World War I

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Chronology

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• January 1920: The Versailles Treaty decided that Germany had to cede all colonies and thus also Kiautschou. The area remained under Japanese administration until 1922.
• July 1914: Japanese occupation of German Jiaozhou Bay.

1. World War I African Theatre

Was the African Theatre of World War I.

• November 1918: The German leader in the African Great Lakes, Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck, did not surrender until notified about the Armistice of 11 November 1918 that ended the war.
• January 1917: The British incorporated Darfur into the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan in 1916.
• January 1917: During World War I, Belgian troops from the neighbouring Belgian Congo invaded actual Rwanda and Burundi and occupied it.

1.1. Somaliland campaign

Was a long guerrilla conflict which took place between 1900 and 1920 in the territories corresponding to present-day Somalia and in the border areas between Somalia and present-day Ethiopia. The Somali Islamist leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan succeeded in uniting various clans and tribes in his country in a unitary movement of opposition to Italian and British colonial rule.

• March 1905: On 5 March 1905, Dervish leader Abdullah Hassan signed a truce with the British and Ethiopians in Illig, promising to stop his attacks in exchange for the cession of the territory of Nogal.
• February 1913: After various raids, in June 1912 the Dervish Mullah moved further south and created an independent Somali national state. The core of his territory was protected by a chain of forts to the west, and went from Mount Shimbiris on the coast to the village of Gid Ali in the interior.
• September 1913: 60 mounted dervishes entered western Somaliland and sacked the town of Burrao.
• January 1904: British forces led by General Egerton invaded the Nogal valley and engaged the main Dervish army near the village of Gid Ali in combat on 10 January 1904, inflicting a crushing defeat.
• October 1913: 60 mounted dervishes entered western Somaliland and sacked the town of Burrao.
• May 1903: Italian forces moved into Gallacaio, however the Dervish forces managed to escape without losses in the direction of Gumburu and Ual Ual, in the Ogaden region.
• September 1902: In the summer of 1902, Dervish forces conquered the important city of Gallacaio.
• July 1903: The Dervishes bypassed the British line of resistance, and settled in the upper Nogal valley, conquering a region between British Somaliland and the Italian protectorate of Migiurtinia and equipped with an outlet to the sea at the small port of Illig.
• December 1920: On December 21, 1920 (the precise date is not clear) Abdullah Hassan, who was the leader of the Dervish movement, died after six days of illness (also unspecified, malaria or pneumonia). The Mullah's death effectively ended the Dervish Revolt.
• March 1915: The forces of Migiurtinia reoccupied the Nogal valley and then encroached on Somaliland as well.
• October 1908: The Dervishes resumed the conflict. A column invaded the Sultanate of Obbia and attacked the Mudugh region.
• August 1913: On 9 August 1913 a Dervish column engaged the only remaining British mobile force in the Somaliland Colony, Colonel Richard Corfield's Camel Constabluray, near Dul Madoba hill, destroying it.
• February 1920: The Dervish Mullah managed to fall back with a core of warriors on Taleh. A land assault was launched on 9 February.
• March 1915: In February 1915, an offensive by the reconstituted British Somaliland Camel Corps led to the capture of the Dervish fortifications set up on Mount Shimbiris and other minor positions, forcing the Mullah to withdraw his western line of resistance near his stronghold of Taleh.
• July 1913: In June 1913 a new Italian expedition led to the definitive defeat of the Dervish Bagheri forces and to the occupation in southern Somalia of several inland towns such as Bur Acaba, Baidoa and Bulo Burti, while further north troops of the Sultanate of Obbia reconquered Mudugh from the rebels.
• December 1911: The sultanates of Migiurtinia and Warsangali suspended the shipment of weapons and food to the dervishes, forcing the Mullah to abandon the valley of Nogal: in November 1911, 6,000 dervishes penetrated the southern regions of Somaliland, severely beating the Dhulbahante tribe and causing a vast exodus towards the cities of the coast.
• March 1912: Counterattack at the end of February 1912 when an Italian column occupied the Scidle region.

1.2. Zaian War

Was a war fought between France and the Zaian Confederation of Berber tribes in Morocco between 1914 and 1921 during the French conquest of Morocco.

1.2.1. Khenifra Conquest

Was the French conquest of Khenifra during the Zaian War.

1.2.2. 1917 Offensive (Zaian War)

Was the French offensive of 1917 during the Zaian War.

1.3. Togoland Campaign

Was a French and British invasion of the German colony of Togoland in West Africa, which began the West African campaign of the First World War.

• August 1914: The heaviest battle in Togo took place on August 22, 1914 near the Chra River. Due to the demoralized mercenaries and porters, and lack of ammunition, the position had to be evacuated by the Germans the following day.
• August 1914: A column under French Captain Marchand took Aneho.
• December 1916: Militarly occupied Togoland was divided into French and British administrative zones.
• August 1914: The French advanced to Porto Seguro and Togo.
• August 1914: German Togo was occupied by France and Great Britain at the beginning of WWI.
• August 1914: French and British forces arrived at Kamina. The German commander then surrendered on August 26, 1914.
• August 1914: Allied troops led by French General Joseph Gaudérique Aymerich occupied the capital Lomé in Togoland, a German colony.

1.4. East African campaign

Was a series of battles and guerrilla actions during World War I, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and Belgian Congo.

1.4.1. Fall of Taveta

Was the conquest of Taveta (Kenya) by German forces during World War I.

• August 1914: Taveta, a town on the British side of Kilimanjaro, was captured by two companies of Askari (German colonial troops) from German East Africa.

1.4.2. British Offensive (East African campaign)

Was the British offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.

• August 1916: British conquest of Morogoro.
• September 1916: British conquest of Kilwa and Lindi.
• March 1916: British conquest of Taveta.
• July 1916: British conquest of Mwanza.
• September 1916: British conquest of Dar-Es-Salaam.
• July 1916: British conquest of Bukoba.
• April 1916: British conquest of Arusha.
• April 1916: British conquest of Kondoa-Irangi.
• June 1916: British conquest of Handeni.
• August 1916: British conquest of Malangali.
• August 1916: British conquest of Dodoma, Kilosa.
• March 1916: British conquest of Moshi.
• August 1916: British conquest of Iringa.

1.4.3. Belgian Offensive (East Africa Campaign)

Was the Belgian offensive against German forces in the East Africa Campaign of World War I.

• September 1917: To prevent Belgian claims on German territory in a post-war settlement, South African military leader Jan Smuts ordered their forces to return to the Congo, leaving them as occupiers only in Rwanda and Burundi.
• October 1917: British conquest of Mahenge.
• May 1916: Belgian conquest of Kigali.
• September 1916: Belgian conquest of Tabora.
• August 1916: Belgian conquest of Ujiji.

1.4.4. German Invasion of Portuguese East Africa

Was the German invasion of Portuguese Mozambique during World War I.

• July 1918: German conquest of Namacurra.
• November 1917: German conquest of Ngomano.
• September 1918: German conquest of Numarroe.
• July 1918: German conquest of Namirrue.

1.4.5. British intervention in Portuguese East Africa

Was the British intervention in Portuguese Mozambique against German forces during World War I.

• July 1918: British conquest of Quelimane.
• July 1918: British conquest of Mozambique.
• May 1918: British conquest of Korewa.
• January 1918: British conquest of Port Amelia.
• April 1918: British conquest of Medo.

1.4.6. German Invasion of Rhodesia

Was the German invasion of Rhodesia during World War I.

• November 1918: On 13 November, two days after the Armistice was signed in France, the German Army took Kasama, which had been evacuated by the British.

1.4.7. Surrender of German East Africa

After the surrender of Germany in Europe, the troops of General Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa surrendered.

• November 1918: When German general Lettow-Vorbeck received a telegram announcing the signing of the armistice by Germany, he agreed to a cease-fire. He marched his force to Abercorn and formally surrendered to the Entente on 25 November 1918. All the territories occupied by German forces in eastern Africa were freed, and the German colonies occupied.

1.5. Kamerun Campaign

Took place in the German colony of Kamerun in the African theatre of the First World War when the British, French and Belgians invaded the German colony.

