Aftermath of World War I

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Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.

Chronology

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August 1920: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 awarded northern Epirus to Greece.
June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle, a 1,000 km2 territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique.
August 1919: The Free State of Schwenten existed for 7 months until it joined the Weimar Republic.
June 1919: After the war, German South West Africa was declared a League of Nations Class C Mandate territory under the Treaty of Versailles, with the Union of South Africa responsible for the administration of the country.
June 1919: The South Seas Mandate was a League of Nations mandate in the "South Seas" given to the Empire of Japan by the League of Nations following World War I. The mandate consisted of islands in the north Pacific Ocean that had been part of German New Guinea.
June 1920: The Treaty of Trianon regulated the status of an independent Hungarian state and defined its borders. It left Hungary as a landlocked state that covered 93,073 square kilometres, only 28% of the 325,411 square kilometres that had constituted the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary.
November 1918: All territories of Cislethania that were not de facto controlled by other states (for example Czechoslovakia) became the Republic of German Austria.
August 1920: The Albanian-Italian protocol was signed, upon which Italy retreated from Albania (maintaining only the island of Saseno).
November 1918: The Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I.
June 1919: Prekmurje was incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
November 1918: The armistice between France and Germany in November 1918 forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet.
September 1920: In 1920, the Alawite State was established in the region of present-day Syria. The Alawites, a religious minority group, gained autonomy under French colonial rule.
September 1920: In 1920, the Alawite State was established in the region of present-day Syria. The Alawites, a religious minority group, gained autonomy under French colonial rule.
December 1918: With the defeat of Germany in WWI Finland become indipendent. General Rüdiger von der Goltz and his division left Helsinki on 16 December 1918, and Prince Friedrich Karl, who had not yet been crowned, abandoned his role four days later. Finland's status shifted from a monarchist protectorate of the German Empire to an independent republic.
November 1918: The Banat Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918 in Timisoara in the area of the historical Banat.
July 1920: The Arab Kingdom of Syria surrendered to French forces.
November 1918: The short history of the Banat Republic ended on November 15, 1918 with the invasion of Serbian troops, who took over the administration.
May 1934: The Federal State of Austria was a continuation of the First Austrian Republic between 1934 and 1938 when it was a one-party state led by the clerico-fascist Fatherland Front.
August 1920: The Albanian-Italian protocol was signed, upon which Italy retreated from Albania (maintaining only the island of Saseno).
July 1920: The Arab Kingdom of Syria surrendered to French forces.
October 1918: The Czechoslovak declaration of independence, created in Washington, was published by the Czechoslovak National Council, signed by Masaryk, Štefánik and Beneš on October 18, 1918 in Paris, and proclaimed on October 28 in Prague.
November 1918: The Banat Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918 in Timisoara in the area of the historical Banat.
November 1918: The Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I.
November 1918: The Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I.
March 1919: Béla Kun proclaimed Hungary a Soviet Republic, and renounced the passive policy of accepting territorial losses dictated by the Entente.
May 1919: The Republic of Prekmurje was an unrecognized state in Prekmurje, an area traditionally known in Hungarian as Vendvidék ("Wendic March").
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of Austria.
January 1920: The Kingdom of Italy at the 1919 Paris "Conference of Peace" received nothing from German colonies, but as a compensation Great Britain gave it the Oltre Giuba and France agreed to give some Saharan territories to Italian Libya.
July 1920: The Syrian mandate region was subdivided into six states. One of themwas the state of Damascus (1920).
September 1920: The State of Aleppo was declared by the French General Henri Gouraud on 1 September 1920 as part of a French scheme to make Syria easier to control by dividing it into several smaller states.
September 1920: The State of Greater Lebanon was declared on 1 September 1920, following Decree 318 of 31 August 1920, as a League of Nations Mandate under the proposed terms of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon.
September 1920: In 1920, the Alawite State was established in the region of present-day Syria. The Alawites, a religious minority group, gained autonomy under French colonial rule.
July 1920: Conference of Ambassadors in Spa, Belgium. Division of Orawa and Cieszyn between Poland and Czechoslovakia.
June 1919: On June 21, 1919, the Banat region was divided between Romania, Serbia and Hungary.
November 1918: The Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I.
June 1919: On June 21, 1919, the Banat region was divided between Romania, Serbia and Hungary.
June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle, a 1,000 km2 territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique.

1. Aftermath of World War I in Poland

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Poland.

