration on the island remained loyal to Vichy France until July 1943.
June 1940: Administration of French Oceania loyal to "Vichy" France.
July 1940: With the creation of Vichy France, initially all French colonies were aligned with Vichy.
July 1940: During the period from 29 July 1940 to 19 September 1940, New Caledonia was under the administration loyal to "Vichy" France, which was the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
August 1940: Chad Governor Félix Éboué becomes loyal to Free France.
August 1940: Cameroon aligns to Free France.
September 1940: From 2 Sep 1940 French Oceania was loyal to "Free" French.
September 1940: The administration of French India is loyal to "Free" France.
September 1940: During the period from 29 July 1940 to 19 September 1940, New Caledonia was under the administration loyal to "Vichy" France, which was the government of Marshal Philippe Pétain during World War II.
May 1942: During the period from June 16, 1940, to May 27, 1942, Wallis and Futuna were under the administration loyal to Vichy France, which was the government established in the unoccupied zone of France following the German occupation in World War II.
July 1942: British and British East African troops land on the island of Mayotte, in the Mozambique Channel, and secure it for seaplane base.
March 1943: From 18 Mar 1943 French Guyana was loyal Free France.
July 1943: During the period of 16 Jun 1940 - 13 Jul 1943, Martinique was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Admiral Georges Robert. Vichy France was the government regime established in unoccupied France during World War II, collaborating with Nazi Germany.
July 1943: From 14 Jul 1943 Martinique was loyal to Free French.
July 1943: During the period from June 16, 1940, to July 14, 1943, Saint Barthélemy was under the administration loyal to Vichy France, led by Marshal Philippe Pétain. This changed in 1943 when the territory transitioned to being under the control of Free France.
July 1943: After the fall of France to Nazi Germany in 1940, the island of Saint Martin came under the control of the Vichy regime, which collaborated with the Nazis. The administration on the island remained loyal to Vichy France until July 1943.
October 1944: During World War II, Mayotte was occupied by British forces from July 1942 to September 1944. Despite the occupation, French administration continued to govern the territory.
64.5.World War II (West African Theatre)
Was the West And Central African theatre of World War II.
August 1940: Pierre Boisson, the governor-general of French Equatorial Africa, was a staunch supporter of the Vichy regime, unlike Félix Éboué, the governor of French Chad. On 26 August, with the help of his top military official, Éboué pledged his colony's allegiance to Free France.
64.5.1.Battle of Gabon
Was a battle that resulted in Free France forces gaining control of French Equatorial Africa from Vichy France.
October 1940: Free French forces crossed into French Equatorial Africa and took the town of Mitzic.
November 1940: The Vichy garrison at Lambaréné, Gabon, capitulated.
November 1940: Libreville was captured by Free France forces on 10 November.
November 1940: On 12 November, the final Vichy forces at Port Gentil, Gabon, surrendered without a fight. Governor Masson - despairing of his actions - committed suicide.
64.6.World War II (North African Theatre)
Was the North African theatre of World War II.
April 1943: The Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames was a territory in the southern part of the former Italian colony of Libya occupied and administered by the French from 1943.
64.6.1.Allied invasion of French North Africa
Was the Allied invasion of French North Africa during World War II.
64.6.1.1.Operation Torch
Was an Allied military operation to occupy French North Africa during World War II.
November 1942: On 8 November 1942, the allied invasion of Alegia commenced with landings on three beaches—two west of Algiers and one east. The US troops pushed quickly inland and General Juin surrendered the city to the Allies at 19:00.
November 1942: British forces conquer Oran.
November 1942: The Americans surrounded the port of Casablanca by 10 November, and the city surrendered.
November 1942: Safi surrendered to the Allies on the afternoon of 8 November.
November 1942: U.S. forces land in Morocco and occupy Port-Lyautey on November 10.
November 1942: After talks with the allied, French Admiral Darlan’s orders all resistance of French forces against the Allied to cease. Morocco under Allied control.
64.6.1.2.Tunisian campaign
Was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African campaign of the Second World War, between Axis and Allied.
November 1942: The British First Army lands at Bougie (Algeria) without opposition.
November 1942: Bône airfield was occupied by the Allies following a parachute drop by 3rd Parachute Battalion and this was followed by 6 Commando seizing the port on 12 November.
November 1942: British and American forces reach Tabarka (Tunisia), which is occupied.
November 1942: The 509th U.S. Parachute Regiment occupies Gafsa airfield in Tunisia.
November 1942: British forces make contact with German forces at Djebel Abiod (Tunisia).
November 1942: French and U.S. Troops occupy Gafsa (Tunisia).
December 1942: Allied forces reach Medjez el Bab where they are attacked by German tank-infantry columns.
December 1942: The Allies reached the outskirts of Djedeida.
December 1942: In Tunisia, the Allies were forced to withdraw to Medjez, and by 26 December 1942 the Allies had withdrawn to the line they had set out from two weeks earlier.
February 1943: Axis forces evacuate Sidi Bou Zid (Tunisia).
February 1943: Frontline between allied and axis forces in Tunisia on that date.
March 1943: Frontline between allied and axis forces in Tunisia on that date.
April 1943: Frontline between allied and axis forces in Tunisia on that date.
May 1943: Allied conquest of Tunisi.
May 1943: With the surrender of German General Messe, Tunisia is liberated by the allied.
64.7.World War II (Middle Eastern Theatre)
Was the Middle Eastern theatre of World War II.
64.7.1.Syria-Lebanon campaign
Was the invasion of Syria and Lebanon (then controlled by Vichy France) in June and July 1941 by British Empire forces, during the Second World War.
January 1946: In 1945, the British evacuated Syria and Lebanon, which were under French mandate at the time.
64.8.Free France
Refers to events that happened in French colonies that either remained loyal or soon became loyal to Free France very soon during World War II.
December 1941: The Islands of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon are sized by Free French forces.
November 1942: The island of Reunion is loyal to Free France.
December 1942: Transfer of Madagascar to Free France by the British.
64.9.World War II (Italian Front)
Was the Italian Front of World War II.
64.9.1.Italian Campaign (World War II)
Was the military operation of the Allies to free italy from the forces of Germany and its puppet state, the Italian Social Republic.
64.9.1.1.Free France conquest of Corsica
Was the liberation of Corsica from Axis forces.
October 1943: Allied forces gain complete control of Corsica as the enemy withdraws from Bastia area. Participating in the explusion of Germans were French, Moroccan and American troops.
64.10.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
May 1945: After the End of World War II the Western European countries of Germany are reverted to their pre-war borders.
February 1946: Starting on 16 February 1946 France disentangled the Saar area and established the separate Saar Protectorate.
April 1949: On 1 April 1949 (prior to the founding of the Federal Republic of Germany), the border areas in the territories of North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate were temporarily divested to Belgium.
May 1949: The Federal Republic of Germany was established on the territory of the Western occupied zones, with Bonn as its "provisional" capital.
January 1957: With effect of 1 January 1957 the Saar Protectorate declared its accession to the Federal Republic of Germany, as provided by its Grundgesetz (constitution) art. 23 (Little Reunification), becoming the new federal state of Saarland.
64.10.1.The Surrender of German forces
Surrender of German forces at the end of World War II.
May 1945: The German garrisons of most of the last Atlantic pockets in France, in Dunkirk and La Rochelle, surrendered to the Allies.
May 1945: The Atlantic Pocket of Lorient surrendered to French forces.
May 1945: The German Atlantic Pocket of Saint-Nazaire surrendered.
64.10.2.Austrian State Treaty
The Austrian State Treaty re-established Austria as a sovereign state after World War II.
May 1945: In the immediate aftermath of World War II, Austria was divided into four occupation zones and jointly occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France.
July 1955: The Austrian State Treaty was signed on May 15, 1955, in Vienna, Austria. The treaty was signed by the foreign ministers of the United States, Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and France, officially ending the Allied occupation of Austria and re-establishing the country as a sovereign state.
64.10.3.Allied occupation of Germany
The Allies occupied Germany, but the Western allies and Soviet Union formed separate governments covering specific parts of Germany (West Germany, as well as West Berlin, and East Germany).
August 1945: The Allies divided Germany into four occupation zones.
64.10.4.Border changes of Italy after World War II
Border changes of Italy in the aftermath of World War II.
October 1947: Transfer to France of Briga and Tenda, and minor revisions of the Franco-Italian border.
Were a series of wars which were waged in Southeast Asia from 1946 to 1991, by communist Indochinese forces (mainly the Democratic Republic of Vietnam) against anti-communist forces (mainly French, the State of Vietnam, American, Cambodian, Laotian Royal, and Chinese forces). The term "Indochina" originally referred to French Indochina.
65.1.First Indochina War
Was a war between France and the Viet Minh coalition whose goal was the independence of Vietnam from Indochina. At the end of the war the French left French Indochina, which was dissolved and succeeded by the State of Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Kingdom of Laos and the Kingdom of Cambodia.
September 1945: During the August Revolution following World War II, Vietnamese communist revolutionary Hồ Chí Minh, leader of the Việt Minh, declared independence from French Indochina on 2 September 1945, announcing the creation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
September 1945: The Franco-British troops took control of Saigon.
October 1945: In the ensuing power vacuum of neither French or Japanese control, the dismissed Prince Phetsarath and other Lao nationalists formed the Lao Issara (Free Laos) which took control of the government and reaffirmed the country's independence on 12 October 1945.
March 1946: Agreement between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and France where the latter recognized Vietnam as a sovereign state.
December 1946: In December, hostilities between the Việt Minh and the French broke out in Hanoi, and Hồ Chí Minh was forced to evacuate the capital in favor of remote forested and mountainous areas. Guerrilla warfare ensued, with the French controlling most of the country except far-flung areas.
July 1949: In 1949, France officially recognized the nominal "independence" of the State of Vietnam as an associated state within the French Union under Bảo Đại. However, France still controlled all foreign relations and every defense issue.