• April 1915: The French took over Lomié in 1915 when they defeated the German forces in southern Cameroon.
• March 1916: Provisional division of militarly occupied German Kamerun between France and the United Kingdom.
• December 1914: The northern runway in Nkongsamba was conquered by British units.
• March 1916: After the conquest of German Cameroon by French and British forces, part of the occupied territories was integrated into French Equatorial Africa.
• December 1914: Shortly before Christmas 1914, the French succeeded in taking the Molundu station (Cameroon).
• October 1914: Battle of Jabassi.
• November 1914: The French captured Edéa, Nola and Sanaga in October.
• August 1914: On August 25, 1914, after a brief skirmish, a British-Nigerian unit occupied the border town of Tepe in northern Cameroon.
• June 1915: On June 10, 1915, Garoua, a city in present-day Cameroon, was occupied by the British and French military forces.

1.5.1. Naval Operations

Naval operations during the Kamerun campaign of World War I.

• September 1914: French infantry landed at Ukoko and took the town shortly after fighting the German garrison there. Germany had effectively no control over the portion of Kamerun to the south of the Spanish colony of Rio Muni.
• September 1914: Around 1,000 British and French soldiers landed at Douala (Cameroon), occupying the port without resistance.
• October 1914: Allied forces landed at Bonaberi. After some fighting the town was surrendered and the German force retreated into the interior of the colony.

1.6. Senussi Campaign

The campaign was fought by the Kingdom of Italy and the British Empire during World War I against the Senussi, a religious order of Arabic nomads in Libya and Egypt.

• January 1915: In December 1914 all the Italian military garrisons in Fezzan were abandoned, including that of Brak where the forces had been concentrated before the retreat.

1.6.1. Band of oases

Was the theatre of war in the oases during the Senussi campaign.

• September 1914: Italian troops captured Ghat in August 1914.
• March 1916: By 19 March, Senussi defeats on the coast had lowered Senussi morale. The Senussi retired from Kharga of their own accord.
• December 1918: In 1918, the Senussi Campaign came to an end in Bani Walid, Libya. The campaign was a series of battles between the British Empire and the Senussi Order, led by Sayyid Idris. The territory of Bani Walid was left without a ruling entity after the conflict.
• February 1916: Egyptian patrols arrived in Siwa, entering unopposed, where the inhabitants appeared happy to be rid of the Senussi.
• February 1916: 500 Senussi occupied the oasis at Bahariya.
• February 1916: The oasis at Farafra was occupied by the Senussi.
• January 1915: In 1914, the Senussi, led by Sayyid Ahmed al-Sharif, prompted an uprising in Ghat and Ghadames, forcing the Italians out of the territory. The Senussi were a religious and political movement in Libya, seeking independence from Italian colonial rule.
• April 1915: Colonel Antonio Miani and force-marching from the Sirtica, was defeated by the Senussi at Gasr Bu Hadi.
• March 1916: The Italians re-captured Ghadames in February 1916.
• January 1917: In 1916, a Senussi contingent commanded by Ramadan al-Shtaiwi invaded Tripolitania. The Senussi routed a Bedouin group led by Sayed Safi al-Din at Bani Walid.
• February 1916: The Senussi moved on to the oasis at Dakhla.
• March 1916: Garrisons were installed at Dakhla and Bahariya and civilian government resumed. By the end of March, the oasis and its 20,000 occupants had been cleared of the Senussi.
• June 1915: The Italians abandoned Bu Njem.
• December 1916: In November a British expedition to Farafra took more prisoners.
• June 1915: The Senussi Revolt spreads in Bu Njem, Egypt.

1.6.2. Coast Theatre of War (Senussi War)

Was the theatre of war on the coast during the Senussi campaign.

• January 1916: An Egyptian column reached Baqqush late on 13 January.
• March 1916: A British infantry column reached Buq Buq on 11 March,.
• March 1916: The British cavalry reached Alem abu Sheiba.
• March 1916: British forces advanced to Bir Tegdida.
• March 1916: The Senuss fled into the desert, leaving Sollum to British forces.
• March 1916: A British infantry column reached Augerin and armoured cars occupied the Median and Eragib passes.
• February 1916: An Egyptian column attacked the Senussi and captured Jaafar Pasha, commander of the Senussi forces on the coast.
• February 1916: British commander Lukin advanced to Sidi Barrani and entered unopposed.
• January 1916: The British Western Frontier Force advanced on 22 January to Bir Shola.

1.7. Maritz Rebellion

Was an armed insurrection in South Africa in 1914, at the start of World War I. It was led by Boers who supported the re-establishment of the South African Republic in the Transvaal.

• September 1914: General Maritz decided to ally with the Germans and proclaimed the establishment of the provisional government of the Boer Republic of South Africa. Soon after Maritz occupied Keimoes and the Upington area.
• September 1914: 15/9 - 24/10: General De Wet's Lydenburg commando took possession of the city of Heilbron [...] On 24 October, General Maritz was defeated and was forced to flee to German Africa.

1.8. German campaign in Angola

German and Portuguese troops clashed several times on the border between German South West Africa and Portuguese Angola.

• December 1914: After the explosion of the munitions magazine at Forte Roçadas base, the Portuguese also left the Humbe to the German army, withdrawing farther north.
• July 1915: Portuguese forces under the command of General Pereira d'Eça reoccupied the Humbe region.
• December 1914: On 18 December the largest clash of the German campaign in Angola occurred. A German force of 2,000 men under the command of Major Victor Franke attacked Portuguese forces positioned at Naulila. After stubborn resistance, the Portuguese were forced to withdraw towards the Humbe region.

1.9. Chilembwe uprising

Was a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland (modern-day Malawi) which took place in January 1915.

• January 1915: January 23-26: a rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland.
• February 1915: A rebellion against British colonial rule in Nyasaland.

1.10. South West Africa campaign

Was the conquest and occupation of German South West Africa by forces from the Union of South Africa during World War I.

• July 1915: The German forces in South West Africa surrendered at Khorab on 9 July 1915.
• April 1915: South African conquest of Warmbad.
• June 1915: South African conquest of Omaruru.
• February 1915: The South Africans successfully defended the fords at Kakamas against the Germans. This prevented the Germans from crossing the river and gaining control of the territory.
• July 1915: Battle of Otavi.
• April 1915: South African conquest of Gibeon.
• February 1915: Battle of Kakamas: To disrupt South African plans to invade South West Africa, the Germans launched a pre-emptive invasion of their own.
• May 1915: South African Prime Minister Louis Botha, who did also command the northern forces of South Africa at the time, advanced from Swakopmund along the Swakop valley with its railway line. His forces took Otjimbingwe, Karibib, Friedrichsfelde, Wilhelmsthal and Okahandja and entered the capital of Southwest Africa, Windhuk, on 5 May 1915.
• April 1915: South African conquest of Keetmannshoop.

1.11. Bussa rebellion (Nigeria)

A small insurrection in the town of Bussa against the policy of indirect rule in British-controlled Nigeria in June 1915.

• July 1915: A small insurrection in the town of Bussa against the policy of indirect rule in British-controlled Nigeria in June 1915.

1.12. Volta-Bani War

Was an anti-colonial rebellion which took place in French West Africa (specifically, the areas of modern Burkina Faso and Mali).

• December 1915: Anti-colonial rebellion which took place in French West Africa (specifically, the areas of modern Burkina Faso and Mali) between 1915 and 1917.

1.13. Kaocen Revolt

A Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule of the area around the Aïr Mountains of northern Niger.

• January 1916: 1916-1917: a Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule of the area around the Aïr Mountains of northern Niger.
• December 1916: Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule of the area around the Aïr Mountains of northern Niger during 1916–17. (17 december 1916 - on 3 March 1917).

1.14. Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition

Was a military operation by the British Empire and the Sultanate of Egypt, launched as a preemptive invasion of the Sultanate of Darfur.