October 1920: The Republic of Central Lithuania was created in 1920 following the rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry.
October 1918: The Republic of Zakopane officially declared its independence from Austria-Hungary and, two days later, made itself a "National Council".
November 1918: The Polish National Council and the Czechoslovak Committee concluded an agreement on the demarcation line of Cieszyn Silesia. The Frýdek district and a small part of the Fryštát district was left on the Czech side, the remainder was accorded to the Poles.
November 1918: The Polish National Council and the Czechoslovak Committee concluded an agreement on the demarcation line of Cieszyn Silesia. The Frýdek district and a small part of the Fryštát district was left on the Czech side, the remainder was accorded to the Poles.
July 1924: In 1924, an additional exchange of territories in Orava occurred, with the territory around Lipnica Wielka (Nižná Lipnica) being transferred to the Second Polish Republic.
November 1918: The Polish National Council and the Czechoslovak Committee concluded an agreement on the demarcation line of Cieszyn Silesia. The Frýdek district and a small part of the Fryštát district was left on the Czech side, the remainder was accorded to the Poles.
November 1918: The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was a short-lived entity, proclaimed in the Polish town of Tarnobrzeg.
July 1924: In 1924, an additional exchange of territories in Orava occurred, with the territory around Lipnica Wielka (Nižná Lipnica) being transferred to the Second Polish Republic.
April 1919: The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was suppressed by units of the freshly created Polish Army at the beginning of 1919.
November 1918: The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was a short-lived entity, proclaimed in the Polish town of Tarnobrzeg.
October 1921: In late 1921 a border adjustment between the Weimar Republic and Poland took place as a result of the Silesian Uprisings. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles had called for a plebiscite in Upper Silesia in 1921 to determine whether the territory should be a part of Germany or Poland. The Germans had a majority, his led to the Third Polish Uprising in May-July 1921. The commission, consisting of four representatives-one each from Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and China, gathered its own data, interviewing Poles and Germans from the region. On the basis of the reports of this commission and those of its experts, in October 1921 the Council awarded the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district to Poland.
November 1918: The Polish National Council and the Czechoslovak Committee concluded an agreement on the demarcation line of Cieszyn Silesia. The Frýdek district and a small part of the Fryštát district was left on the Czech side, the remainder was accorded to the Poles.
November 1918: On 11 November 1918 in Warsaw, Józef Piłsudski was appointed Commander in Chief of Polish forces by the Regency Council and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. On the same day, which would become Poland's Independence Day, he proclaimed the independent Polish Republic.
March 1919: The Polish Liquidation Committee handed over its authority to the central Polish government seated in Warsaw.
March 1922: After a variety of delays, a disputed election took place on January 8, 1922, and the Republic of Central Lithuania was annexed to Poland.
January 1917: Poland was officially established on January 14, 1917 in the territories of the former Congress Kingdom, with the aim of legitimizing the German occupation of Poland.
January 1917: Poland was officially established on January 14, 1917 in the territories of the former Congress Kingdom, with the aim of legitimizing the German occupation of Poland.
November 1918: On 11 November 1918 in Warsaw, Józef Piłsudski was appointed Commander in Chief of Polish forces by the Regency Council and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. On the same day, which would become Poland's Independence Day, he proclaimed the independent Polish Republic.
October 1918: The Polish Liquidation Committee was created on 28 October 1918, with its seat in Kraków. The Committee aimed primarily to maintain order in the territories of the former Austrian part of partitioned Poland during the re-establishment of an independent Poland.
November 1918: On 11 November 1918 in Warsaw, Józef Piłsudski was appointed Commander in Chief of Polish forces by the Regency Council and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. On the same day, which would become Poland's Independence Day, he proclaimed the independent Polish Republic.
November 1918: Independence of the Second Polish Republic. Warsaw was free from November 11, 1918.
November 1918: On 11 November 1918 in Warsaw, Józef Piłsudski was appointed Commander in Chief of Polish forces by the Regency Council and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. On the same day, which would become Poland's Independence Day, he proclaimed the independent Polish Republic.
November 1918: On 11 November 1918 in Warsaw, Józef Piłsudski was appointed Commander in Chief of Polish forces by the Regency Council and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. On the same day, which would become Poland's Independence Day, he proclaimed the independent Polish Republic.
November 1918: On 11 November 1918 in Warsaw, Józef Piłsudski was appointed Commander in Chief of Polish forces by the Regency Council and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. On the same day, which would become Poland's Independence Day, he proclaimed the independent Polish Republic.
October 1920: The Republic of Central Lithuania was created in 1920 following the rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry.
October 1920: The Republic of Central Lithuania was created in 1920 following the rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry.
November 1918: Independence of the Second Polish Republic. Warsaw was free from November 11, 1918.
November 1918: The Republic of Zakopane was eventually disestablished on November 16 when the Polish Liquidation Committee took control of Galicia.

2. Treaty of Versailles

Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.

January 1920: Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet.
November 1920: The Free City of Danzig was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland. The Free City was created in order to give Poland access to a good-sized seaport.
June 1920: When World War I was over, the plebiscite in Northern Schleswig finally was held in early 1920; the northern part of it, around Tønder, Haderslev, Åbenra and Sønderborg, opted for Denmark. On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig was officially reunited with Denmark.

2.1. Occupation of the Rhineland

The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.

2.2. Territorial cessions of Germany in Africa

Were territorial cessions of Germany in Africa after World War I.

January 1920: After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles transferred German East Africa to British control. The territory was renamed Tanganyika.
January 1920: After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles transferred German East Africa to British control. The territory was renamed Tanganyika.
January 1920: After World War I, Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium.

2.3. Territorial cessions of Germany in Europe

Were territorial cessions of Germany in Europe after World War I.