March 1950: In February, Giap seized the vulnerable 150-strong French garrison at Lai Khê in Tonkin.
September 1950: Đông Khê fell to the Viet Minh on September 18.
October 1950: Lạng Sơn, a French base to the south, was abandoned to the Viet Minh.
November 1950: By the time the remains of the garrisons reached the safety of the Red River Delta, 4,800 French troops had been killed, captured or missing in action.
January 1951: Battle of Vĩnh Yên.
February 1951: Battle of Vĩnh Yên.
May 1951: Battle of the Day River: Viet Mingh conquer Ninh Bình, Nam Định, Phủ Lý and Phat Diem.
June 1951: Battle of the Day River: Viet Mingh conquer Ninh Bình, Nam Định, Phủ Lý and Phat Diem.
January 1952: In early 1952, the situation in Muong Khoua, a town in northern Laos, was tense as it had recently been transferred from French control to Vietnam. The area was experiencing political upheaval, with various factions vying for power, including the Viet Minh and anti-communist forces led by General Vang Pao.
January 1952: In early 1952, the territory of Muong Khoua was under the control of the Viet Minh, a communist-led organization fighting for Vietnamese independence from French colonial rule. This shift in power occurred in 1951, marking a significant development in the First Indochina War.
May 1953: Battle of Muong Khoua.
September 1953: France was looking for a political solution to get out of Indochina and Nà Sản was abandoned in August 1953.
November 1953: The Vietnamese took Phú Thọ on November 5.
November 1953: Operation Mouette.
November 1953: Phu Doan conquered by france.
November 1953: Phú Yên conquered by france.
November 1953: Operation Pollux.
May 1954: Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
June 1954: Battle of Mang Yang Pass.
65.1.1.1954 Geneva Conference
The Geneva Accords, that took place in Geneva, Switzerland, from April 26 to July 20, 1954, dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina. The dissolution of the French Empire in Southeast Asia created the states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos.
July 1954: The Geneva Conference involved several nations and It was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War. The part of the conference that dealt with the dismantling of French Indochina proved to have long-lasting repercussions. The crumbling of the French Empire in Southeast Asia would create the eventual states of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the State of Vietnam (the future Republic of Vietnam, South Vietnam), the Kingdom of Cambodia, and the Kingdom of Laos.
Was a conflict fought between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France.
July 1962: Algerians achieved independence which was proclaimed on July 5, 1962.
Occurred in July 1961 when Tunisia imposed a blockade on the French naval base at Bizerte, Tunisia, hoping to force its evacuation. The crisis culminated in a three-day battle between French and Tunisian forces that left some 630 Tunisians and 24 French dead and eventually led to France ceding the city and naval base to Tunisia in 1963.
October 1963: It occurred in July 1961 when Tunisia imposed a blockade on the French naval base at Bizerte, Tunisia, hoping to force its evacuation. The crisis culminated in a three-day battle between French and Tunisian forces that left some 630 Tunisians and 24 French dead and eventually led to France ceding the city and naval base to Tunisia in 1963.
Was a civil war between the forces of the Rwandan government and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) from 1 October 1990 to 18 July 1994. The victorious RPF assumed control of the country and formed a new government.
68.1.Operation Turquoise
In late June 1994, during the Rwandan Civil War, France launched Opération Turquoise, a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas.
June 1993: In late June 1994 France launched Opération Turquoise, a UN-mandated mission to create safe humanitarian areas for displaced persons, refugees, and civilians in danger. From bases in the Zairian cities of Goma and Bukavu, the French entered south-western Rwanda and established the Turquoise zone.
August 1993: The French forces left Rwanda at the end of the UN operation. The RPF immediately occupied the region.
January 1024: The Duke of Gascony, Sancho V Guillaume, handed over land of Labourd to the King of Navarre, Sancho III Garcés.
January 1145: We presume that the Angevine Kingdom begins to be really powerful with the acquisition of Normandy as so the Angevins were powerful enough to make war with the french king.
April 1152: Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry who thus acquired control of the Duchy of Aquitaine.
January 1167: The county of Gevaudan was inherited in 1166 by Alfonso II of Aragon.
January 1167: With the marriage of the daughter of Conan IV of Brittany, to Geoffrey Plantagenet, son of Henry of England, the Kingdom of Brittany becamede facto a vassal of the Angevin Empire.
January 1174: In 1173 the county of Lyon was divided between the Count and the Archbishop of Lyon: the Archbishop received the town and valleys (the County of Lyon), the Count the mountains (the County of Forez).
January 1213: From 1206 to 1212, Philip Augustus of France strove to strengthen his territorial conquests. Capetian domination was accepted in Champagne, Brittany, and Auvergne, but the counties of Boulogne and Flanders remain reluctant.
January 1213: The Angevins remained in control of Brittany until the collapse of their empire in northern France in 1204.
January 1221: Based on Gustav Droysen's Holy Roman Empire Map at the time of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
January 1225: Louis VIII later claimed that the English court had not fulfilled all the conditions of the treaty of 1217. Taking advantage of the minority of Henry III, he decided to seize the last English possessions in France. Aquitaine was taken, the cities of the region falling one after the other: Poitou, Saintonge, Périgord, Angoumois, and part of Bordeaux. Louis VIII seized all territory as far as the Garonne, in a quick campaign. To control the trade of the region, the French laid siege to the strategic port city of La Rochelle in 1224, and after a few military confrontations between the English garrison and Louis' forces, the city surrendered within a month. The remaining possessions held by the English king were Bordeaux and Gascony.
January 1230: With the Treaty of Paris of 1229, Count Raymond VII of Toulouse had to recognize himself as a vassal of the Kingdom of France.
May 1258: By the Treaty of Corbeil the Occitan Fenolleda passed to the French crown.
May 1258: With the Treaty of Corbeil, Aragon ceded the County of Gevaudan to France.
January 1272: The Marquisate of Provence is annexed by France.
January 1277: King Philip IV of France become engaged to the young sovereign of Navarre and married her in 1284. From 1276, the time of the negotiations for this marriage, Navarre effectively passed into French control.
January 1280: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1287: Vivarais submits to the French Crown.
January 1302: The western half of Bar County is made a fief of France.
January 1304: Alessandria is conquered by France.
January 1304: Cherasco is conquered by France.
January 1313: The passage is gradual but we generally retain the date of April 10, 1312 as the official attachment of Lyon to the kingdom of France thanks to the Treaty of Vienna by which the Archbishop of Lyon Pierre de Savoie abandons to King Philippe le Bel the sovereignty of the city and county of Lyon.
January 1323: Acqui conquered by France.
February 1328: The Kingdom of Navarre remained in personal union with the Kingdom of France until the death of King Charles I (Charles IV of France) in 1328.
January 1340: Chieri is conquered by France.
January 1346: Alessandria fells under the rule of Milan.
January 1346: The March of Monferrato reconquers Acqui.
January 1350: The Dauphiné is best known for its transfer from the last non-royal Dauphin (who had great debts and no direct heir) to the King of France in 1349. The terms of the transfer stipulated that the heir apparent of France would henceforth be called "le Dauphin" and included significant autonomy and tax exemption for the Dauphiné region, most of which it retained only until 1457.
January 1370: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1379: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1384: Flanders became part of the Valois-Burgundy Domains under the control of the House of Burgundy.
January 1395: Period of French domination over the Republic of Genoa from 1394 to 1409.
January 1405: In 1404 ownership of the village of Pontremoli passed to the Genoese Fieschi family.
January 1410: Genoa came under the control of the Visconti of Milan.
January 1436: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1448: From 1447 to 1450, Como experienced a brief period of independence with the establishment of the Republic of Sant'Abbondio. This territory was governed by local leaders and operated as a separate entity from the surrounding regions.
January 1451: From 1447 to 1450, Como experienced a brief period of independence with the establishment of the Republic of Sant'Abbondio. This territory was governed by local leaders and operated as a separate entity from the surrounding regions.
January 1459: Threatened by Alfonso V of Aragon, the Doge of Genoa ceded the Republic to the French in 1458.
January 1462: Genoa regained independence from France.
October 1468: By the Treaty of Péronne of October 1468, Louis XI of France withdrew the French lands of the Duke of Burgundy from the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Paris.
January 1478: With the death of Charles the Bold (1477), Burgundian dominance ended, and Cambrais was immediately occupied by the French King Louis XI.
December 1482: The Treaty of Arras, signed on December 1482, planned to marry Mary and Maximilian's daughter, Margaret, to the Dauphin Charles, aged 12. The Burgundy-Habsburgs kept Flanders (and the rest of the Netherlands, which was imperial), while France won the Duchy of Burgundy, Artois and Picardy, and soon the County of Burgundy as the dowry of Margaret.
January 1486: The Duchy of Bar fell to the Duchy of Lorraine in 1485.
January 1488: The county of Provence was reunited with France in 1487.
January 1494: With parts of the Burgundian inheritance, Charolais came first to France in 1477 and to the House of Habsburg in 1493, but remained under the feudal sovereignty and within the legal sphere of the French crown.
January 1495: Genova conquers Sarzana.
January 1500: In 1499, Cremona came under the control of the Republic of Venice for a decade.
April 1500: Following the capture and execution of Ludovico Sforza in April 1500 and seeking protection from France, Bellinzona joined the Swiss Confederation on April 14, 1500. Bellinzona would remain under the joint administration of Uri, Schwyz and Nidwalden until the creation of the Helvetic Republic after the Napoleonic invasion of Switzerland in 1798.
January 1501: Barcelonnette returned to Savoyard dominance by the start of the 16th century, by which point the County of Provence had become united with the Kingdom of France.
January 1506: Brittany islands fully integrated into the French State.
January 1513: In 1512, Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio were annexed by the Swiss Confederacy. Subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino river, from the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca (Leventina Valley) was part of the Canton of Uri. The remaining territory (Baliaggi Ultramontani, Ennetbergische Vogteien, the Bailiwicks Beyond the Mountains) was administered by the Twelve Cantons.