• April 1916: In 1916, during World War I, the Anglo-Egyptian force led by British General Reginald Wingate and Egyptian General Ahmed Sharif captured the territory of Burush from the Ottoman Empire. The force included two mounted infantry companies, artillery pieces, Maxim machine guns, and the 13th Sudanese Battalion companies.
• April 1916: British forces continued their advance towards Um Kedada.
• October 1916: British forces reached Dibbis on 13 October.
• August 1916: British troops led by officer Kelly occupied Kebkebia, 130 km west of El Fasher.
• May 1916: The British army led by Lieutenant Colonel Philip Kelly reached the village of Meliat.
• March 1916: Um Shanga, a village in Sudan, was occupied by British forces.
• April 1916: 200 men belonging to the Kababish tribe (loyal to the British) occupied Jebel Meidob.
• May 1916: British mounted troops entered the capital of Darfur, finding it deserted except for some women. Sultan Ali Dinar had left El Fasher accompanied by 2,000 troops.
• November 1916: Dinar (the sultan of Darfur), avoiding battle, fled to Jebel Juba. British Major Huddleston reached Dinar's camp on 6 November and opened fire at a range of 460 m. The Fur troops fled, followed by Huddleston's force, around 1.6 km from the Fur camp. Huddleston's troops discovered the body of Dinar shot through the head. This was the end of the Sultanate of Darfur.
• April 1916: On 8 April, the Anglo-Egyptian reconnaissance continued, reaching Abiad early the next day only to find that the Fur troops had left the previous evening.
• November 1916: In 1916, Reverend Trevor Huddleston led the military occupation of Kulme in present-day Namibia. The village was taken over by Great Britain as part of their military campaign in the region during World War I.

1.15. Makonbe uprising

In March 1917 the Makonbe people achieved a measure of social unity, rebelled against the Portuguese colonialists in Zambezia province of Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique) and defeated the colonial regime. the Portuguese quashed the rebellion by the end of the year.

• April 1917: In March 1917 the Makonbe people achieved a measure of social unity, rebelled against the Portuguese colonialists in Zambezia province of Portuguese East Africa and defeated the colonial regime. the Portuguese quashed the rebellion by the end of the year.

1.16. Barue uprising

Was an uprising in 1917 during World War I in Portuguese Mozambique.

• April 1917: In March 1917, the population rebelled. In May the Portuguese began to suppress the rebels by butchering thousands of people, enslaving women and plundering territory. The rebels held out into November.

1.17. Adubi War

Was a conflict in June and July 1918 in the British Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria ostensibly because of the imposition of colonial taxation.

• June 1918: 13 June - 10 July The Adubi War (known locally as Ogun Adubi or Egba Uprising) was a conflict in June and July 1918 in the British Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria ostensibly because of the imposition of colonial taxation.

2. World War I Balkan Theatre

Was the theatre of war in the Balkan Peninsula during World War I.

2.1. Albania during World War I

Albanian theatre of World War I.

• January 1917: Austria-Hungary used the French precedent in Korçë to justify the proclamation of the independence of Albania under its protectorate on January 3, 1917 in Shkodër.

2.1.1. Collapse of Albania

Invasion of Albania by the central powers during World War I.

2.2. Serbia during World War I

Serbian theatre of World War I.

2.2.1. Invasion of Serbia

Invasion of Serbia by the Central Powers during World War I.

2.3. Montenegro during World War I

Montenegrin theatre of World War I.

2.3.1. Invasion of Montenegro

Invasion fo Montenegro by the Central Powers during World War I.

2.4. Liberation of the Balkan States

Was the liberation of the Balkan states from the Central Powers during World War I.

• November 1918: The Serbian army reached the border with Bosnia-Hercegovina at Dobor Pole.
• November 1918: After a last skirmish, the Austro-Hungarian occupation force evacuated Montenegro.
• October 1918: Colonel Dragutin Milutinović led a Serbian force, the "Scutari Troops" (later "Adriatic Troops"), northwest through Albania aiming to liberate Montenegro. This force arrived in Podgorica on 31 October.
• October 1918: The 2nd Serbian Army under Stepa Stepanovic, with French forces, advanced northwest towards Kosovo. Pristina was liberated by the 11th French Colonial Division on 10 October.
• September 1918: Serbian and French forces liberated Skopje.
• November 1918: Austro-Hungarian forces in Albania surrendered.
• October 1918: From the east the French 11th Colonial Division, 30th Division, Italian 35th Division and Greek 3rd and 4th Divisions entered Albania, liberating Elbasan on 8 October.
• October 1918: Peć conquered by Kingdom of Serbia.
• October 1918: The Italian 16th Army corps (CSIO) and the French 57th division advanced northward, liberating Berat on 1 October.
• October 1918: Vranje was liberated on 5 October.
• October 1918: Niš conquered by Kingdom of Serbia.
• October 1918: Shkodër conquered by Principality of Albania.
• October 1918: Durrës conquered by Principality of Albania.
• November 1918: Belgrade conquered by Kingdom of Serbia.

3. World War I western Front

Was the theatre of war in western Europe during World War I.

• June 1915: Second Battle of Artois: the French were driven back after a few days, due to the very intense reaction of the German artillery and infantry.
• June 1917: Battle of Messines (1917).
• July 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
• September 1916: Advancement of the French forces up to 15 september.
• May 1915: Second Battle of Artois: After the initial disbandment the Germans concentrated their reserves on 140m altitude and repulsed the attack.
• February 1916: Battle of Verdun: The Germans took Fort Douaumont and then French reinforcements halted the German advance by 28 February.
• July 1916: Advancement of the French up to July 14.
• May 1917: The Nivelle Offensive was a failed military operation led by French General Robert Nivelle during World War I. It took place in 1917 in the region of Chemin des Dames in France. The offensive resulted in heavy casualties and led to widespread mutinies within the French army.
• June 1916: The German advance was contained on 23 June.
• April 1917: The Nivelle Offensive was a failed military operation led by French General Robert Nivelle during World War I. It took place in 1917 in the region of Chemin des Dames in France. The offensive resulted in heavy casualties and led to widespread mutinies within the French army.
• May 1915: With the Second Battle of Artois, Ablain-Saint-Nazaire is freed by French forces.
• December 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
• July 1916: On 1 July, after a week of heavy rain, British divisions in Picardy began the Battle of the Somme with the Battle of Albert, supported by five French divisions on their right flank. The attack had been preceded by seven days of heavy artillery bombardment. The experienced French forces were successful in advancing but the British artillery cover had neither blasted away barbed wire, nor destroyed German trenches as effectively as was planned.
• September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: French XXXIII and XXI Corps had taken the town of Souchez.
• May 1915: Second Battle of Artois: On 9 May, five French corps had attacked two German divisions on a 25 km front and advanced 4 km on the front of the 5th Bavarian Reserve Division between the Lorette Spur and La Targette. The 77th Division and the DM of XXXIII Corps penetrated between Carency and Neuville.
• November 1916: The final phase of the battle took place in October and early November, again producing limited gains with heavy loss of life. All told, the Somme battle had made penetrations of only 8 kilometres and failed to reach the original objectives. The advancement showed on map are up to november.
• September 1917: Battle of Passchendaele.
• April 1917: French advancement after the Battles of Arras and of Vimy Ridge.
• April 1917: The French Third Army in the centre advanced astride the Scarpe River and in the south, the British Fifth Army attacked the Hindenburg Line but made few gains. The British armies then conducted smaller attacks to consolidate the new positions.
• March 1917: The German retirement took place between 9 February and 20 March 1917, after months of preparation. The German retreat shortened the Western front by 40 km.
• January 1917: By December 1916 the French had pushed the Germans back 2.1 km from Fort Douaumont.
• June 1916: The Germans captured Fort Vaux on 7 June.
• November 1917: Battle of Cambrai:On 20 November the British launched the first massed tank attack and the first attack using predicted artillery-fire. he attack was a great success for the British, who penetrated further in six hours than at the Third Ypres in four month.
• March 1917: During the Somme battle and through the winter months, the Germans created a fortification behind the Noyon Salient that would be called the Hindenburg Line. During the German withdrawal, the British Third Army and Fifth Army followed up and conducted the Capture of Bapaume, 17 March 1917.
• April 1917: Battle of Arras: initial French advancement.
• May 1916: The Germans turned their focus to Le Mort Homme. After some of the most intense fighting of the campaign, the hill was taken by the Germans in late May. On 24 May, the Germans took the second summit, Côte 295.
• June 1915: During the First World War, Neutral Moresnet was annexed by Germany.
• March 1917: The French took Péronne.
• December 1917: Battle of Cambrai: The advance produced an awkward salient and a surprise German counter-offensive began on 30 November, which drove back the British in the south and failed in the north.
• September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: French III and XII Corps proceeded slowly and with little progress southeast of Neuville-Saint-Vaast.
• June 1915: Second Battle of Artois: Neuville is freed by French forces.
• May 1915: Second battle of Artois: the French army conquered Carency.
• September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: Battle of Loos: The British were able to break through the weaker German defences and capture the village of Loos-en-Gohelle, mainly due to numerical superiority.
• December 1916: The French recaptured Fort Vaux in November.
• June 1916: With the aid of diphosgene gas, the Germans came within 1 km of the last ridge before Verdun.
• September 1915: Third Battle of Artois: In very wet weather the French Tenth Army captured Vimy Ridge, except for the highest point, where German counter-attacks retook the ground from XXXIII Corps.
• November 1917: Battle of Passchendaele: The Canadian Corps relieved the II ANZAC Corps and took the village of Passchendaele on 6 November.
• June 1917: Battle of Messines (1917).