January 1920: The treaty of Versailles restored the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871.
January 1920: The treaty of Versailles restored the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871.
January 1920: In Central Europe, Germany recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia (which had actually been controlled by Austria) and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia.

Was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.

April 1918: Hämeenlinna conquered by germany.
January 1918: The Whites captured Haapamäki at the end of January 1918.
March 1918: The elimination of exclaves was a priority for both White and Red armies in February 1918.
April 1918: Battle of Tampere.
April 1918: Battle of Vyborg.
April 1918: The 10,000-strong Baltic Sea Division (German: Ostsee-Division), led by General Rüdiger von der Goltz, launched the main attack at Hanko.
April 1918: The Finnish White Guard succeeds in taking Loviisa, east of Helsinki.
April 1918: The main German detachment proceeded northwards from Helsinki and took Hyvinkää and Riihimäki on 21-22 April.
March 1918: The elimination of exclaves was a priority for both White and Red armies in February 1918.
April 1918: The Finnish White Guard succeeds in taking Loviisa, east of Helsinki.
April 1918: Detachment Brandenstein overran the town of Lahti.
April 1918: Battle of Vyborg.
April 1918: Detachment Brandenstein overran the town of Lahti.
April 1918: Helsinki conquered by germany.
May 1918: The war of 1918 ended when the Whites took over Fort Ino.
May 1918: Battle of Ahvenkoski.
March 1918: Korpo conquered by germany.
January 1918: The Finnish Red Guards seized the early initiative in the war by taking control of Helsinki.
April 1918: The main German detachment proceeded northwards from Helsinki and took Hyvinkää and Riihimäki on 21-22 April.
March 1918: Houtskär was taken by the Finnish Whites.
April 1918: The German army intervened in the war on the side of the White Army making de facto Finland a German protectorate.
April 1918: Hämeenlinna conquered by germany.
April 1918: Battle of Tampere.

4. Aftermath of World War I in Yugoslavia

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Yugoslavia.

October 1918: The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a political entity that was constituted at the end of World War I, by Slovenes, Croats and Serbs resident in what were the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
December 1918: Serbia united with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form a new southern Slav state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
November 1920: According to the treaty of Rapallo, the city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume) would become the independent Free State of Fiume, thus ending the military occupation of Gabriele d'Annunzio's troops, begun by the Impresa di Fiume and known as the Italian Regency of Carnaro.
December 1918: Thirty-three days after it was proclaimed, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
November 1918: The Kingdom of Serbia absorbed the Kingdom of Montenegro at the Podgorica Assembly.
December 1918: Serbia united with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form a new southern Slav state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

5. Aster Revolution

Was a revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi in the aftermath of World War I which led to the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.

October 1918: A revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi, in the aftermath of World War I, led to the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.

6. Hungarian-Czechoslovak War

Was a war between Hungary and Czechoslovakia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I.

June 1919: In the face of advancing Hungarian troops, the Allies began to put pressure on the Hungarian government and, within three weeks with Kun's assurances of Russian support failing to materialize, Hungary was forced to withdraw from Slovakia.
June 1919: In the face of advancing Hungarian troops, the Allies began to put pressure on the Hungarian government and, within three weeks with Kun's assurances of Russian support failing to materialize, Hungary was forced to withdraw from Slovakia.

6.1. Czech invasion of northern Slovakia

Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in northern Slovakia.

December 1918: Other Czech reinforcements arrived in Hlohovec, which by 10 December occupied the towns of Sereď, Modra and Pezinok.
November 1918: The Hungarians occupied Vrútky and forced the Czechoslovaks to retreat on the north bank of the Váh towards Žilina.
November 1918: On November 8, a temporary demarcation line between Hungary and Czechoslovakia was negotiated between Lieutenant Ripka and Hungarian Major Brandstätter, leading from Devínská Nová Ves to Malinský vrch and further to the Little Carpathians.
November 1918: The city of Turany was conquered by a Hungarian armored train.
November 1918: Czechoslovaks occupied Trenčín and then the main strongholds in Pováží.
November 1918: The Hungarians were defeated and Trnava found itself in Czechoslovak hands again.
November 1918: Czechoslovakia wanted to include the territory of Slovakia (then Upper Hungary), which until now belonged to Hungary. On November 2, the 25th Battalion entered Slovakia.
December 1918: Schöbl then sent the 1st Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Major Pirník, to secure the surroundings of Nitra.
November 1918: Czechoslovaks commanded by Captain Kurz occupied Žilina without a fight.
November 1918: The Czech units occupied Turany.
November 1918: In Trnava, the Hungarians created an armed guard.
November 1918: Colonel Hančík with 120 men occupied Trnava.
November 1918: The Czech war council designated a new temporary demarcation line with Hungary: Bratislava - north bank of the Danube - along Ipeľ - Pinciná - estuary of Uhu to Laborec - along Uhu - Užocký pas.
November 1918: Piešťany and Hlohovec are occupied by Czech troops.
November 1918: Czechoslovak forces penetrated through Gbely to Malacek.