October 1515: Francis I's superior cavalry and artillery, coupled with the timely arrival of Alviano (who had successfully evaded Cardona's army at Verona) on the morning of September 14, resulted in a strategically decisive victory for the French and Venetians , allowing the king of France to take back the entire duchy of Milan. Francis advanced on Milan, capturing the city on 4 October and removing the Sforza from the throne.
January 1517: In 1516 Airolo was subjected to the Old Swiss Confederation.
January 1519: The French bought right of possession over El Kala, in North Africa, from the Arabas.
January 1522: In 1521 Parma and Piacenza returned to the Papal States.
January 1535: Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. It was the first province of what would become Canada. The other provinces of New France, in addition to Canada (Québec, Trois-Riviéres, Montréal) would have been Hudson's Bay, Acadie, Plaisance and Louisiana.
January 1537: Saint Pierre and Miquelon were made a French possession in 1536 by Jacques Cartier on behalf of the King of France. Though already frequented by Mi'kmaq people and Basque and Breton fishermen, the islands were not permanently settled until the end of the 17th century.
August 1547: Union of Bretagne with France (13 August 1547).
February 1548: After the deposition of the last marquis Gabriele on February 23, 1548, it was a formality to annex the Saluzzo Marquisate to the French crown in 1549.
January 1553: In 1552, under the Treaty of Chambord, Metz was placed under French protection in return for French support from Protestant princes against Emperor Charles V. Since Püttlingen was a Metz fief, it also fell under French protection.
January 1556: Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon founded Fort Coligny in nowadays Rio de Janeiro, in what constituted the so-called France Antarctique historical episode.
March 1560: The fortress fell and was destroyed on March 17, 1560 under the siege of Portugal's navy and troops under the command of Mem de Sá, third Governor-General of Brazil. Villegaignon had already returned to France, in 1558.
January 1563: Charlesfort was established when a French expedition, organized by Huguenot leader Admiral Gaspard de Coligny and led by the Norman navigator Jean Ribault, landed at the site on the May River in February 1562.
January 1564: The settlement of Charlesfort in Florida was abandoned by the French.
June 1564: Fort Caroline was an attempted French colonial settlement in Florida, located on the banks of the St. Johns River in present-day Duval County. It was established under the leadership of René Goulaine de Laudonnière on June 22, 1564, as a new territorial claim in French Florida.
September 1565: In 1565, Spanish Admiral Menéndez de Avilés attacked Fort Caroline, a French Huguenot settlement in present-day Florida. He killed all the soldiers defending it, sparing only a few Catholics, and renamed the fort San Mateo.
October 1588: Taking advantage of the unrest within the Kingdom of France, caused by the religious wars, Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy seized the Marquisat of Saluzzo, under the pretext of wanting to prevent the spread of Protestantism in Piedmont.
January 1589: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Carmagnola.
August 1589: The last independent king of Navarre, Henry III, succeeded to the throne of France as Henry IV in 1589, founding the Bourbon dynasty.
January 1597: Henry IV of France confirmed Montluc in his position as governor of Cambrai in 1594. However, this was very unpopular, so that the citizens handed over their city to the Spaniards just two years later.
January 1605: Establishment of French Acadia in North America.
July 1608: Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer and cartographer, founded New France in 1608.
January 1610: The Territory of Sagadahock, also called the Sagadahoc Colony and New Castle, was an English colonial territory which included the eastern part of what was later colonial Maine and was more sparsely settled than the western region. The area included was east of the Kennebec River. On some accounts, the English first settled Sagadahoc in 1608-09.
September 1612: Foundation of Saint-Louis.
January 1616: The Portuguese mustered an army in the state of Pernambuco, which drove out the French settlers in 1615, less than four years after their arrival.
November 1620: The Viscounty of Béarn is incorporated to France.
November 1620: Edict of Union of France and Navarre.
January 1627: In 1626, the French, led by Pierre Belain d'Esnambuc, expelled Spanish settlers from Guadeloupe, establishing it as a French colony.
January 1630: The first documented Scottish settlement in the Americas was Nova Scotia in 1629.
January 1631: The Spanish leave two coastal tips of Saint Christopher island to the French.
March 1632: The Scots were forced to abandon their Nova Scotia colony in its infancy. The French under Isaac de Razilly reoccupied Nova Scotia (Acadia), establishing their new capital at LaHave.
January 1633: All territories of the Bishopric of Metz are acquired by France.
January 1635: Foundation of Trois-Riviéres.
September 1635: In 1635, Martinique was colonized by the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique, a French trading company.
January 1636: In 1635, the territory of Saint-Christophe in France was transferred to the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique. This company was a French trading company established by Cardinal Richelieu to manage the colonization and trade in the Caribbean islands.
January 1636: The Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique settled in Guadeloupe in 1635, under the direction of Charles Liénard de L'Olive and Jean du Plessis d'Ossonville. They formally took possession of the island for France and brought in French farmers to colonise the land.
January 1639: In 1638, the French made their first claims on the island of Réunion, then known as Santa Apolónia. This marked the beginning of French colonization efforts in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement on the island.
January 1643: Foundation of Montréal.
November 1643: French settlers returned in 1630 and in 1643 managed to establish a settlement at Cayenne along with some small-scale plantations.
January 1644: The French colony near Taolañaro (Fort Dauphin), established by the French East India Company in 1643, lasted longer than other early settlements on the island of Madagascar. The territory eventually became known as Fort Dauphin.
March 1648: In 1648, the island of Saint Martin lost its value to Spain after the end of the Eighty Years' War. The Spanish abandoned it, allowing the Dutch to return. The French also began settling, leading to a division of the island between the two powers through the Treaty of Concordia.
November 1648: Governor Charles Houël du Petit Pré was a French colonial administrator who organized the first French colonization of the Americas in 1648 on Marie-Galante. The territory was granted to the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique, and around fifty men settled near the site known as Vieux Fort "Old Fort."
January 1650: Étienne de Flacourt was a French colonial administrator and explorer. In 1649, he arrived in Réunion with a French naval squadron and claimed the territory for Île Bourbon (now known as Réunion), establishing French control over the island.
January 1651: Following several unsuccessful attempts by Europeans to colonise Grenada, due to resistance from the Island Caribs, French settlement and colonisation began in 1650 and continued for the next century.
May 1651: In 1651, the two tips of Saint-Christophe Island were under the control of the Knights of Malta.
May 1651: In 1651, the Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique sold the right to administer Saint-Barthélemy and other islands to the Knights of Malta.
January 1656: France appointed a governor in Plaisance (Placentia), a former Basque fishing settlement, thus starting a formal French colonization period in Newfoundland.
January 1656: Foundation of Plaisance.
January 1659: In 1658 the Dutch West Indies Company seized French territory to establish the Dutch colony of Cayenne.
January 1661: The English appointed a Frenchman Jeremie Deschamps as Governor who proclaimed the King of France, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island.
October 1662: The English received Dunkirk, although they elected to sell it to France in 1662.
May 1663: In 1663, ownership of Guadeloupe, Îles des Saintes passed to the French West India Company, a trading company established by King Louis XIII of France.
May 1664: France Équinoxiale is re-occupied by France.
January 1665: The island of Saint-Croix passed to the French West India Company.
August 1665: In 1665, the Knights of Malta agreed to sell Saint Barthélemy back to the French West India Company.
January 1666: In 1666, the Knights of Malta agreed to sell the territory of northern Saint Martin back to the French West India Company.
January 1666: Foundation of Saint-Christophe.
September 1666: Surate (Surat) becomes a French factory in 1666.
January 1667: Montserrat occupied by France.
January 1667: French occupation of Anguilla.
January 1667: The French West India Company resumed control on St. Lucia.
July 1667: Anguilla returned to English control under the terms of the Treaty of Breda.
October 1667: 23 Sep 1667 - 8 Oct 1667: English occupation of French Guyana.
July 1668: 17 November 1666 - mid 1668: French occupation of Sint Estatius.
December 1669: From 9 December 1669 Mazulipatam (Masulipatnam/Machilipatnam) was home to a French factory established by the French East India Company.
January 1671: When granted the English Royal Charter in 1670 by King Charles II of England, the Hudson’s Bay Company, under the governorship of the king's cousin Prince Rupert of the Rhine, was granted "the sole Trade and Commerce of all those Seas, Streights, Bays, Rivers, Lakes, Creeks, and Sounds, in whatsoever Latitude they shall be, that lie within the entrance of the Streights commonly called Hudson's Streights, together with all the Lands, Countries and Territories, upon the Coasts and Confines of the Seas, Streights, Bays, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks and Sounds, aforesaid, which are not now actually possessed by any of our Subjects, or by the Subjects of any other Christian Prince or State", "and that the said Land be from henceforth reckoned and reputed as one of our Plantations or Colonies in America, called Rupert's Land".
January 1672: Rajasinha attempted to negotiate an alliance with France, who seized Trincomalee.
May 1672: The french occupy the entire island of Saint Martin.
July 1672: 25 Jul 1672 - 6 Sep 1674: Sainte Thomé (São Tomé de Meliapore) occupied by France.
January 1673: Dutch conquest of Trincomalee.
February 1673: Pondichéry (Pondicherry) became a French possession.
January 1674: Louis Jolliet was a French-Canadian explorer and Jacques Marquette was a Jesuit missionary. They explored the Mississippi River in 1673, claiming the territory for New France. This expedition played a significant role in the French colonization of North America.
January 1674: The territory was annexed to France in 1674 under the name of Guadaloupe.
May 1674: In April 1674 the French factory of Mazulipatam is lost to the Golconda Sultanate.
September 1674: 25 Jul 1672 - 6 Sep 1674: Sainte Thomé (São Tomé de Meliapore) occupied by France.
January 1675: St. Lucia was made an official French crown colony as a dependency of Martinique.
January 1675: Saint Christophe island fell under the Compagnie des Indes Occidentales.