3.1. Occupation of Luxembourg

Was the German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I.

• August 1914: On 2 August, Germany occupied Luxembourg.

3.2. German Offensive in Flanders (World War I)

Was the German offensive in the Flanders at the beginning of World War I.

• August 1914: The First and Second Armies, led by French generals Joseph Joffre and Auguste Dubail, attacked towards Sarrebourg-Morhange in Lorraine, which was then under German control. The battle resulted in the territory being occupied by France.
• September 1914: The German Army came within 70 km of Paris but at the First Battle of the Marne (6-12 September).
• August 1914: Siege of Maubeuge.
• September 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Mericourt.
• August 1914: The French occupied Mulhouse on 8 August.
• October 1914: Germans take Antwerp.
• August 1914: French forces captured Mulhouse, a city in Alsace, from the German Empire. However, they were later forced out by German counter-attacks led by General August von Mackensen and Crown Prince Wilhelm.
• August 1914: The Belgian capital, Brussels, fall to the Germans.
• August 1914: Battle of Charleroi.
• October 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Ypres and Baielleul.
• August 1914: Armies under German generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bülow attacked Belgium on 4 August 1914 and occupied Liege.
• August 1914: German siege at Namur that lasted from about 20-23 August.
• August 1914: Battle of Mons.
• October 1914: Changes of the Western front by 8 October 1914.
• August 1914: The first battle in Belgium was the Siege of Liège, which lasted from 5-16 August.
• August 1914: Battle of St. Quentin.
• September 1914: The opposing forces in Western Europe made reciprocal outflanking manoeuvres, known as the Race for the Sea and quickly extended their trench systems from the Swiss frontier to the North Sea.
• October 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Bapaume.
• May 1915: Second Battle of Ypres: by the end of the battle the Ypres salient was compressed, with Ypres closer to the line.
• September 1914: Race for the Sea: German forces arrive in Ham.

3.3. German spring offensive

Was a series of German attacks along the Western Front during the First World War, beginning on 21 March 1918. Following American entry into the war in April 1917, the Germans decided that their only remaining chance of victory was to defeat the Allies before the United States could ship soldiers across the Atlantic and fully deploy its resources.

• April 1918: The Lys Offensive was a major German attack on the Western Front during World War I in April 1918. The Germans managed to penetrate Allied lines to a depth of 9.3 mi (15 km).
• March 1918: Somme Offensive.
• April 1918: Somme Offensive.
• July 1918: Champagne-Marne Offensive.
• March 1918: Somme Offensive.
• March 1918: Somme Offensive.
• March 1918: Somme Offensive.
• March 1918: Somme Offensive.
• June 1918: Noyon-Montdidier Offensive.
• June 1918: Aisne Offensive.
• March 1918: Somme Offensive.
• March 1918: Somme Offensive.

3.4. Second Battle of the Marne

Was the last major German offensive on the Western Front during the First World War.

• August 1918: Second Battle of the Marne.
• July 1918: Second Battle of the Marne.
• July 1918: Second Battle of the Marne.
• July 1918: Second Battle of the Marne.

3.5. Hundred Days Offensive

Was a series of massive Allied offensives that led to the collapse of the Western Front and of the German Empire.

• October 1918: Courtrai is liberated by the British Second Army.
• November 1918: Entente advance in central Europe by 11 November 1918.
• August 1918: Allied advancement up to 30 August.
• August 1918: Second Battle of the Somme: Bapaume fell to the French on 29 August.
• October 1918: Battle of Cambrai.
• September 1918: Havrincourt and St Mihiel conquered by French Third Republic.
• September 1918: Allied advancement up to 25 September.
• August 1918: Battle of Amiens (1918).
• September 1918: Avancement up to 25 September.
• October 1918: The British arrived in Roubaix.
• August 1918: Battle of Amiens (1918).
• September 1918: The Germans had been forced back to the Hindenburg Line.
• August 1918: Second Battle of the Somme: Albert was captured by the French on 22 August.

4. World War I eastern Front

Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.

• December 1917: With the fall of Nicholas II, many parts of the Russian Empire took the opportunity to declare their independence, one of which was Finland, which did so in December 1917.
• February 1918: The Soviet Republic of Naissaar was occupied by German forces.
• February 1918: The Council of Lithuania declared Lithuania's independence on February 16, 1918. The country was de facto occupied by German troops all the time.
• November 1918: On 4 June 1918, the Lithuanian parlament voted to offer the Lithuanian throne to the German noble Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach. He accepted the offer in July 1918 and took the regnal name Mindaugas II. However, the Kingdom of Lithuania was officially dissolved in November 1918.
• February 1915: Russian advancement on the Eastern front by 7th February.
• January 1918: Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, Estonia declared independence. However, German forces occupied the territory shortly after, with General Rüdiger von der Goltz leading the military administration.
• September 1917: The Germans attacked and captured Riga.
• January 1916: During the first year of the war, German and Austrian troops quickly conquered the Russian Vistula Land, the former Congress Poland, and in 1915, divided its administration between a German Governor General in Warsaw and an Austrian counterpart in Lublin.

4.1. Russian invasion of East Prussia

Was the Russian invasion of East Prussia in the early phases of World War I.

• August 1914: The Russians entered East Prussia on 7-9 August.
• August 1914: Movement of Russian troops during the Battle of Tannenberg.
• September 1914: The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1914 was a significant military engagement during World War I. It was led by German generals Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, resulting in a decisive victory over the Russian forces and pushing them out of East Prussia.
• September 1914: The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1914 was a significant military engagement during World War I. It was led by German generals Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, resulting in a decisive victory over the Russian forces and pushing them out of East Prussia.
• September 1914: The First Battle of the Masurian Lakes in 1914 was a significant military engagement during World War I. It was led by German generals Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff, resulting in a decisive victory over the Russian forces and pushing them out of East Prussia.
• August 1914: The Battle of Gumbinnen, started by the Germans, was the first major offensive on the Eastern Front during the First World War.
• August 1914: Battle of Stallupönen, fought between Russian and German armies on 17 August 1914, was the opening battle of World War I on the Eastern Front.
• September 1914: Part of Russia on the border with East Prussia invaded by German forces.

4.2. Battle of Galicia

Was a major battle between Russia and Austria-Hungary during the early stages of World War I. The Austro-Hungarian armies were severely defeated and forced out of Galicia.

• August 1914: Battle of Gnila Lipa won by Russia.
• August 1914: Battle of Komarow.
• August 1914: The Austro-Hungarian 1st Army under Viktor Dankl moved in the north towards Lublin. Battle of Kraśnik.
• September 1914: Avancement into Galica by Russia.
• November 1914: Front at the Battle of Lodz.
• December 1914: After the battle of Lodz in 1914, the Eastern Front of World War I stabilized between the cities of Lodz and Warsaw.
• September 1914: Battle of Rawa won by Russia.