6.2. Czech invasion of eastern Slovakia

Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in eastern Slovakia.

December 1918: Košice was occupied by the Czechoslovaks, ending the Slovak People's Republic.
December 1918: The Czechoslovak army occupied Poprad with an armored train.
December 1918: Czechoslovak forces occupied Spišská Nová Ves.
December 1918: Until 25 December 1918 the whole of Pováží and the area up to Spišská Nová Ves were secured.
December 1918: Zbolen was occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
December 1918: The Slovak People's Republic was a short-existing state which lasted from 11 December to 29 December 1918.
December 1918: Prešov was occupied by Czechoslovak forces.

6.3. Czech invasion of southern Slovakia

Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in southern Slovakia.

January 1919: The whole territory of Slovakia was under Czechoslovak control.
January 1919: On the night of January 2-3, Czechoslovak forces occupied Lučenec.
January 1919: The southern bank of Ipeľ was occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
January 1919: The cities of Perečín, Velký Berezný, Užok, Veľké Kapušany and Vojany were occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
January 1919: On January 9 without a fight, Nové Zámky, was occupied by Czech forces.
January 1919: Komárno conquered by Czechoslovak Republic.
January 1919: The Ipeľ basin was cleared from the Hungarians via Kováčová, Bušinka, Mikušovka to Pinciná. These territories were occupied by Czechoslovak troops.

6.4. Hungarian Counterattack (Hungarian-Czechoslovak War)

Was Hungarian counterattack against Czech invading forces during the Hungarian-Czechoslovak War.

May 1919: Hungarian Colonel Aurél Stromfeld, attacked in force and routed Czechoslovak troops from Miskolc, also recapturing Košice and Prešov.
June 1919: The Slovak Soviet Republic was a short-lived Communist state in southeast Slovakia in existence from 16 June 1919 to 7 July 1919.
June 1919: The Slovak Soviet Republic was a short-lived Communist state in southeast Slovakia in existence from 16 June 1919 to 7 July 1919.

7. German Revolution

Was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic.

7.1. Revolutionary States

A series of short-lived states were proclaimed in various territories of the German Empire in the aftermath of World War I.

November 1918: French troops put the Alsace-Lorraine under military occupation and entered Strasbourg.
May 1919: The Bavarian Soviet Republic was overthrown by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary Freikorps.
April 1919: The Bavarian Soviet Republic was established in April 1919 after the demise of Kurt Eisner's People's State of Bavaria.
November 1918: French troops put the Alsace-Lorraine under military occupation and entered Strasbourg.
January 1919: The Soviet Republic of Saxony lasted only a few weeks before being overthrown by the Weimar Republic.
February 1919: The Bremen Soviet Republic was overthrown by the Weimar Republic.
November 1918: The was a short-lived Soviet republic created during the German Revolution at the end of World War I in the province of Alsace-Lorraine.
November 1918: The Soviet Republic of Saxony was established during the German Revolution of 1918-19 by socialist leader Richard Lipinski.
January 1919: The Bremen Soviet Republic was a short-lived state that existed for 25 days in 1919.
November 1918: The People's State of Bavaria was a short-lived socialist state in Bavaria from 1918 to 1919.

7.2. Republic proclamation in Germany

Proclamation of a republic in Germany on 9 November 1918.

November 1918: Proclamation of the Republic in Germany on 9 November 1918.

7.3. Spartacist uprising

Was an armed uprising that took place in Berlin from 5 to 12 January 1919.

8. Polish-Ukrainian War

Was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic).

March 1919: By March 18 the Poles had driven the Ukrainian forces from the Lviv-Przemyśl railroad, permanently securing Lviv.
May 1919: The Polish forces reached the Złota Lipa-Berezhany-Jezierna-Radziwiłłów line.
July 1919: The Ukrainian Galician Army and ZUNR leadership were pushed back to the line of the Zbruch river on 16-18 July, after which ZUNR was occupied by Poland.
May 1919: The Polish forces reached the Złota Lipa-Berezhany-Jezierna-Radziwiłłów line.
June 1919: By June 27 the Ukrainian forces had advanced 120 km along the Dnister river and on another they had advanced 150 km, past the town of Brody.
March 1919: By March 18 the Poles had driven the Ukrainian forces from the Lviv-Przemyśl railroad, permanently securing Lviv.
May 1919: The Polish forces reached the Złota Lipa-Berezhany-Jezierna-Radziwiłłów line.
November 1918: The Romanian Army occupied Chernivtsi.
February 1919: Ukrainians managed to surround Lviv on three sides.

9. Hungarian-Romanian War

Was a war between Romania and Hungary over territorial disputes after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.

9.1. Romanian occupation of Transylvania

At the beginning of the Hungarian-Romanian War Romanian troops occupied Transylvania, a territory promised to Romania by the Entente in the Treaty of Bucharest (1916).