January 1675: The Fleckenstein was taken twice by French troops towards the end of the 17th century. In 1674 this happened under Marshal de Vauban, without any resistance being offered. In 1680, however, the castle was completely destroyed under General Montclar.
January 1675: France annexed Guadeloupe to the Martinique Colony.
January 1675: Apparently upset that fourteen French soldiers of Fort Dauphin (modern-day Taolañaro, Madagascar) had divorced their Malagasy wives in order to marry fourteen French women sent to the colony, the local Antanosy people revolted against the French. The Antanosy besieged Taolañaro for eighteen months. A ship of the French East India Company evacuated the survivors to Reunion Island in 1674.
January 1675: The French West India Company was dissolved and the islands became part of the French Kingdom and added to the colony of Guadeloupe.
January 1675: The French West India Company was dissolved and its possessions went under direct French control.
May 1676: Dutch occupation of French Guyana from May 5. The territory was under the control of Dutch forces led by Admiral Abraham Crijnssen. The occupation was part of the larger conflict between the Dutch Republic and France for control of colonial territories in the Americas.
June 1676: The Dutch occupy the entire island of Sint Maarten.
June 1676: The French occupied the entire island of Saint Martin.
December 1676: End of the Dutch occupation of French Guyana on December 20, 1676.
January 1677: The Bouillon Duchy is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
March 1677: On October 24, 1648, Alsace was ceded to the French kingdom in the Peace of Westphalia. The Counts of Leiningen-Dagsburg (Linange-Dabo in French) refused to pay homage to King Louis XIV and consequently fought against his reunion policy. The clashes began in 1672 and ended with the capitulation of the Dagsburgers on March 13, 1677.
January 1678: In 1677 after a damaging French attack the W.I.C. abandoned Tobago. In 1678 the Dutch Republic ceded Tobago to France.
January 1679: France took over the island of Arguin in September 1678.
January 1680: The Imperial City of Colmar is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1681: Tobago was regained again just for a short period at the end of Duke Jacob's rule with an attempt in July 1680 at a new colony which also later failed.
September 1681: In 1681 Strasbourg, then an independent city in the Holy Roman Empire, was annexed to France.
January 1682: The county of Rappoltstein is acquired by France.
January 1682: The left bank of the Strassburg Prince-Bishopric fell to France.
January 1683: Along with Luxemburg, the county of Schleiden was affected by the French policy of reunion between 1682 and 1697 under Louis XIV.
January 1683: Establishment of Louisiana.
January 1686: Fort Saint-Louis, Texas, was founded in 1685 by French explorer René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle on the banks of Garcitas Creek, a few kilometers inland from the mouth of the Lavaca River. La Salle had intended to establish the colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, but inaccurate charts and navigational errors led his ships more than six hundred kilometers to the west, to the coast of Texas.
January 1686: In 1685, Captain Cornelius Reers of the frigate Rother Löwe occupied the old Portuguese fort on the island. He successfully concluded a treaty with the native king in which Brandenburg was accepted as a protecting power.
January 1688: In 1687, Mazulipatam was captured by the French under the leadership of Governor General François Martin.
January 1689: Most of the members of the French colony of Fort Saint Louis (Texas) were killed during a Karankawa raid in late 1688.
April 1689: In 1689, the island of Sint Eustatius was occupied by France. The French occupation was led by Admiral Jean Bart, a renowned French naval commander.
January 1690: 4 Jan 1690 - 26 Jan 1690: English occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
January 1690: 4 Jan 1690 - 26 Jan 1690: English occupation of Saint Barthélemy.
January 1690: Southern Saint Martin is given back to the Dutch.
May 1690: In 1690, Chandernagore (Chandernagor) became a French possession in India.
June 1690: In 1690 the French left the central part of St. Christopher Island to the British.
July 1690: In 1690, during the Nine Years' War, the English under the command of Admiral William Phips occupied the entire island of Saint-Christophe (now St. Kitts) in the Caribbean. The French governor, Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges, surrendered the island to the English forces, leading to a period of British control lasting until 1699.
July 1690: 28 Jul 1690 - Apr 1696: English occupationof Sint Estatius.
January 1692: Carmagnola returns under the rule of Duchy of Savoia.
January 1694: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1695: French reconquest of Martinique.
January 1698: With the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697, the heavily forested, sparsely populated and impoverished county was returned to Leiningen-Dagsburg.
January 1699: Establishment of the Danish outpost of Dannemarksnagore in Bengal.
January 1699: Along with Luxemburg, the county of Schleiden was affected by the French policy of reunion between 1682 and 1697 under Louis XIV.
January 1699: From July 16, 1690, to January 13, 1699, the English occupied the entire island of Saint-Christophe. However, in 1699, the territory was officially transferred back to Saint-Christophe, a French colony.
April 1699: Dutch occupation of Chandernagore.
September 1699: Dutch occupation of Chandernagore.
January 1700: In 1699, the French took control of the entire island of Saint Martin, including the Dutch-controlled Sint Maarten.
January 1701: French colonization of Dominica.
July 1702: The British annex the French part of St. Kitts.
October 1702: Sieur Juchereau, Lieutenant General of Montréal, along with thirty-four Canadiens, founded Fort Vincennes on October 28, 1702, to trade for Buffalo hides with American Indians.
January 1703: In 1699, the French took control of the entire island of Saint Martin, including the Dutch-controlled Sint Maarten.
April 1703: In 1703, the Dutch took control of the entire island of Saint Martin, which later became the colony of Sint Maarten. This period of Dutch rule lasted until August 1715.
January 1706: In 1705, the French took control of Fernando de Noronha, renaming it Île Delphine. The archipelago remained under French colonial rule until 1737.
January 1711: Acadia was conquered by the British during Queen Anne's War.
April 1711: The island was rediscovered on Good Friday, 3 April 1711 by Frenchmen Martin de Chassiron and Michel Du Bocage, commanding the French ships La Princesse and La Découverte. It was given the name Île de la Passion (English: Passion Island). They drew up the first map and claimed the island for France.
January 1713: In November 1712, Berbice was briefly occupied by the French under Jacques Cassard, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession.
February 1713: In November 1712, Berbice was briefly occupied by the French privateer Jacques Cassard, as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. The Dutch regained control in 1713 when the territory was transferred to Dutch Guiana.
April 1713: With the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713, which ended the War of the Spanish Succession, France ceded to the British its claims to Newfoundland (including its claims to the shores of Hudson Bay) and to the French possessions in Acadia.
April 1713: The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 ended the War of the Spanish Succession. As part of the treaty, France ceded Saint Pierre and Miquelon to Great Britain. This transfer of territory marked a significant change in the control of the islands.
April 1713: Île-Royale, consisting of Île Royale (now Cape Breton Island) and Île Saint-Jean (now Prince Edward Island), was a French colony in North America from 1713 to 1763. The territory was part of New France and was ceded to France in the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713.
January 1714: Orange was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht.
September 1715: In 1715, the northern part of Saint Martin Island was ceded to France.
January 1716: In 1715, France, under the leadership of King Louis XIV, gained control of Mauritius and renamed it Isle de France. The territory was strategically important for French colonial interests in the Indian Ocean, along with neighboring Île Bourbon (now Réunion).
January 1720: Various attempts by the English and Dutch to claim the island proved unsuccessful, and it was the French who were first able to colonise the island, settling in the town of Barrouallie on the Leeward side of St Vincent in 1719.
January 1720: In 1719, the French under the command of General Bienville captured Pensacola, a Spanish settlement in Florida. However, the Spanish forces led by Governor José de Zúñiga y la Cerda were able to retake the town. Unfortunately, they lost control of Pensacola again later that same year.
January 1721: Mazulipatam becomes a French possession.
April 1721: From 2 Apr 1721 to Feb 1725, Mahé was under French control.
January 1722: Arguin remained a colony of Brandenburg until 1721 when the French successfully assaulted the fort and then took control of the island.
January 1722: The Baroda State was founded in 1721, when the Maratha general Pilaji Gaekwad conquered Songadh from the Mughals.
January 1723: The Dutch took Arguin from the French.
January 1724: Yanaon (Yanam) became a French possession.
January 1725: Arguin conquered by france.
January 1725: The fourth Nizam Salabat Jang, a son of the Nizam al Mulk, who was indebted for his elevation to the throne to the French East India Company, granted the district of Kondavid (in the Guntur district) to the French in return for their services, and soon afterwards granted the other circars as well.
January 1725: Hyderabad State was founded by Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan who was the governor of Deccan under the Mughals from 1713 to 1721.
March 1725: In 1725, Mahé (Mahe) was left without a ruling entity after the French relinquished control.
January 1726: Mahé restored to France.
January 1732: Yanaon (Yanam) is re-occupied by the French.
January 1733: The 1732 charter boundary provided that the new colony of Georgia would consist of all the land between the headwaters of the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, with its eastern boundary formed by the Atlantic Ocean and its western boundary by the "south seas," a reference to the Pacific Ocean.
June 1733: St. Croix was purchased from France in 1733 for 750,000 livres.
January 1735: Kakinada was an important textile trading post after the loss of Draksharama and Palakol.
January 1736: In 1735 a permanent French settlement was established, subordinated to Île Bourbon.
January 1738: In 1737, the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha was taken over by the Portuguese due to its strategic location. It was then attached to the captaincy of Pernambuco, a province in Portuguese Brazil.
January 1741: French military officer and explorer La Vérendrye built the first forts in the Winnipeg Lake area.
January 1742: In 1741, Governor Joseph François Dupleix arrived in India, aiming to establish a French territorial empire. Commanded by Marquis Bussy-Castelnau, Dupleix's forces gained control over the area from Hyderabad to Cape Comorin.
January 1745: In 1744, British privateers led by Captain Thomas South attack and expel French settlers from Saint Martin, a small island in the Caribbean.
October 1748: French settlers, led by Governor Jean-Baptiste Durand, returned to northern Saint Martin in 1748 following the Treaty of Aix La Chapelle, which ended the War of the Austrian Succession. The territory was under the control of the Saint Martin Colony at that time.