4.3. Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes

Was the northern part of the Central Powers' offensive on the Eastern Front in the winter of 1915.

• February 1915: German advance in Prussia with the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.
• February 1915: German advance in Prussia with the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.
• February 1915: German advance in Prussia with the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes.

4.4. Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive

The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.

• September 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
• May 1915: The Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive during World War I was initially conceived as a minor German offensive to relieve Russian pressure on the Austro-Hungarians to their south on the Eastern Front, but resulted in the Central Powers' chief offensive effort of 1915, causing the total collapse of the Russian lines and their retreat far into Russia.
• July 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
• August 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
• June 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.
• June 1915: The Russians abandoned Galicia.
• June 1915: Border changes during the Gorlice-Tarnów Offensive.

4.5. Brusilov Offensive

Was a major Russian offensive against the Central Powers during World War I.

• July 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
• June 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
• September 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.
• June 1916: Russian conquests of the Brusilov Offensive.

4.6. Romania during World War I

Romanian theatre of World War I.

• May 1918: Romania signed a formal peace treaty with the Central Powers, the Treaty of Bucharest of 1918. Romania ceded the Carpathian mountain passes to Austria-Hungary. The central powers evacuated the remnant territories of Romania.
• November 1918: On November 10 Romania declared war once again to the Central Powers.
• May 1918: Dobruja falls under the administration of the Central Powers.
• February 1917: With the Romanian Army in full control, on 24 January/6 February, the Moldavian Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence.
• May 1918: Everything below Constanța was annexed by Bulgaria.

4.6.1. Battle of Transylvania

Was the first major operation of Romania against Austria-Hungary during World War I.

4.6.2. Counteroffensive of the Central Powers in Romania

Was a counteroffensive of the Central Powers in Romania.

4.6.3. Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia

Was a Romanian intervention in Bessarabia during the Russian Civl War.

4.7. Kerensky Offensive

Was the last Russian offensive of World War I. Starting on July 1, 1917 the Russian troops attacked the Austro-Germans in Galicia, pushing toward Lviv.

• July 1917: The Russians retreated about 240 kilometers in the territory of modern-day Ukraine.
• July 1917: In the last Russian offensive of World War I, the Russian troops attacked the Austro-Germans in Galicia, pushing toward Lviv.
• July 1917: The Russian line collapsed altogether by July 16. On the 18th the Austro-Germans counterattacked, meeting little resistance and advancing through Galicia and Ukraine until the Zbruch River.

4.8. Operation Faustschlag

Was a Central Powers offensive in World War I. It was the last major action on the Eastern Front. The northern force, consisting of 16 divisions, captured the key Daugavpils junction on the first day.

• February 1918: Daugavpils conquered by Austrian and German forces.
• February 1918: Minsk was captured by the Central Powers together with the headquarters of the Western Army Group.
• February 1918: The Southern forces broke through the remains of the Russian Southwestern Army Group, capturing Zhitomir on 24 February.
• February 1918: The Central Powers captured Pskov and secured Narva.
• February 1918: The northern force, consisting of 16 divisions, captured the key Daugavpils junction.

4.9. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Brest Peace in Russia) was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

• March 1918: The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.
• March 1918: Ukraine signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk to obtain military help from the German and Austro-Hungarian Empires. Germany helped the Ukrainian Army force the Bolsheviks out of Ukraine. By April the German-Austrian Operation Faustschlag offensive had completely removed the Bolsheviks from Ukraine. Thus Germany was able to made entire Ukraine a protectorate.
• March 1918: On March 3, the Ottoman Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
• March 1918: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declared independence as the Transcaucasian Commissariat.

4.9.1. Consequences of Brest-Litovsk Treaty in Latvia

Was the reorganization of Latvia after the Brest-Litovsk Treaty.

4.10. White Russia administrative changes

Where the administrative changes of Belarus during World War I and the Russian Civil War.

• March 1918: The Belarusian People's Republic was declared on March 9, 1918, in Minsk, by the members of the Executive Committee of the First All-Belarusian Congress, and two weeks later, on March 25, 1918, it proclaimed independence.
• July 1920: The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed on July 31st, 1920 in the parts of Belarus controlled by the Soviets.
• January 1919: With the founding of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) on January 1, 1919, the Belarusian People's Republic lost importance and the government went into exile.

5. World War I Pacific Theatre

Was the Pacific theatre of World War I.

• September 1914: German forces in Kaiserwilhelmsland, Bismarck Archipelago, and North Solomon surrendered to British forces. This marked the end of German colonial rule in the region, which was then transferred to the Territory of New Guinea.
• September 1914: Battle of Bita Paka.
• August 1914: At the behest of the United Kingdom the colony of German Samoa was invaded unopposed by troops of the Samoa Expeditionary Force.
• October 1914: Japanese occupation of the Marshall islands.
• October 1914: During World War I, the Japanese Empire annexed Palau after seizing it from Germany in 1914.
• November 1914: The last German Pacific colony, the island of Nauru, surrendered to the Australians on November 14, 1914.
• September 1914: Siege of Toma ending with German Governor Eduard Haber's surrender of the entire colony of New Guinea to the British.
• October 1914: Japanese occupation of the Northern Mariana islands.
• October 1914: Japanese occupation of the islands of modern-day Micronesia.

6. World War I Middle East Theatre

Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.

• October 1918: Following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Imam Yahya Muhammad of the al-Qasimi dynasty declared northern Yemen an independent sovereign state.
• January 1916: By 1915, with the first world war in full swing, Al Idrisi established contacts with the British through its administration in Aden. With the new connections, the Idrisids occupied over the Farasan Islands, and later parts of Northern Tihamah and Al Luḩayyah.

6.1. Caucasus campaign (World War I)

Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.

6.1.1. Russian Conquest of Armenia

Was the Russin offensive in Armenia during World War I.

• December 1914: At the Battle of Ardahan, the city was captured by the Turks.
• April 1915: The Russians were holding the towns of Eleşkirt, Ağrı and Doğubeyazıt in the south.
• November 1917: The Transcaucasian Commissariat was established at Tbilisi on 11 November 1917, as the first government of the independent Transcaucasia following the October Revolution in Petrograd.
• November 1914: Russian forces reached Köprüköy on November 4.
• July 1916: On July 2, Erzincan was captured by Russina forces.
• January 1916: The Battle of Koprukoy in 1916 occurred when the Russians were advancing to Erzurum.
• November 1914: By the end of November, the front had stabilized, with the Russians clinging to a salient 25 kilometers into the Ottoman Empire along the Erzurum-Sarikamish axis.
• April 1916: Ottoman forces retreated from Trabzon, and on April 15 the city was taken without a fight by the Russian Caucasus Army.
• April 1915: Self-defensive measure by the Armenian population of Van against the Ottoman Empire. Armenian forces fought against the attempts to massacre the Armenian population in the Van Vilayet.
• November 1914: Armenian volunteers were took Karaköse and Doğubeyazıt.
• November 1914: The Ottoman 3rd Infantry Regiment invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
• August 1916: Russian units pushed the Ottoman 2nd Army deep into Anatolia and defeated the Turks in the Battles of Mush and Bitlis (March 2 - August 24).
• November 1914: The 3rd Infantry Regiment, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, invaded Köprüköy during the Azap Offensive in November 1914, securing the territory for the Ottoman Empire.
• February 1916: Ottoman Mahmut Kamil was forced to order the 3rd Army to retreat from the Erzurum, as Russian Yudenich had a numerical advantage over the Ottoman army.
• May 1915: Russian forces entered the town of Van.

6.1.2. Ottoman offensive (Caucasus campaign)

Was the Ottoman military offensive during the Caucasus campaign of World War I.