January 1919: The Romanian Army enters Sighetu Marmației.
December 1918: The Union of Transylvania with Romania was officiated by the elected representatives of the Romanian people of Transylvania, who proclaimed a union with Romania.
November 1918: The Romanian Army occupied Marosvásárhely (Târgu-Mureș).
April 1919: Romanian troops enter Carei (Nagykároly) and Satu Mare (Szatmárnémeti).
December 1918: Romanian troops enter Nagyszeben (Sibiu) in southern Transylvania.
January 1919: Romanian troops reached Baia Mare.
April 1919: The Romanian Army entered Oradea (Nagyvárad) and Salonta (Nagyszalonta).
November 1918: The first Romanian troops enter Hungary and occupy the Gyergyótölgyes mountain pass accessing the Székely Land Region.
December 1918: Romanian troops enter Cluj (Kolozsvár).
January 1919: Romanian troops now control the entire territory up to the new demarcation line indicated by the Entente powers. Inner Transylvania and Maramureș are under Romanian control, leaving Banat under Serbian, and Crișana under Hungarian control.
December 1918: The Romanian Army enters Brașov, in southeastern Transylvania.

9.2. Romanian invasion of Hungary to conquer further territories

Was a Romanian military invasion of Hungary after Romania had already occupied Transylvania.

May 1919: Romanian army units enter Arad.
August 1919: French-supported Romanian forces entered Budapest. The Communist government of Hungary collapsed and its leaders flee.
August 1919: Romania occupied all of Hungary with the exception of an area around Lake Balaton.
January 1920: In early 1920, Romanian troops departed Hungary. All of Hungary but a region around Lake Balaton was evacuated.
May 1919: The Romanian Army reaches the river Tisza.

9.3. Hungarian Offensive (Hungarian-Romanian War)

Was the Hungarian counteroffensive against Romanian troops that had invaded the country during the Hungarian-Romanian War.

July 1919: Hungary invaded Romanian border regions after the Tisza river.
July 1919: Mindszent and Törökszentmiklós reconquered by Romania.

9.4. Hungarian-Romanian War Aftermath

The border between Romania and Hungary after World War I was decided in the The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).

September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Czechoslovak Republic.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Czechoslovak Republic.
September 1919: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, recognizing Romanian sovereignty over Bukovina but the frontiers of Romania was to be later fixed.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Romania with Poland.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Czechoslovak Republic.
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Czechoslovak Republic.
September 1919: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, recognizing Romanian sovereignty over Bukovina but the frontiers of Romania was to be later fixed.

10. Creation of Estonia after the retreat of the German Army

After their defeat in World War I, the Germans handed over the power in Estonia to a Provisional Government.

November 1918: After their defeat in World War I, the Germans were forced to hand over power in Estonia to the Provisional Government.
November 1918: After their defeat in World War I, the Germans were forced to hand over power in Estonia to the Provisional Government.

11. Estonian War of Independence

Was the Estonian War of independence from Bolshevik Russia and German troops.

February 1920: Pskow is under Russian control.

11.1. Soviet Offensive (Estonian War of Independence)

Was the Bolshevik invasion of Estonia, a former region of the Russian Empire that had declared independence.

11.2. Liberation of Estonian territories (Estonian War of Independence)

Estonian counteroffensive against the Bolshevik invasion.

11.3. Estonian offensives into Russia and Latvia

Offensive of the Estonian army in Russian and Latvian territories.

11.4. Battles between Estonia and Latvia

Were battles between Latvia and Estonia during the Independence wars of these two countries.

11.4.1. Battle of Cēsis

The Battle of Cēsis (alos Battle of Wenden) was a decisive battle in the Estonian War of Independence and the Latvian War of Independence were the Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Baltic German forces.

11.4.2. Return of latvian government

Withdraw of remaining German troops from Latvia.

11.5. Final battles and peace (Estonian War of Independence)

Were the final phases of the Estonian War of Independence.

12. Latvian War of Independence

Was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia.

12.1. Soviet offensive (Latvian War of Independence)

Soviet offensive in Latvia, a territory of the Russian Empire that had been occupied by Germany and had then declared independency.

12.2. Latvian and German counteroffensive

German and Latvian counterattack against Bolshevik forces during the Latvian War of Independence.

12.3. German Coup

On 16 April, the Baltic nobility organised a coup d'etat in Liepāja and a puppet government headed by Andrievs Niedra was established in Latvia.

12.4. Bermontian attack

An offensive by the Bermontians, a pro-German military formation in Latvia and Lithuania.

12.5. Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty

The Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Riga, was signed on 11 August 1920 by representatives of the Republic of Latvia and Soviet Russia. It officially ended the Latvian War of Independence. In Article II of the treaty, Soviet Russia recognised the independence of Latvia as inviolable "for all future time".

13. Lithuanian War of Independence

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Lithuania leading to the independence of the country.

January 1920: According to Article 99 of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Memelland was ceded to the Allied powers without a referendum effective January 10, 1920. From early 1920 to early 1923 it was administered by France as its agent.
January 1919: The German occupying army withdrew from Vilnius and turned the city over to local Polish self-defense forces.

13.1. Lithuanian-Soviet War

Was a war between Lithuania and the Russian SFSR. Russia considerd Lithuania, that had recently declared independence, a secessionist state. At the end of the war Russia recognized the independency of Lithuania.