January 1750: In 1748, the French again conquered Maastricht at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht.
January 1750: After 1749, the British East India Company took possession of São Tomé de Meliapore.
June 1750: British forces occupied Mazulipatam in May-Jul 1750.
July 1750: France took possession of the island of Sainte-Marie de Madagascar.
August 1750: British forces occupied Mazulipatam in May-Jul 1750.
January 1751: In 1748, during the Second French Siege of Maastricht, the French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe conquered the city. However, in 1750, the territory was ceded to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands as part of the Treaty of Maastricht.
August 1754: Saint-Marie de Madagascar abandoned by the French.
December 1754: The Governor of French India, Charles Godeheu, signed a treaty with the British on December 26, 1754, agreeing to evacuate all the territories in India conquered by his predecessor, Joseph Dupleix. The British also agreed to leave the territories of French India that they had occupied.
January 1757: The French began to take control starting in 1756 when a Stone of Possession was laid on Mahé by Captain Nicholas Morphey.
June 1757: British Lieutenant Colonel Robert Clive defeated Indian and French forces in the Battle of Plassey.
January 1759: The British forces, led by General Jeffery Amherst, captured Île Royale and Île Saint-Jean from the French during the Seven Years' War, also known as the French and Indian War. This marked a significant victory for British North America in their efforts to gain control of the region.
January 1759: The British East India Company, seeking an overland connection between its holdings at Madras and Bengal, sought to gain access to the Northern Circars, a series of coastal territories held by the French until 1758, when they were ousted with British military support.
January 1760: British occupation of Martinique.
January 1761: French reconquest of Martinique.
November 1762: With the Treaty of Fointainebleau, France ceded the west split of Lousiana to Spain.
January 1765: The Falklands remained uninhabited until the 1764 establishment of Port Louis on East Falkland by French captain Louis Antoine de Bougainville, and the 1766 foundation of Port Egmont on Saunders Island by British captain John MacBride.
February 1766: In 1766, the French king Louis XV. the rule of Püttlingen against the strategically more favorable territory of the Wadgassen Abbey with Prince Wilhelm Heinrich von Nassau-Saarbrücken and Prince Christian Ludwig zu Wied-Runkel (1762-1791), Lord of Püttlingen, in the so-called exchange agreement of February 15, 1766 France renounced the Metz enclave.
January 1767: In 1766, France surrendered its claim on the Falklands to Spain, under the Treaty of Paris. The Spanish renamed the French colony Puerto Soledad, and established a settlement on the islands.
January 1772: The Crozet Islands were discovered on 24 January 1772 by the expedition of French explorer Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne, aboard Le Mascarin. His second-in-command Jules (Julien-Marie) Crozet landed on Île de la Possession, claiming the archipelago for France.
February 1772: The islands were officially discovered by the French navigator Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen-Trémarec on 12 February 1772. The next day, Charles de Boisguehenneuc landed and claimed the island for the French crown.
March 1772: Dirk Hartog Island, located off the coast of Western Australia, was formally claimed by French navigator Louis Aleno de St Aloüarn on 28 March 1772 in the name of King Louis XV of France. This marked the first European possession of Western Australia.
April 1774: This expedition arrived in Madagascar in November 1773 and were fully established there by the end of March 1774. They set up a trading-post at Antongil on the east coast.
November 1776: The French claim to sovereignty dates from 29 November 1776, the date that the ship Dauphine arrived.
July 1778: Chandernagore was a French colony in India. The military occupation by Great Britain in 1778 was part of the Anglo-French War. The British forces were led by Admiral Sir Edward Hughes and General Sir Hector Munro. The occupation lasted until 1783.
August 1778: Karikal conquered by great britain.
September 1778: With France supporting the Americans during the American Revolutionary War, Britain invaded and razed the colony of Saint Pierre and Miquelon in 1778.
October 1778: British occupation of Pondichéry.
February 1779: In 1779, British settlers from Tortola occupied the French part of Saint Martin, which was under the military occupation of Great Britain. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between Britain and France during the American Revolutionary War.
February 1779: During the Anglo-French War, British Admiral Sir George Rodney led the raids on Saint Barthélemy, destroying French defenses in early 1779. The attacks were part of Britain's military occupation of the island during this time.
February 1779: In 1779, British settlers from Tortola occupied the French part of northern Saint Martin. This event occurred during the Anglo-French War, with the British forces led by Governor George Leonard. The occupation lasted until the Treaty of Paris in 1783, when the territory officially went to Saint Martin Colony.
February 1779: The French occupied the Dutch part of Saint Martin.
March 1779: The British leave Saint Barthélemy after a raid.
July 1779: Facing significant problems with the climate, the terrain, and the native Sakalava people the trading post was eventually dismantled by order of the French government in June 1779.
July 1783: End of the British occupation of Saint Pierre and Miquelon.
January 1784: Gorée handed back to the French.
July 1784: In 1784, one of Louis XVI's ministers ceded the French Caribbean island to Sweden in exchange for trading rights in the Swedish port of Gothenburg.
January 1785: During the Anglo-French War, the British forces led by Admiral George Rodney captured St. Lucia from the French in 1778. However, the Treaty of Paris in 1783 returned the island to French control, officially transferring it back to Martinique in 1784.
January 1788: In 1787, through the Treaty of Versailles, Nguyễn Ánh (the future Emperor Gia Long) promised to cede Poulo Condor to the French.
January 1796: Wied-Runkel was annexed by France.
January 1802: From 1801 to 1867, the successive constitutions of Haiti claimed national sovereignty over adjacent islands, including Navassa Island.
January 1802: In 1801, the island of Santa Apolonia was renamed "Île Bonaparte", after First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte.
August 1803: U.S. treaty concluded at Vincennes (Indiana) with the Kaskaskia.
December 1803: "Louisiana Purchase": acquisition of the territory of Louisiana by the United States from France. In return for $15 million, or approximately eighteen dollars per square mile, the United States nominally acquired a total of 828,000 sq mi (2,140,000 km2; 530,000,000 acres). The purchase was completed on December, 20 1803.
January 1808: The Kniphausen Lordship is acquired by the Kingdom of Holland.
January 1810: Saint-Louis (Senegal) is reconquered by the French.
January 1810: In 1809, after a brief battle with the French, British troops took possession of Rodrigues.
January 1815: Senegal was returned to France in 1814.
January 1817: The Principality of Lichtenberg had been a remote exclave of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld since 1816.
October 1818: France left the settlement of Sainte-Marie de Madagascar abandoned for roughly half a century until returning in 1818, when the island was converted into a penal colony.
January 1826: In the Franco-Trarzan War of 1825, the French started to assert control of the mouth of the Senegal river against the rival state of Trarza.
January 1826: Franco-Trarzan War of 1825: the French expanded their influence to the north of the Senegal River.
May 1829: In 1829, Dirk Hartog Island came under de facto English ownership.
January 1838: Purchase of land by France in Senegal where it builds the fortress of Sédhiou.
July 1840: French annexion of Bemazava Kingdom.
May 1841: France first established colonial rule in the Comoros by taking possession of Mayotte in 1841 when the Sakalava usurper sultan Andriantsoly signed the Treaty of April 1841, which ceded the island to the French authorities.
January 1842: In 1838 and 1841, France established a protectorate over the coastal regions of Gabon.
February 1842: In 1842, the Protectorate Treaty of Grand-Bassam was signed.
May 1842: The Marquesas Islands cede sovereignty to France.
May 1842: Chiefs of the Marquesas Islands cede sovereignty to France.
May 1842: In 1842, the Kingdom of Tahuata became a French protectorate.
January 1843: In 1842, Rochet d'Héricourt, a French naval officer, acquired the town of Tadjoura from the King of Shewa in the Gulf of Tadjoura. This acquisition marked the beginning of French influence in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of French Somaliland.
January 1843: In 1842, Tahiti and Tahuata were declared a French protectorate.
June 1843: The islands of Île Amsterdam and Île Saint-Paul were first claimed by France in June 1843. Decret of 8th June 1843 mandated polish captain Adam Mieroslawski to take into possession and administrate in the name of France both islands.
June 1843: France's claim to the island dates from 1843, when a group of fishermen from Réunion, interested in setting up a fishery on Saint-Paul, pressed the Governor of Réunion to take possession of both Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Island. This was performed by means of an official decree dated 8 June 1843.
September 1843: In 1843 the Kingdom of Sanwi became a protectorate of France.
January 1844: In 1843, the Society Islands became a French protectorate under the leadership of French explorer and naval officer Abel Aubert Dupetit-Thouars. The islands later became a colony in 1880, known as the French Establishments of Oceania (Établissements Français d'Océanie, EFO).
January 1844: In 1843, the Antankarana Kingdom became a French protectorate.
January 1844: Ma’areva becomes a French protectorate.
February 1845: In 1845, France, represented by Admiral Cécille, forced the Sulu Sultanate, led by Sultan Muizzuddin, to formally cede Basilan Island to France. This marked the beginning of French colonial presence in the region.
August 1845: The claims were made by French explorer Jules Dumont d'Urville, who initially declared Basilan as part of French territory. However, after negotiations, the claims were withdrawn and sovereignty of the island was officially transferred to Spain on August 5, 1845.
January 1849: The island of Réunion retained the name of "Bourbon" until the fall of the restored Bourbons during the French Revolution of 1848, when the island was once again given the name "Île de la Réunion".
January 1851: The French admiral Bouët-Willaumez made a number of treaties with coastal communities in the area (usually under the threat of force), and ensured Marseilles based trade houses exclusive access to the palm oil trade by the 1840s.
January 1851: Although the Kingdom of Saloum won some major battles against the French, it was eventually conquered in 1850.
December 1852: The Second Empire is the constitutional and political system established in France on December 2, 1852 when Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, President of the French Republic, became the sovereign Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, one year to the day after his coup d'etat in December 2, 1851.