• March 1918: On March 3, the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
• February 1918: Erzincan conquered by Ottoman Empire.
• February 1918: The Black Sea port of Trabzon was reconquered by Turkish forces on February 24.
• March 1918: By March 24 the Ottoman forces had crossed the 1914 frontier into what had been Russian Empire territory, occupying parts of Armenia.
• February 1918: Bayburt conquered by Ottoman Empire.
• February 1918: The Bolshevik revolution left Russia's vast southern territories unguarded. The Ottoman forces moved through east of the line between Tirebolu and Bitlis and took Kelkit on February 7.
• March 1918: Manzikert, Hınıs, Oltu, Köprüköy and Tortum conquered by Ottoman Empire.
• February 1918: Tercan conquered by Ottoman Empire.

6.1.3. Transcaucasian Front of World War I

Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.

• May 1918: Georgia withdrew from the federation and declared itself a separate republic, encouraged by the German mission led by Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein and Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg.
• October 1918: By September 1918, the Ottomans consolidated their control over northern Persia, between Tabriz and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.
• April 1918: Surrender of the city of Kars to the Ottoman army.
• May 1918: The First Republic of Armenia declared its independence.
• May 1918: The Treaty of Poti was a provisional agreement between the German Empire and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in which the latter accepted German protection and recognition.
• December 1918: The German protectorate in Georgia ended due to the military defeat of Germany in November 1918.
• April 1918: The Ottomans with 10,000-12,000 troops captured the port of Batumi.

6.2. Capture of Cheikh Saïd

Capture of Cheikh Saïd by British forces during World War I.

• November 1914: British forces captured Cheikh Saïd.

6.3. Mesopotamian campaign

Was a military operation by the British Empire to conquer Ottoman-held Mesopotamia.

• March 1916: By early March 1916, the British were at the outskirts of Baghdad.
• November 1916: The British ended up retreating from the battlefield of Ctesiphon.
• November 1918: British troops led by general Cobbe marched unopposed into the city of Mosul on the 14 November 1918.
• May 1918: Najaf is besieged by Great Britain.
• December 1914: The British forces defeated the Ottomans at the Battle of Qurna and occupied the city.
• January 1917: The British occupied Kut.
• July 1915: In July 1915, a force led by General George Frederick Gorringe, a British Army officer, captured the city of Nasiriyah in present-day Iraq.
• March 1918: An uprising began when Captain Marshall was murdered in the citadel of Najaf.
• April 1917: British forces captured Hīt and Khan al Baghdadi in March.
• December 1914: At the Battle of Qurna they succeeded in capturing Subhi Bey.
• March 1916: On 11 March 1917, the British entered Baghdad.
• November 1916: The British Indian Expeditionary led by Charles Townshend arrived at Ctesiphon where an inconclusive battle took place.
• November 1914: The British occupied the city of Basra .
• May 1917: Kifri conquered by great britain.

6.4. Persian Campaign

Was a series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire, British Empire and Russian Empire in Iran during World War I.

• August 1915: During July 1915, Russian forces were forced into a general retreat across the Caucasus area, with one column of Russians retreating as far as the Persian frontier.
• March 1916: Kharind conquered by russia.
• March 1915: The Van Gendarmerie Division retreated to Qotur.
• February 1916: In 1916, during World War I, General Nikolai Baratov led Russian forces to capture the city of Kermanshah in Persia (modern-day Iran).
• December 1915: The Russians advanced against the Gendarmerie forces both in the Robatkarim region, where the forces were commanded by Mohammad Hossein Jahanbani, and along the road linking the Hamadan and Kermanshah regions, where the Gendarmerie forces were commanded by Major Pesyan and Azizollah Zarghami. The gendarmes, having been defeated, retreated to Kermanshah.
• July 1916: In northern Persia, the Ottoman 6th Division arrived as reinforcements. Ali İhsan Bey captured Khermanshah on 2 July.
• October 1918: By September 1918, the Ottomans consolidated their control over northern Persia, between Tabriz and the southern shores of the Caspian Sea.
• June 1916: On June 12, British soldiers advanced into southern Persia, which was conquered with the capture of Kerman by Percy Sykes' troops.
• December 1915: Hamadan was captured by the troops of General Baratov.
• February 1916: On February 26, 1916, the Russians defeated the Ottoman gendarmes, who were forced to retreat to Qasr-e-Shirin province.
• September 1915: In August 1915, following the occupation of Bushehr by the British, the gendarmes under Akhgar's control retreated to Borazjan.
• June 1918: After the revolution, the Russian troops in Persia were routed and Turkey decided to reconquer these regions. On June 8, 1918, the Ottoman IV Corps entered Tabriz.
• January 1917: In December 1916, Baratov began moving towards the cities of Qom and Hamadan, to eliminate the Persian and Turkish forces there. In the same month the cities were conquered.
• April 1915: Dilman was the site of a very hard battle between the Armenians and the Turks.
• August 1918: During July 1918, the British army occupied a large portion of Mesopotamia, as well as a large part of Persian Azerbaijan.
• June 1918: The town of Dilman was captured by Ottoman forces on June 18.
• November 1915: By the end of the month, Tehran fell to the Russian Caucasus Army and Armenian volunteers.
• July 1918: In southern Persia, Urmia fell to the hands of the Ottoman IV Corps.
• November 1915: On November 10, the Gendarmerie forces, led by Ali Quli Khan Pasyan, defeated the tribal forces of the Khamseh (allies of the British), which were commanded by Ibrahim Khan Qavam-ul-Mulk, and captured Shiraz.
• April 1915: After the battle of Dilman in 1915, General Nazarbekov of the Russian Empire managed to push Ottoman General Halil Pasha's troops towards Başkale, a town located in present-day Turkey.
• August 1916: Turkish forces took Hamadan.
• December 1915: In November 1915, Major Pesyan, commander of the Gendarmerie in Hamedan, launched an attack on the pro-Russian Persian Cossack Brigade in a battle that later took the battle name of Musalla. His gendarmes managed to disarm the enemies and he, with a patriotic speech, managed to convince some of them to go over to their side.
• March 1915: The Russians evacuated the city of Dilman.
• June 1916: In May 1916 Qasr-e-Shirin province also fell into Russian hands.

6.4.1. Ottoman campaign in Persia during World War I

Were minor conquests of the Ottomans in Persia during World War I.

• December 1914: The Ottoman Van Jandarma Division occupied the city of Qotur.
• January 1915: Urmia, a city in northwestern Iran, was captured by a volunteer detachment led by Omer Naci Bey, who was sent by Talat Pasha of the Ottoman Empire on a special mission.
• January 1915: The "Mosul Group" commanded by Omer Fevzi Bey entered Tabriz, without facing much resistance.
• January 1915: During World War I, Russian General Chernozubov led the force that recaptured Tabriz from Ottoman forces in 1915.

6.5. Sinai and Palestine campaign

Was a campaign fought by the Arab Revolt and the British Empire, against the Ottoman Empire and its Imperial German allies.

• October 1918: The Armistice of Mudros, concluded on 30 October 1918, ended the hostilities, at noon the next day, in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. As part of several conditions to the armistice, in the Caucasus, the Ottomans had to retreat to within the pre-war borders between the Ottoman and the Russian Empires.

6.5.1. Ottoman Invasion of Sinai

Was the Ottoman invasion of Sinai during World War I.

• February 1915: The Ottoman companies held their positions until the evening of 3 February 1915, when the commanding officer ordered them to withdraw. Subsequently, Ottoman advance troops and outposts were maintained on the Sinai peninsula on a line between El Arish and Nekhl.
• February 1915: Kress von Kressenstein's Ottoman Suez Expeditionary Force advanced from Southern Palestine to arrive on the Canal on 2 February when they succeeded in crossing the Canal near Ismailia on the morning of 3 February 1915.
• January 1915: Two smaller flanking columns of the Ottoman Army made secondary attacks near Kantara in the northern sector of the Canal and near Suez in the south.
• August 1916: Battle of Romani: During the night of 3-4 August 1916 the advancing force, including the German Pasha I formation and the Ottoman 3rd Infantry Division, launched an attack from Katia on Romani.
• January 1917: Battle of Rafa - The Allied troops captured the town.
• August 1916: Egyptian forces reac Bir el Abd.