January 1919: Vilnius was captured by the Soviet Red Army.
July 1920: Soviet-Lithuanian Peace Treaty signed between Lithuania and Soviet Russia. In exchange for Lithuania's neutrality and permission to move its troops in the territory that was recognised during its war against Poland, Soviet Russia recognized the sovereignty of Lithuania. Lithuania officially maintained that its de jure borders were those delineated by the treaty although a large territory, the Vilnius Region, was controlled by Poland.
January 1921: The Lithuanians claimed the southern shore of Daugava, including Grīva and Daugavpils, despite Latvian protests.
January 1921: The Lithuanians claimed the southern shore of Daugava, including Grīva and Daugavpils, despite Latvian protests.

13.1.1. Soviet offensive (Lithuanian War of Independence)

Was the military invasion of Lithuania by the Russian SFSR that started the Lithuanian-Soviet War.

February 1919: The Bolshevik 3rd and 4th Riflemen Regiments (about 2,000 men) attacked Alytus.
December 1918: Zarasai and Švenčionys conquered by RSFSR.
February 1919: On the night of February 14-15, German forces and one company of the Lithuanians returned to Alytus and retook the city.
January 1919: To prevent fights in Lithuania between retreating Germans and the Red Army, the Soviets and Germans signed a treaty on January 18. The treaty drew a temporary demarcation line that went through Daugai, Stakliškės, and 10 kilometres east of the Kaišiadorys-Jonava-Kėdainiai railway.
February 1919: Russian operations to take Kaunas began on February 7.
January 1919: Ukmergė and Panevėžys are occupied by Russian Bolshevik forces.
January 1919: Telšiai conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Rokiškis was taken over by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
February 1919: A joint Lithuanian and German forces captured Šėta and forced the Red Army to retreat.
January 1919: Šiauliai conquered by RSFSR.
February 1919: Soviet 7th Riflemen Regiment (900 men) took over Jieznas, south of Kaunas.
February 1919: Lithuanians retreated, were reinforced by new Lithuanian and Saxon Volunteers, attacked again, and took Jieznas on February 13.
December 1918: Utena conquered by RSFSR.
December 1918: Rokiškis was taken over by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
April 1919: The Red Army retook Panevėžys on April 4.

13.1.2. German/Lithuanian Offensive (Lithuanian-Soviet War)

Was a joint German-Lithuanian offensive against the the Soviet invasion, during the Lithuanian-Soviet War.

March 1919: The Bolshevik morale underwent deeper declines and, between March 19 and March 24, their forces left Panevėžys. Lithuanian forces entered the city on March 26.
February 1919: The movement of the Bolsheviks towards East Prussia worried Germany, and they sent volunteers. At the end of February, the Lithuanian partisans, supported by German artillery, took Mažeikiai and Seda, and pursued the Bolsheviks to Kuršėnai.
March 1919: Before mid-March, the Germans took Kuršėnai, Šiauliai, Radviliškis, Šeduva, Joniškis.

13.1.3. Lithuanian offensive

Was a Lithuanian offensive in the territories of the Russian SFSR, during the Lithuanian-Soviet War.

June 1919: The drive towards Utena resumed on May 31, and the city was secured on June 2 by Lithuanian forces.
May 1919: The Panevėžys Group launched a drive towards Panevėžys on May 18 and secured the city the following day.
May 1919: The reorganized Lithuanian army carried out its first operation. The Vilkmergė Group captured Kurkliai and Anykščiai.
May 1919: Lithianian forces charged towards Kupiškis and secured Subačius.
May 1919: The Lithuanians lost Panevėžys to a Bolshevik counterattack.
May 1919: Joniškėlis' partisans broke through the Soviet lines and took Rokiškis in Soviet rear.
June 1919: Bolshevik forces, afraid that they could be encircled, left Kupiškis on the night of May 30-31, and Lithuania secured that city on June 1.
May 1919: On May 7, Lithuanians entered Širvintos.
May 1919: The Soviets left Panevėžys to Lithuanian forces without a fight.
May 1919: On May 3, the Separate Panevėžys Volunteer Regiment, supported by the 18th Regiment of Saxon Volunteers, had secured the town of Ukmergė.
June 1919: Another Soviet push came on June 20 and the front stabilized.The Soviets were cornered in a small region around Zarasai.
May 1919: Lithuanians and Poles mounted a joint operation to take Giedraičiai.

13.1.4. Final Battles of the Lithuanian-Soviet War

Were the final battles of the Lithuanian-Soviet War.

August 1919: The Ukmergė Group attacked first and captured Zarasai.

13.2. War against the Bermontians

Was the war between the Bermontians, a pro-German military formation, and Lithuania.

December 1919: The Bermontians were completely removed from Lithuania.
July 1919: In June 1919, the Bermontians crossed the Lithuanian-Latvian border and took the town of Kuršėnai.
November 1919: By October, the Bermontians had taken considerable territories in western Lithuania, including the cities of Šiauliai, Biržai, and Radviliškis.

13.3. Polish-Lithuanian War

Was a war between newly-independent Lithuania and Poland following World War I.