December 1852: In 1852, France launched a punative campaign to eradicate the resistance. The Siege of Laghouat began on 21 November and concluded with the storming of the town on 4 December.
September 1853: Under orders from Emperor Napoleon III, Admiral Febvrier Despointes took formal possession of New Caledonia.
January 1854: The French took possession of the Island of the Pines in 1853 at which time the native Kunies opted for the Catholic religion.
January 1855: From 1854, French colonial administrator Faidherbe started to establish a series of inland forts up the Senegal River.
January 1855: The Sultanate of Tuggurt was abolished by French colonial authority.
January 1858: In 1857, French explorer Louis-Gustave Binger oversaw the construction of Fort Dabou in the Ivory Coast. The fort was strategically located to establish French control over the region and facilitate trade with local tribes.
January 1858: The sultanate of Obock is sold to the French (1857) .
November 1858: On 17 November 1858 Emperor Napoleon III annexed Clipperton as part of the French colony of Tahiti.
January 1859: In 1858 Bondu definitely came under French control.
January 1861: Fouta Toro was conquered by France in 1860.
January 1861: The French colonial governor of Senegal Louis Faidherbe in the 1850s formalised the colonial structure which was christened Rivières du Sud.
January 1861: Signing of treaties by the French with several villages of Boulouf: Tendouck, Elana, Mangagoulack and others.
January 1861: French protectorate on Menabe.
February 1861: The two cities of Mentone and Roccabruna, after a plebiscite piloted by the Piedmontese government and by France, passed to the latter on February 2, 1861.
February 1863: From February 23, 1863, to January 2, 1865, Ajache Ipo was under a French protectorate.
February 1863: On February 23, 1863, the Kingdom of Porto Novo accepted French protection.
August 1863: The protectorate of Cambodia was established in 1863 when the Cambodian King Norodom requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country, meanwhile Siam (modern Thailand) renounced suzerainty over Cambodia and officially recognised the French protectorate on Cambodia.
June 1864: Îles Loyauté (Loyalty Islands) annexed by France.
January 1865: From February 23, 1863, to January 2, 1865, Ajache Ipo was under a French protectorate.
March 1865: On 6 March 1865 Kayor was incorporated into the French colony of Senegal.
November 1865: In 1865, Maba Diakhou Bâ, a Muslim leader, enlisted the support of Lat Dior, a powerful ruler of Cayor, to conquer the Kingdom of Sine. This marked the beginning of their campaign to expand their influence over the neighboring states of Baol and Djolof.
January 1866: In 1865 the French built a fort at Boké, in the Rio Nunez area, expanding from the main French-controlled town of Conakry.
January 1868: The independent island kingdom was declared a French protectorate in 1867.
February 1871: Cayor regains its independency from French Senegal.
January 1872: The Kingdom of Rip was supplanted by the French.
January 1874: The fall of the Orungu Kingdom was directly tied to the fall of the slave trade. The king had become dependent on it and was unable to maintain the custom of royal patronage without it. This caused the kingdom to disintegrate and in 1873, King Ntchengué signed a treaty granting the French a post on Orungu territory.
January 1876: Kingdom of Jolof conquered by Imamate of Futa Jallon.
March 1878: Saint-Barthélemy was sold to France.
June 1878: Îles Chesterfield annexed to France.
January 1880: France invaded again and annexed Cayor again in 1879, when it ceased to be a sovereign state.
September 1880: The French Congo, under the leadership of French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza, established a protectorate over the Bateke people in the territories along the north bank of the Congo River on September 10, 1880.
December 1880: In 1880, Pomare V agreed to cede his kingdom of Tahiti to France. It becomes the main element of a colony, the French Establishments of Oceania (EFO).
January 1881: The Society Islands became a French protectorate in 1843 and a colony in 1880 under the name of French Establishments of Oceania (Établissements Français d'Océanie, EFO).
March 1881: France annexed the Kingdom of Rapa.
July 1881: France annexed the Kingdom of Mangareva.
April 1882: French protectorate on Ajache.
November 1882: Pietro Savorgnan di Brazzà signs with Illoy I a treaty in which his kingdom is under French protection. France ratified it on November 12, 1882.
November 1882: French authorities formally established the French Congo on 30 November 1882.
January 1884: From 1883 the French started occupying territories in modern-day Côte d'Ivoire.
January 1884: In 1883, Loango became a French protectorate.
January 1884: In 1883 the French Navy landed at Porto Novo and Cotonou and incorporated them into the French colony of Dahomey.
June 1884: The Sultanata of Tadjoura was proclaimed a French protectorate.
January 1885: In 1884 the people of Boma were forced to grant a protectorate of their country to the International Association of the Congo, made up of European powers.
January 1885: At the beginning of German colonial rule in 1884, Anecho was briefly occupied by the French.
January 1885: In 1883 and 1884, with the support of his brother Ludwig, a director of the Württembergische Vereinsbank in Stuttgart, Colin established trading posts of his own in the unclaimed areas of Baga und Sousou and along the Dubreka river, including one at Bramaia, and signed agreements with the local rulers.
January 1885: Sultan Ahmed Loeta was the ruler of the Sultanate of Goba'ad, located in present-day Djibouti. Léonce Lagarde was a French colonial administrator. The treaty signed in 1885 established French control over the Sultanate, leading to its incorporation into French Somaliland.
February 1885: This Makoko Treaty is one of the causes of the convening of the Berlin Conference, in 1884-85, aimed, among other things, at the partition of the Congo between the European powers.
February 1885: The Berlin Conference divides Africa: parts of the Congo absorbed by France, Belgium and Portugal.
April 1885: A protectorate agreement is made between Genyigba and a French Agent.
December 1885: In 1885, Aneho was ceded to German Togo in a border treaty on December 24th. The exchange involved Kapitaï and Koba, which later became Conakry in Guinea.
December 1885: The German-French Protocol of 24 December 1885 marked the transfer of Dubrica, a territory in Germany, to Rivières du Sud in France. This agreement solidified France's sovereignty over the region, a significant moment in the history of European territorial disputes.
January 1886: France occupied Gabon in 1885.
January 1886: Emperor Yohannes IV of Ethiopia signed an accord with Great Britain to cease fighting the Egyptians and to allow the evacuation of Egyptian forces from Ethiopia and the Somalia littoral. The Egyptian garrison was withdrawn from Tadjoura.
January 1886: In 1894-95 France pursued its second Madagascar expedition against the Merina, which ended with the French taking full control of the island and establishing the Malagasy Protectorate.
October 1886: In 1886, Aného-Glidji, a territory in Togo, was under French control until the Germans took over. The French presence was no longer effective after the German takeover.
January 1887: In 1886, Mwali was placed under French protection by its Sultan Mardjani Abdou Cheikh.
January 1887: The island of Anjouan came under French protection in 1886.
April 1887: April 5, 1887 the island became a French protectorate after queen Amelia Tokagahahau Aliki signed a treaty with France but keeping her royal powers.
October 1887: French conquest of Cochinchina.
October 1887: In 1887, the various protectorates in Cambodia, under the rule of King Norodom, were consolidated into one union as part of French Indochina. This decision was made by French colonial authorities, including Governor-General of French Indochina, Charles Le Myre de Vilers.
October 1887: In 1887, the various protectorates in Tonkin, which was part of French Indochina, were consolidated into one union under the leadership of French colonial administrators such as Jules Harmand and Paul Bert. This move aimed to streamline colonial administration and strengthen French control over the region.
October 1887: In 1887, the various protectorates in Annam, which was part of French Indochina, were consolidated into one union under the leadership of French colonial administrators such as Paul Bert and Jules Harmand.
November 1887: Protectorate over Alo and Sigave.
November 1887: Signature of Protectorate for Futuna.
January 1888: Establishment of French Somaliland.
March 1888: In 1888, King of Alo, Sigave, and Tu`i Agaifo of Alofi agreed to attach Futuna to Wallis, creating a unified protectorate under French rule. This decision marked a significant shift in the political landscape of the region.
March 1888: In 1888, the Kingdom of 'Uvea was annexed by France, leading to the attachment of Futuna to Wallis and the establishment of a unified protectorate in the region. This decision was made under the leadership of French colonial administrators and local chiefs.
March 1888: In 1888, the Kingdom of Sigave in Futuna was attached to Wallis, forming a unified protectorate under French control. This decision was made by French colonial administrators and local chiefs, including King Soane-Patita Vaimua Lavelua of Uvea.
April 1888: The town of Ziguinchor was eventually handed over to France, in a deal brokered amongst the colonial powers at the Berlin conference of 1886.
December 1888: The General Commissioner was created by the decree of December 11, 1888 which brought together the establishments of Gabon with the Territories of the Congo, under the authority of the General Commissioner of the Government in the Congo.
January 1889: Annexation of the Kingdom of Bora Bora by France in 1888.
January 1889: Sagallo was a short-lived Russian settlement established in 1889 on the Gulf of Tadjoura.
February 1889: The Cossacks noticed one French cruiser and three French gunboats. An ultimatum was issued, but Achinov misunderstood it and did not surrender. The artillery barrage that followed came as a complete surprise for the Russians, leaving 6 colonists dead and 22 wounded. A white shirt was raised to show surrender. The Russian Government disavowed Achinov, accusing him of disobedience to the Czar and acts of piracy.
March 1889: In 1889, the Kingdom of Rimatara became a French protectorate.
May 1889: The Treaty of Wuchale was signed between Italy and Menelik II, the Emperor of Ethiopia. It established the borders between Italian Eritrea and the Ethiopian Empire in 1889.
May 1889: The colonization of Ubangi began with the establishment of the outpost Bangui in 1889 by French explorer Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza. This marked the beginning of French control over the territory, which later became known as the Colony of Ubangi-Shari.
January 1890: Rurutu remained independent until 1889, when it came under French protectorate.
August 1890: The western part of actual Mali was renamed French Sudan on August 18, 1890.
January 1891: Ka`arta state extinguished by French colonial government.