6.5.2. British Campaign in Palestine

Was the British Campaign in Ottoman-held Palestine during Wolrd War I.

• March 1918: British occupation of Es Salt in the hills of Moab between 24 and 25 March.
• September 1918: The British 5th Cavalry Division captured the town of Nazareth.
• February 1918: The British capture of Jericho occurred between 19 and 21 February 1918.
• December 1917: Jerusalem surrendered to the British on 30 December 1917.
• November 1917: Third Battle of Gaza. Ottoman garrison abandons Gaza.
• November 1917: The Battle of Nebi Samwil was the first attempt by the forces of the British Empire to capture Jerusalem. The village of Nebi Samwil, also known as the "Tomb of Samuel", was part of the Ottoman defences in front of Jerusalem. The village was captured by the 234th Brigade, part of the 75th Division, on 21 November 1917.
• September 1918: Daraa was captured by the British on 27 September 1918.
• September 1918: Second Battle of Amman.
• September 1918: Units of the British 4th and 5th Cavalry Divisions converged to capture Afulah with the 4th Cavalry Division capturing Beisan in the afternoon. The Australian Mounted Division captured Jenin.
• September 1918: Battle of Nablus.
• October 1918: Damascus conquered by great britain.
• November 1917: Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe.
• October 1917: Battle of Beersheba.
• October 1917: Karm conquered by great britain.
• September 1918: Tulkarm and Tabsor conquered by great britain.
• October 1918: Battle of Aleppo.
• September 1918: British forces captured Tiberias.
• March 1917: From April to October 1917 the Ottoman and British Empire forces held their lines of defence from Gaza to Beersheba. Both sides constructed extensive entrenchments.
• November 1917: Battle of Mughar Ridge: a Junction Station known as Wadi es Sara was captured by the British, and the Ottoman railway link with Jerusalem was cut. As a result of this victory the Ottoman Eighth Army withdrew behind the Nahr el Auja and their Seventh Army withdrew toward Jerusalem.
• September 1918: British divisions also captured Haifa and Acre following the Battle of Haifa.
• April 1918: The city of Berukin was captured by the British.

6.6. Gallipoli Campaign

Was an unsuccesful military operation by the Entente that wanted to take control of the Ottoman straits.

• May 1915: The Second Battle of Krithia took place during World War I in 1915 in Cape Helles, Gallipoli.
• April 1915: The invasion of Gallipoli began on April 25, 1915. After heavy bombardment by Allied naval artillery, the 29th Division was dropped off at Helles at the tip of the peninsula.
• April 1915: The ANZAC, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, landed at Gallipoli, north of Ari Burnu.
• August 1915: Battle of Hill 60 and Battle of Scimitar Hill.
• January 1916: After eight months' fighting, with approximately 250,000 casualties on each side, the Gallipoli campaign was abandoned and the invasion force withdrawn. It was a costly defeat for the Allies. The last units left Gallipoli on 9 January 1916.
• April 1915: British forces advanced on Cape Hellas in Gallipoli, Turkey. This strategic move was part of the Gallipoli Campaign led by British General Sir Ian Hamilton.
• August 1915: By decision of the British Dardanelles Committee, two new infantry divisions (10th (Irish) and 11th (Northern) Division) landed in Suvla Bay on the night of August 6th.
• May 1915: The Allied troops occupied the island of Lemnos.

6.7. Arab Revolt

Was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I.

• September 1918: The Sharifian Army succeeded in cutting off and thus neutralizing the Ottoman position at Ma'an, who held out until late September 1918.
• September 1918: The major victory in Tafas in 1918 was led by T.E. Lawrence, also known as Lawrence of Arabia, and Arab forces against Ottoman, Austrian, and German troops.
• September 1916: By the end of September 1916 the Sharifian army had taken the coastal cities of Rabegh, Yenbo, Qunfida.
• June 1916: Another of Hussein's sons, the Emir Abdullah attacked Ta'if, With the Egyptian artillery support, Abdullah took Ta'if on September 22, 1916.
• June 1916: The port of Jidda was attacked by 3500 Arabs. The Ottoman garrison surrendered.
• September 1918: "Sherifial irregulars" , accompanied by Lieutenant Colonel T. E. Lawrence, captured Deraa.
• July 1917: After an overland attack, Aqaba fell to those Arab forces with only a handful of casualties.
• January 1917: Royal Navy bluejackets attacked Wejh from the north on 23 January 1917. Wejh surrendered within 36 hours.
• January 1919: Hussain occupied Mecca and besieged Medina. It was one of the longest sieges in history that lasted until even after the armistice.

6.7.1. Battle of Mecca

On July 4, 1916 the last Turkish resistance in Mecca capitulated.

• July 1916: The last Turkish resistance in Mecca, Jirwal barracks, capitulated.

7. World War I Italian Theatre

Involved a series of battles at the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy, fought between 1915 and 1918 in the course of World War I.

• June 1916: In 1916, during World War I, the Austrians voluntarily withdrew to the defensive line in Tyrol, known as the "Line of Demarcation."
• October 1917: Line after the last six italian attacks.
• June 1916: Limit of Austrian advance from Tyrol.

7.1. Italian initial gains (Italian Front of WWI)

Were the early military operations against Austria-Hungary in the Italian front of World War I.

• June 1915: Areas occupied by italy up to the first battle with Austria Hungary.

7.2. Battles of Isonzo (I-V)

Were a series of 12 battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia.

• March 1916: The Italians launched the Fifth Battle of the Isonzo on 9 March 1916, and captured the strategic Mount Sabatino.

7.3. Battles of Isonzo (VI)

Were a series of 12 battles between the Austro-Hungarian and Italian armies in World War I mostly on the territory of present-day Slovenia.

• August 1916: An Italian offensive gained nothing of strategic value but did take Gorizia.
• March 1916: Line after the first five italian attacks (Isonzo front).

7.4. Battle of Caporetto

The Battle of Caporetto (also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo) was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers. It was the most serious defeat in the history of the Italian army, leading to the retreat of the entire Italian army as far as the Piave river.

• November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
• October 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
• November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
• November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
• November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
• November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.
• November 1917: Conquests by Austrian and German forces following the Battle of Caporetto, or the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo. The battle was fought on the Italian front of World War I, between the combined forces of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies against the Italian Royal Army. The attack, which began on October 24, 1917, led to the most severe defeat in the history of the Italian army, the collapse of entire army corps, and the retreat of the entire Italian army to the Piave River.

7.5. Battle of Vittorio Veneto

It was the last armed clash between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the First World War.

• November 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
• October 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
• November 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.
• November 1918: An Italian naval Expedition seized Trieste on 3 November. Also Trento is taken the same day.
• October 1918: Conquests by the Italian Kingdom after the battle of Vittorio Veneto.

7.6. Occupation of northern Dalmatia and Tyrol

Was the Italian occupation of Austro-Hungarian territories in Dalmatia and Tyrol at the end of World War I.

• November 1918: After November 4th, the Italian military occupied also Innsbruck and all Tyrol.
• November 1918: From 5-6 November 1918, Italian forces were reported to have reached Lissa, Lagosta, Sebenico, and other localities on the Dalmatian coast.

8. Aftermath of World War I

Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.