September 1920: Polish forces retreated from Sejny further south.
August 1920: Knowing that the Polish Army was busy preparing for the Battle of the Nemunas River, the Lithuanian authorities decided to capture the city of Augustów, an event which took place on August 26.
August 1920: Polish Colonel Nieniewski entered the city of Suwałki with his soldiers.
August 1920: On August 31, Sejny was conquered by the Polish army.
September 1920: Polish forces recaptured Sejny.
September 1920: End of the Polish-Lithuanian War.
September 1920: The Lithuanian army reached Augustów.
September 1920: The Lithuanian forces advancing from Sejny were routed and Augustów again fell into Polish hands.
July 1920: Augustów conquered by RSFSR.
August 1920: The 1st Polish Infantry Regiment assaulted the Lithuanian defenders of the city of Augustów by surprise and disarmed a company of the 10th Lithuanian Infantry Regiment, securing control of the town.
January 1920: On October 7, 1920, an agreement was signed by Poland and Lithuania, establishing a truce, known as the Suwałki Agreement: it temporarily accepted the Foch Line.
January 1920: On October 7, 1920, an agreement was signed by Poland and Lithuania, establishing a truce, known as the Suwałki Agreement: it temporarily accepted the Foch Line.
August 1920: Lithuanians conquered Suwalki.
September 1920: Sejny is acquired by Poland at the end of the Polish-Lithuanian War.

14. Greater Poland uprising (1918-19)

Was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland region against German rule.

February 1919: Germans use an armoured train to capture Kargowa and Babimost, but their offensive is stopped near Kopanica.
June 1919: With the treaty of Versailles German eastern territories were officially ceded to Poland.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Sarnowa and win the Battle of Zbąszyń.
January 1919: The Second Polish Republic captured Jarocin, Krotoszyn and Mogilno.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Chodzież and Czarnków.
January 1919: The Poles lose Nakło to the Germans.
January 1919: The Poles recaptured Chodzież Battle of Chodzież and Czarnków. They also win the Battle of Ślesin and capture Sieraków.
December 1918: In Poznań, the Poles forced the German 6th Regiment of Grenadiers from their barracks. After talks, the regiment leaved the city with their weapons.
January 1919: Czarnków, Jutrosin, Kruszwica, Nakło, Nowy Tomyśl, Miejska Górka, Rawicz, Strzelno and Wolsztyn are captured by the Poles.
December 1918: The Polish uprising against German authorities broke out on 27 December 1918 in Poznań. Fighting also start in other towns: Szamotuły, Środa Wielkopolska, Pniewy, Opalenica, Buk, Trzemeszno, Września and Gniezno are captured.
January 1919: The Germans recapture Szamocin.
December 1918: The Poles captured Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Kłecko, Kórnik, Wielichowo, Gostyń, Witkowo and other towns.
January 1919: In the Battle of Rynarzewo, the Germans capture Szubin.
June 1919: With the treaty of Versailles German eastern territories were officially ceded to Poland.
January 1919: Inowrocław conquered by Second Polish Republic.
January 1919: Poles capture Babimost and Kargowa.
December 1918: The Poles capture Wronki, Wągrowiec, Gołańcz.
January 1919: Poles are forced to leave Potulice.
December 1918: The Poles capture Kościan, Oborniki Wielkopolskie, Ostrów Wielkopolski.
January 1919: Polish victory in the Battle of Szubin and capture Łabiszyn, Złotniki and Żnin.
February 1919: A Polish counterattack forced a German withdrawal to northern bank of the Noteć River. The Poles recaptured Rynarzewo and won the Battle of Kcynia.
February 1919: Poles recapture Szubin.

15. Establishment of the Hutsul Republic

Was the creation of Republic of Hutsul in Ukraine during the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.

October 1919: The territory of Hutsul accepted the admission into the First Czechoslovak Republic in September 1919, where it remained during the interwar period.
June 1919: The Hutsul Republic was occupied by Hungarian police.
January 1919: The Hutsul Republic was declared on January 8, 1919, in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine.
January 1919: The Hutsul Republic was declared on January 8, 1919, in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine.
January 1919: The Hutsul Republic was declared on January 8, 1919, in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine.

16. Polish-Czechoslovak War

Was a military confrontation between Czechoslovakia and Poland over the territory of Cieszyn Silesia in early 1919.

January 1919: Cieszyn Silesia was taken over by Czechoslovak forces on 27 January 1919. Polish troops retreated to the Vistula river.
February 1919: The Czechoslovak army withdrew to the new Green Line, established by the International Commission Agreement on the basis of the Czechoslovak-Polish Treaty, concluded on 3 February 1919 in Paris.

17. Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia

Was a military engagement that ensued in the aftermath of World War I between forces loyal to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and forces loyal to the Republic of German-Austria.

17.1. Second Yugoslavian Offensive

Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.