January 1891: In 1890, the French, allied with the Bambara, occupied the city of Ségou.
January 1891: The central part of actual niger was conquered by the French in 1890.
January 1891: By 1893, when the colony of French Ivory Coast was founded, the interior is presumed to be aleady occupied.
January 1891: By 1890, the colony of Senegal practically covered all the territories of modern-day Senegal.
January 1891: In the 1880s France claimed the Tuamotu Archipelago.
December 1891: A decree transformed the colony of "Rivières du Sud" into "French Guinea".
January 1892: In 1891, Guinea was proclaimed a French colony.
January 1892: Gabon formally added to French Congo in 1891.
January 1892: Thanks to the influence of the USA at the Berlin Congress of 1885, Liberian independence was preserved. However, the price was high: around 30 percent of the previous national territory was now annexed by France in two stages. The first cession took place in 1891.
August 1892: Captain Richard, commander of the French ship Primauguet, took possession of Glorioso Islands on August 23, 1892. The islands were officially claimed as French territory during this event.
January 1893: At the Berlin Congress of 1885 it was decided that around 30 percent of the Liberian national territory was to be annexed by France in two stages. The second cession took place in 1892.
January 1893: From 1892 to 1893, the Emirate of Muri became a de facto French protectorate under the leadership of Emir Abd al-Qadir. This marked the beginning of French influence in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of the Emirate of Muri (France).
March 1893: The French Ivory Coast is officially established as a French colony on 10 March 1893 and its borders are defined.
October 1893: Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (vassal of Siam) conquered by france.
October 1893: Franco-Siamese War: Kingdom of Luang Phrabang ceded to French Indochina.
January 1894: In 1893 the French took control of the Toucouleur Empire and sent its ruler, Ahmadu Tall, into exile.
January 1894: The Emirate of Muri was a de facto French protectorate until 1893.
January 1894: Segu state extinguished by French colonial government.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Nikki became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: After 1894 Bangassou becomes subject to French control.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Kika became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Kandi became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: From 1895 the inland of Gambia was part of the British Gambia Colony and Protectorate.
January 1895: French protectorate on Dahomey.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Paraku became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Jugu became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Savalu became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Kwande became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Bouay became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: At the end of the XIX Century Sabe became part of French Dahomey.
January 1895: In 1895, the Goma States became part of French Sudan. The are would later became part of the French protectorate of Upper Volta.
February 1895: Local Gurma ruler accept French protection.
February 1895: The French lieutenant Vermot takes possession of the post which is attached to the territories of Haut-Oubangui.
May 1895: In 1895, Yatenga became part of French Sudan. The are would later became part of the French protectorate of Upper Volta.
July 1895: French forces occupy Zemio city and Zemio North of Mbomou River according to the 12 Jul 1894 France-Congo Free State agreement.
September 1895: France annexed Huahine and Maiaʻo.
January 1896: The Antankarana Kingdom was incorporated into French Madagascar Colony.
January 1896: Kingdom of Agwe annexed by France.
January 1896: The Kingdom of Bora Bora was finally annexed to France in 1888 and its last queen Teriimaevarua III was forced to abdicate in 1895.
January 1896: In 1895 Boubacar Sori, Emir of Liptako, signed a French protectorate treaty with Captain Georges Destenave.
January 1896: Saint-Marie was incorporated into Madagascar.
May 1896: On May 20, 1896, a decree of the President of the French Republic declared the annexation of the "territory of Obock as well as the protectorates of Tadjourah and the Danakil countries".
August 1896: The boundaries of Sierra Leone were demarcated with French Guinea and Liberia.
September 1896: French occupation of Wogodogo.
November 1896: The battle of Porédaka on November 13, 1896, is a minor engagement during which the French colonial troops in the company of Modi Oumarou Bademba and Alpha Ibrahima Fougouba decisively defeat the last forces of Almamy Bocar Biro Barry last almamy of Fouta Djallon, after which the Fouta Djallon is annexed to the Senegambian Confederation.
January 1897: Gurunsi was occupied by France.
January 1897: In 1896, the French took over the Mossi Kingdom and created the French Upper Volta which largely used the Mossi administrative structure for many decades in governing the colony.
January 1897: Koma was passed to France according to berlin conference borders.
January 1897: The part of the Mossi Kingdom in actual Burkina Faso is administered by the French Ivory Coast.
January 1897: In 1896, French forces occupied Tenkodogo in present-day Burkina Faso.
January 1897: German Togo expanded north to the region around Sansane-Mangu, where a station was built in 1896.
February 1897: Establishment of French Madagascar.
February 1897: Bemazava Kingdom incorporated into Madagascar.
August 1897: Sanussi agreed to the establishment of a French protectorate over Dar al-Kuti through a treaty.
September 1897: In 1897, Baghirmi became a French protectorate.
October 1897: The Island of Juan de Nova is officially placed under French authority.
October 1897: By the law of annexation of Madagascar of August 6, 189645, Europa Island also became a French possession. However, the establishment of the French flag was not notified until October 31, 1897.
October 1897: Bassas da India becomes a French colony.
October 1897: L'empire colonial français rattache l'île ainsi que celle d'Europa et de Bassas da India par la loi du 6 août 1896 avant d'être officiellement sous souveraineté française par la mise en place du pavillon à la suite de l'acte du 31 décembre 1897.
December 1897: In 1897, Mexico occupied it.
January 1898: End of French occupation of Gurunsi.
January 1898: French occupation of Gwirko.
April 1898: Guangzhouwan was a small enclave on the southern coast of China ceded by Qing China to France as a leased territory and administered as an outlier of French Indochina.
May 1898: The French launched an artillery assault against Sikasso's tata in April 1898, and the city fell on May 1 of the same year. Rather than see the French take control of his city, Fama Babemba ordered his guards to kill him. The territory of the Kénédougou Kingdom was soon assimilated into the colony of French Sudan.
September 1898: Territories conquered during a campaign that lasted until 1898 against Samory Touré, a Malinke warrior chief from present-day Guinea.
September 1898: The Wassoulou empire was a short-lived (1878-1898) empire, led by Samory Touré in the predominantly Malinké area of what is now upper Guinea and southwestern Mali (Wassoulou).
January 1899: French military expedition to Sikasso.
January 1899: First treaty of Mamprusi with France.
January 1899: In 1898, with the decline of the Mahdists, sultan Ali Dinar managed to establish Darfurs independence.
January 1899: Zarmakoy Attikou (r.1897-1902) took the military help offered by the French forces based in Karimama, but found that after the military conquest of his enemies in 1898, the French forces remained stationed in Dosso.
January 1899: End of the Kong Empire.
June 1899: Northern Nigeria was partitioned between Great Britain and France by the Anglo-French Convention of 1898.
July 1899: Meeting on 30 July at the Battle of Tirmini, 10 km from Zinder, the well-armed Senegalese-French troops defeated the Sultan and took Damagaram's capital.
January 1900: Gurunsi was occupied by France during the colonial partition of Africa.
January 1900: Tera became part of French Senegal.
January 1900: Goure became part of French Senegal.
January 1900: The Sultanate of Maradi was occupied by France during the Voulet-Chanoine military mission.
January 1900: Protection treaty in 1899 with Germany.
January 1900: Dargol became part of French Senegal.
January 1900: By 1890 the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria was created. At this point most petty Kingdoms of southern Nigeria were already under British rule.
January 1900: When French colonists reached Kokoro in 1899, the local people cooperated with them, paying taxes and providing laborers. The polity was integrated into French Senegal.
January 1900: Guangzhouwan was administered by French Indochina from 1900.
April 1900: Battle of Kousséri: the Bornu Empire is defeated and integrated into the French colonial empire.
August 1900: Rurutu in Austral Islands annexed by France.
September 1900: On September 5, 1900, the borders of the French Colony of Chad were formally established.
January 1901: The Gobir region of Nigeria was partitioned between France and Great Britain.
January 1901: The Kingdom of Menabe was not pacified until the year 1900. Menabe was then incorporated into the province of Toliara of French Madagascar.
January 1901: What remained of the Brakna Confederation was integrated into French Senegal.
January 1901: The Sultanate of Agadez was conquered by the French in 1900.
January 1901: King Diawara was captured by French forces and then executed. This event marks the end of the kingdom of Diarra.
January 1901: The Sultanate of Makari was annexed by the French colonial empire.
July 1901: The Kingdom of Taiohae was annexed by France.
September 1901: the Kingdom of Rimatara was annexed by France.
January 1902: French authority over the Bagirmi itself secured after the death of Rabih, who was a powerful warlord in Chad.
December 1902: Masina state extinguished by French colonial government.
January 1903: Expansion of German Kamerun after border treaties with France (1902).
January 1903: The Emirate of Trarza was annexed by France in 1902.
May 1903: French Mauritania was officially established on 21 May 1903.
December 1903: The Territory of Oubangui-Chari is created by decree by French authorities.
January 1904: In 1903, the Établissements Français d'Océanie (French Establishments in Oceania) were created, which collected together Tahiti, the other Society Islands, the Austral Islands, the Marquesas Islands and the Tuamotu Archipelago.
January 1904: Kel Ahaggar fell under French suzerainty.
January 1905: France forced Siam to cede control of a territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite Luang Prabang and around Champasak in southern Laos, as well as of western Cambodia.
January 1905: In 1904, to get back Chantaburi, Siam had to give Trat and Koh Kong to French Indochina.
January 1906: In 1905 Bondu was annexed by France and incorporated as a protectorate in the French colony of Senegal.
January 1906: After the death of Emir Bakar in 1905, Tagant came under the protectorate of France.
February 1906: A decree of February 11, 1906, relating to the reorganization of the possessions of the French Congo and dependencies, merged Ubangi-Shari and Chad to form the Colony of Ubangi-Shari-Chad.
January 1907: In 1906 the French Colonial Authorities made Gabon a separate colony.
March 1907: Trat became part of Thailand again on 23 March 1907.