May 1919: Before the Royal Yugoslav Army's 36th infantry regiment under control of Lt.Col. Vladimir Uzorinac managed to hold ground in Guštanj (Gutenstein).
November 1920: The border in Carinthia was decided through a Plebiscite after the treaty of Saint Germain. Most of the population voted for Austria. The region was placed under Austrian administration on 18 November 1920 and declared part of the sovereign Austrian Republic on November 22.
May 1919: On 2 May Austrian Carinthian units took control of Völkermarkt.
June 1919: The Royal Yugoslav Army's 36th infantry regiment under control of Lt.Col. Vladimir Uzorinac managed to hold ground in Guštanj (Gutenstein).
May 1919: The remaining Slovene units continued to retreat back into lower Styria, while almost all of the Carinthian area that was gained during the winter clashes was lost to the advancing Austrian units. The last to fall was Dravograd.
May 1919: The Austrian counter-offensive reached the Gallizien-Apače-Sankt Margareten im Rosental line.

17.2. Third Yugoslavian Offensive

Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.

June 1919: On May 26 a new Yugoslav offensive was authorised which lasted throughout May and until June 6, during which they managed to capture much of the Klagenfurt region to as north as Maria Saal.

17.3. First Yugoslavian Offensive

Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.

November 1919: Captain Rudolf Knez entered Sittersdorf (Žitara vas) and settled his units there.
November 1919: Captain Alfred Lavrič's unit (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was designated to be in charge of capturing Carinthia, and began taking control of the territory on 13 November, when his units entered the Jaun Valley and Ferlach.
November 1919: From November 27 onward, the Slovene fighters under direct command of Maister, took control of Spielfeld, Bad Radkersburg, Mureck, Leutschach, Marenberg, and Muta, while the units from Celje under command of Franjo Malgaj took control of the Meža Valley and Bleiburg.
November 1919: Units from Ljubljana took control of Dravograd, Lavamünd and Sankt Paul. The capture of Völkermarkt on November 30 sparked much criticism, as it allegedly wasn't included in the demarcation line plans.

18. Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)

Was a war between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.

18.1. Greek Expansion in the aftermath of WWI

Was the Greek occupation of Turkish territories in the aftermath of World War I.

18.2. Greek Offensive (Greco-Turkish War)

Was a Greek offensive in Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War.

18.3. Greek Retreat after the Battle of Sakarya

Was the Greek reatreat after the battle of Sakarya during the Greco-Turkish War.

18.4. Turkish counter-attack (Greco-Turkish War)

Was a Turkish offensive against the Greek army during the Greco-Turkish War.

19. Aftermath of World War I in Pokuttya

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in the Pokuttya region.

May 1919: During the interwar period, Romania was Poland's main ally in Eastern Europe. To actively cooperate, governments in Bucharest and Warsaw emphasized the necessity of a shared border. The proposal was accepted by the Polish leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and on May 24, 1919 by the Romanian Army. Infantry Division, led by General Iacob Zadik, entered Pokuttya. After three days, the Romanians met the Poles in the area of Kalusz. As the Polish Army was involved in other conflicts (chiefly with the Soviets), the Romanians stayed in Pokuttya until late August 1919.
August 1919: In late summer of 1919 Polish troops entered Pokuttya (see Polish-Ukrainian War) and the Romanians withdrew to their country.

20. Aftermath of World War I in Hungary

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Hungary.

August 1919: The Hungarian Soviet Republic ended when Hungarians sent representatives to negotiate their surrender to the Romanian forces.
February 1920: On 29 February 1920, the parliament restored the Hungarian monarchy, ending the republic, and in March, annulled both the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 and the Compromise of 1867. The parliament postponed electing a king until civil disorder had subsided. Former Austro-Hungarian admiral Miklós Horthy became regent, a position he would hold until 1944.

21. Sejny Uprising

Was a Polish uprising against the Lithuanian authorities in August 1919 in the ethnically mixed area surrounding the town of Sejny.

September 1919: After several military skirmishes, Polish forces secured Sejny and the Lithuanians retreated behind the Foch Line.

22. Treaty of St Germain

Was a treaty that settled the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I.

September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Romania with Poland.
September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).

23. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine

The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine established the border of Bulgaria with the Ottoman Empire.
November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

24. Territory of the Saar Basin

The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.

January 1920: The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
January 1920: The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
March 1935: After a plebiscite was held in 1935, the Territory of the Saar Basin was returned to Germany.

July 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) marked the end of the Turkish War of Independence. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of Turkey over its territory, including the zone of the straits.
July 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) marked the end of the Turkish War of Independence. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of Turkey over its territory, including the zone of the straits.

Selected Sources

Ahmet N.O. (1986): Kula, Katakekaumene (Yanık yöre): 2000 yıl önce Strabon'un adını koyduğu yöre, Öğrenci Basimevi, pp. 137-138.
Biermann, W. (2017): Konrad Adenauer: Ein Jahrhundertleben, Hamburg (Germany)
Lück, D. (1933): Rheinlandbesetzung. In: Nordrhein-Westfalen. Landesgeschichte im Lexikon, Düsseldorf (Germany), p. 341-343
Sayhan, M. (2006): Milli Mücadele'de Çivril, (1919-1922), Kitsan, pp. 15-18