February 1908: Ajache Ipo was annexed by France.
January 1909: Establishment of French protectorate in Adrar.
November 1911: With the Morocco-Congo Treaty of 1911, Germany recognized French domination over Morocco in exchange for new territories in Central Africa (the so-called Neukamerun territories). A smaller area in north-eastern Cameroon, known as Duckbill (German: "Entenschnabel", French: "Bec de canard), was incorporated into French Equatorial Africa instead.
January 1912: To mark the borders between French Senegal and British Gambia, various pillars were erected in 1911.
November 1912: With the Hispano-French Treaty signed on 27 November 1912, France recognized Spain's control over the territory of the northern zone of Morocco, thereby establishing the Spanish protectorate with its capital in Tetouan.
December 1912: The French decided to take most of Dar al-Kuti under direct control. Kamun, the ruler of the Sultanate, fled east to Ouanda Djallé, and continued resisting French forces until December 17, 1912, when Ouanda Djallé fell to Captain Souclier and Kamun went into exile in Sudan.
January 1914: Part of French Sudan administered by the French Ivory Coast.
January 1914: At some point before WWI the borders of the Protectorates of Northern and Southern Nigeria with the French colonies in Africa were adjusted in accordance with the agreements made at the Berlin Conference.
April 1916: On April 12, 1916, the are of the modern-day Central African Republic again became the separate colony of Ubangi-Shari.
July 1916: Francisco Bens officially occupied the Cape Juby region for Spain.
January 1917: Dar Sila was finally incorporated into the colonial possessions of French West Africa of Chad after 1916.
March 1919: In 1919, certain provinces from Upper Senegal and Niger were united into a separate colony called the Upper Volta in the French West Africa federation.
April 1920: The Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon (1923−1946) was a League of Nations mandate founded in the aftermath of the First World War and the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, concerning Syria and Lebanon.
June 1920: The French army, led by General Franchet d'Esperey, moved from Korçë in 1920, marking the end of the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë, as the territory was handed over to the Principality of Albania.
May 1921: Jabal Druze State separated from the State of Damascus.
January 1922: Comores and Mayotte are annexed by France.
June 1922: French General Gouraud announced the Syrian Federation which included the states of Damascus, Aleppo, and the Alawite state.
October 1922: Niger was established as a colony on October 13, 1922, inside French West Africa.
January 1925: The Syrian Federation was officially dissolved by decree of 5 December 1924, "which received its application starting from 1 January 1925".
January 1925: The French authorities established the Colony of Wallis and Futuna Islands.
May 1926: The State of Greater Lebanon became the Lebanese Republic in May 1926.
January 1930: Matthew and Hunter Islands are annexed by France.
May 1930: Declaration of the Syrian Republic after the great syrian revolt.
January 1931: The sovereignty of France over Clipperton was recognized by the arbitration of the International Court and King Victor-Emmanuel III of Italy.
January 1932: Fuladu ruler Moussa Molo maintained a strong resistance against colonisation in the Upper Casamance, but he was defeated and killed in battle at Keserekunda in Gambia in 1931 by invading French forces.
September 1932: The Upper Volta Colony was dissolved and divided between the colonies of Ivory Coast, French Sudan and Niger.
January 1935: After prolonged discussions through the 1920s, in 1935, under the Mussolini-Laval agreement, Italy received the Aouzou strip, which was added to Libya.
December 1936: The State of the Druze was integrated into Mandatory Syria on December 2, 1936, at the same time as the State of the Alawites.
December 1936: Becoming effective in 1937, the Alawite state was incorporated into the Syrian Republic.
September 1938: The State of Hatay was a transitional political entity that existed from September 7, 1938, to June 29, 1939, in the territory of the Sanjak of Alexandretta of the French Mandate of Syria.
January 1939: The French rebuilt the lighthouse on Clipperton Island and settled a military outpost, which remained for seven years before being abandoned.
July 1939: The State of Hatay was transformed de jure into the Hatay Province of Turkey on July 7, 1939, de facto joining the country on July 23, 1939.
March 1946: Saint-Barthélemy made a canton of the département of Guadeloupe.
March 1946: Martinique becomes a French overseas département.
March 1946: Guadeloupe becomes a French overseas département.
March 1946: Réunion became a département d'outre-mer (overseas département) of France on 19 March 1946.
March 1946: French Guyana is reorganized as an overseas département.
March 1946: French Saint-Martin made a canton of the département of Guadeloupe.
April 1946: Withdrawal of French forces from Lebanon.
April 1946: Withdrawal of French forces from Syria.
April 1946: Laos was restored to France after World War II.
October 1946: Proclamation of the Fourth French Republic.
October 1946: In 1946, the Polynesians were granted French citizenship and the islands' status was changed to an overseas territory.
October 1946: New Caledonia becomes an overseas territory.
October 1946: The colony of Saint Pierre and Miquelon became a French Overseas Territory in 1946.
September 1947: The Mossi renewed their pressure for separate territorial status and on 4 September 1947. Upper Volta became a French West African territory again in its own right.
May 1950: Chandernagore (Chandernagor) is transferred from France to India (ratified 11 Apr 1952).
January 1951: TheClipperton island, although uninhabited, returned to be an overseas state private property of France, under direct authority of the Minister of Overseas France.
December 1951: Tripolitania joined Cyrenaica and Fezzan-Ghadames to form the Kingdom of Libya (with autonomy).
November 1953: The Kingdom of Laos was established in 1953 after gaining independence from French colonial rule. King Sisavang Vong became the constitutional monarch, with Prince Souvanna Phouma as Prime Minister. Laos remained a constitutional monarchy until the communist takeover in 1975.
November 1953: Cambodia gained its independence and the independence day was celebrated.
June 1954: Yanaon is taken by Indian military police.
July 1954: Mahé taken by pro-Indian groups.
November 1954: Remaining territories (Pondichéry and Karikal) transferred to india de facto.
August 1955: The French Southern and Antarctic Lands have formed a territoire d'outre-mer (an overseas territory) of France since 1955.
August 1955: In 1955, Amsterdam Island was transferred to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands, becoming an overseas territory of France. This territory includes several islands in the southern Indian Ocean and the Antarctic region.
August 1955: The French Southern and Antarctic Lands, including the Kerguelen Islands, became an overseas territory of France in 1955. Located in the southern Indian Ocean, these islands are known for their unique wildlife and harsh climate.
March 1956: The Tunisian independence movement was already active before World War I, and continued to gain strength against mixed French opposition. Its ultimate aim was achieved in 1956 when Tunisia gained independence becoming a sovereign state.
March 1956: Due to Bizerte's strategic location on the Mediterranean, France retained control of the city and their naval base after Tunisian independence in 1956.
April 1956: In 1956, French Morocco regained its independence from France.
July 1957: The name of the Établissements français de l’Océaniename was changed in 1957 to Polynésie Française (French Polynesia).
October 1958: French Guinea became independent from France in 1958 after its voters rejected Charles de Gaulle's Constitution of 1958. This led to the territory joining the Republic of Guinea.
October 1958: The Fourth French Republic was dissolved by a public referendum on 5 October 1958 which established the modern-day Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency.
October 1958: Îles Éparses (actual Madagascar) gains independence as a sovereign republic.
December 1958: In 1958 French Dahomey became the self-governing colony called the Republic of Dahomey.
December 1958: Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community.
April 1959: In April 1959, Senegal became a member of the Federation of Mali.
April 1959: The Mali Federation (French: Fédération du Mali) was a federation in West Africa linking the French colonies of Senegal and the Sudanese Republic (or French Sudan) for two months in 1960. It was founded on 4 April 1959 as a territory with self-rule within the French Community.
January 1960: French Cameroon became independent as the Republic of Cameroon in January 1960.
January 1960: In 1959 the Kingdom of Sanwi was merged with Ivory Coast.
April 1960: The French Mascarene islands become part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Terres australes et antarctiques françaises).
April 1960: By Decree No. 60-555 of April 1, 1960, the French government detaches the Scattered Islands of the Indian Ocean, of which Bassas da India is a part, from the territory of Madagascar and places them under the direct authority of the Minister of DOM-TOM .
April 1960: Independence of Togo.
June 1960: Independence of Mali.
June 1960: Independence of Malagasy Republic.
August 1960: The Republic of Dahomey became independent of France.
August 1960: The Republic of Niger becomes independent on August 3, 1960.
August 1960: The Republic of Upper Volta attained full independence from France.
August 1960: The Ivory Coast achieved independence in 1960.
August 1960: Independence of Chad.
August 1960: Independence of Central African Republic.
August 1960: Independence of Congo.
August 1960: Gabon became an independent country.
August 1960: Senegal seceded from the Mali Federation in August 1960, following a referendum in which the majority of the population voted for independence. This led to the establishment of the Republic of Senegal.
November 1960: Mauritania became independent from France in 1960 through the Franco-Mauritanian agreements. This marked the end of colonial rule in the region and the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Mauritania.
July 1961: Wallis and Futuna become a TOM. End of the protectorate.
July 1975: The Comorian parliament passed a unilateral resolution declaring independence.
July 1976: Saint Pierre and Miquelon is organized as a French overseas département.
December 1976: In 1976, Mayotte, a French overseas territory, became a French territorial collectivity.
June 1977: A third vote took place. A landslide 99.8% of the electorate supported disengagement from France, officially marking Djibouti's independence.
June 1985: In 1985, Saint Pierre and Miquelon transitioned from an overseas department to a French territorial collectivity. This change was significant as it granted the islands more autonomy and control over their local affairs.
March 1986: Clipperton becomes an Overseeas Territory.
July 1998: New Caledonia becomes a French collectivity sui generis.
March 2003: Wallis and Futuna becomes a French overseas collectivity.
July 2007: Saint-Barthélemy becomes a separate French overseas collectivity.
July 2007: Saint-Martin becomes a separate French overseas collectivity.
March 2011: The status of Mayotte is changed to overseas departement.
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