• November 1918: All territories of Cislethania that were not de facto controlled by other states (for example Czechoslovakia) became the Republic of German Austria.
• August 1920: The Albanian-Italian protocol was signed, upon which Italy retreated from Albania (maintaining only the island of Saseno).
• November 1918: The Republic of Latvia was established on 18 November 1918 when it broke away from the Russian Empire and declared independence in the aftermath of World War I.
• June 1919: Prekmurje was incorporated into the newly established Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
• November 1918: The armistice between France and Germany in November 1918 forced Germany to withdraw from Belgium and Neutral Moresnet.
• September 1920: In 1920, the Alawite State was established in the region of present-day Syria. The Alawites, a religious minority group, gained autonomy under French colonial rule.
• December 1918: With the defeat of Germany in WWI Finland become indipendent. General Rüdiger von der Goltz and his division left Helsinki on 16 December 1918, and Prince Friedrich Karl, who had not yet been crowned, abandoned his role four days later. Finland's status shifted from a monarchist protectorate of the German Empire to an independent republic.
• November 1918: The Banat Republic was proclaimed on November 1, 1918 in Timisoara in the area of ​​the historical Banat.
• July 1920: The Arab Kingdom of Syria surrendered to French forces.
• November 1918: The short history of the Banat Republic ended on November 15, 1918 with the invasion of Serbian troops, who took over the administration.
• May 1934: The Federal State of Austria was a continuation of the First Austrian Republic between 1934 and 1938 when it was a one-party state led by the clerico-fascist Fatherland Front.
• October 1918: The Czechoslovak declaration of independence, created in Washington, was published by the Czechoslovak National Council, signed by Masaryk, Štefánik and Beneš on October 18, 1918 in Paris, and proclaimed on October 28 in Prague.
• March 1919: Béla Kun proclaimed Hungary a Soviet Republic, and renounced the passive policy of accepting territorial losses dictated by the Entente.
• May 1919: The Republic of Prekmurje was an unrecognized state in Prekmurje, an area traditionally known in Hungarian as Vendvidék ("Wendic March").
• September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of Austria.
• January 1920: The Kingdom of Italy at the 1919 Paris "Conference of Peace" received nothing from German colonies, but as a compensation Great Britain gave it the Oltre Giuba and France agreed to give some Saharan territories to Italian Libya.
• July 1920: The Syrian mandate region was subdivided into six states. One of themwas the state of Damascus (1920).
• September 1920: The State of Aleppo was declared by the French General Henri Gouraud on 1 September 1920 as part of a French scheme to make Syria easier to control by dividing it into several smaller states.
• September 1920: The State of Greater Lebanon was declared on 1 September 1920, following Decree 318 of 31 August 1920, as a League of Nations Mandate under the proposed terms of the French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon.
• July 1920: Conference of Ambassadors in Spa, Belgium. Division of Orawa and Cieszyn between Poland and Czechoslovakia.
• June 1919: On June 21, 1919, the Banat region was divided between Romania, Serbia and Hungary.
• June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle, a 1,000 km2 territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique.
• August 1920: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 awarded northern Epirus to Greece.
• August 1919: The Free State of Schwenten existed for 7 months until it joined the Weimar Republic.
• June 1919: After the war, German South West Africa was declared a League of Nations Class C Mandate territory under the Treaty of Versailles, with the Union of South Africa responsible for the administration of the country.
• June 1919: The South Seas Mandate was a League of Nations mandate in the "South Seas" given to the Empire of Japan by the League of Nations following World War I. The mandate consisted of islands in the north Pacific Ocean that had been part of German New Guinea.
• June 1920: The Treaty of Trianon regulated the status of an independent Hungarian state and defined its borders. It left Hungary as a landlocked state that covered 93,073 square kilometres, only 28% of the 325,411 square kilometres that had constituted the pre-war Kingdom of Hungary.

8.1. Aftermath of World War I in Poland

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Poland.

• November 1918: The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was a short-lived entity, proclaimed in the Polish town of Tarnobrzeg.
• July 1924: In 1924, an additional exchange of territories in Orava occurred, with the territory around Lipnica Wielka (Nižná Lipnica) being transferred to the Second Polish Republic.
• April 1919: The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was suppressed by units of the freshly created Polish Army at the beginning of 1919.
• October 1921: In late 1921 a border adjustment between the Weimar Republic and Poland took place as a result of the Silesian Uprisings. The 1919 Treaty of Versailles had called for a plebiscite in Upper Silesia in 1921 to determine whether the territory should be a part of Germany or Poland. The Germans had a majority, his led to the Third Polish Uprising in May-July 1921. The commission, consisting of four representatives-one each from Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and China, gathered its own data, interviewing Poles and Germans from the region. On the basis of the reports of this commission and those of its experts, in October 1921 the Council awarded the greater part of the Upper Silesian industrial district to Poland.
• November 1918: The Polish National Council and the Czechoslovak Committee concluded an agreement on the demarcation line of Cieszyn Silesia. The Frýdek district and a small part of the Fryštát district was left on the Czech side, the remainder was accorded to the Poles.
• November 1918: On 11 November 1918 in Warsaw, Józef Piłsudski was appointed Commander in Chief of Polish forces by the Regency Council and was entrusted with creating a national government for the newly independent country. On the same day, which would become Poland's Independence Day, he proclaimed the independent Polish Republic.
• March 1919: The Polish Liquidation Committee handed over its authority to the central Polish government seated in Warsaw.
• March 1922: After a variety of delays, a disputed election took place on January 8, 1922, and the Republic of Central Lithuania was annexed to Poland.
• January 1917: Poland was officially established on January 14, 1917 in the territories of the former Congress Kingdom, with the aim of legitimizing the German occupation of Poland.
• October 1918: The Polish Liquidation Committee was created on 28 October 1918, with its seat in Kraków. The Committee aimed primarily to maintain order in the territories of the former Austrian part of partitioned Poland during the re-establishment of an independent Poland.
• November 1918: Independence of the Second Polish Republic. Warsaw was free from November 11, 1918.
• October 1920: The Republic of Central Lithuania was created in 1920 following the rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian-Belarusian Infantry.
• November 1918: The Republic of Zakopane was eventually disestablished on November 16 when the Polish Liquidation Committee took control of Galicia.
• October 1918: The Republic of Zakopane officially declared its independence from Austria-Hungary and, two days later, made itself a "National Council".

8.2. Treaty of Versailles

Was the treaty that ended the state of war between Germany and most of the Allied Powers.

• November 1920: The Free City of Danzig was created on 15 November 1920 in accordance with the terms of Article 100 (Section XI of Part III) of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. The Free City was under League of Nations protection and put into a binding customs union with Poland. The Free City was created in order to give Poland access to a good-sized seaport.
• June 1920: When World War I was over, the plebiscite in Northern Schleswig finally was held in early 1920; the northern part of it, around Tønder, Haderslev, Åbenra and Sønderborg, opted for Denmark. On 15 June 1920, Northern Schleswig was officially reunited with Denmark.
• January 1920: Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over Moresnet.

8.2.1. Occupation of the Rhineland

The German armistice after World War I included the military occupation of the Rhineland by the victorious powers.

8.2.2. Territorial cessions of Germany in Africa

Were territorial cessions of Germany in Africa after World War I.

• January 1920: After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles transferred German East Africa to British control. The territory was renamed Tanganyika.
• January 1920: After World War I, Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium.

8.2.3. Territorial cessions of Germany in Europe

Were territorial cessions of Germany in Europe after World War I.

• January 1920: The treaty of Versailles restored the provinces of Alsace-Lorraine to France by rescinding the treaties of Versailles and Frankfurt of 1871.
• January 1920: In Central Europe, Germany recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia (which had actually been controlled by Austria) and cede parts of the province of Upper Silesia.

8.3. Finnish Civil War

Was a civil war in Finland in 1918 fought for the leadership and control of the country between White Finland and the Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (Red Finland) during the country's transition from a grand duchy of the Russian Empire to an independent state.

• April 1918: Detachment Brandenstein overran the town of Lahti.
• April 1918: Battle of Vyborg.
• April 1918: Helsinki conquered by germany.
• May 1918: The war of 1918 ended when the Whites took over Fort Ino.
• May 1918: Battle of Ahvenkoski.
• March 1918: Korpo conquered by germany.
• January 1918: The Finnish Red Guards seized the early initiative in the war by taking control of Helsinki.
• April 1918: The main German detachment proceeded northwards from Helsinki and took Hyvinkää and Riihimäki on 21-22 April.
• March 1918: Houtskär was taken by the Finnish Whites.
• April 1918: The German army intervened in the war on the side of the White Army making de facto Finland a German protectorate.
• April 1918: Hämeenlinna conquered by germany.
• April 1918: Battle of Tampere.
• January 1918: The Whites captured Haapamäki at the end of January 1918.
• March 1918: The elimination of exclaves was a priority for both White and Red armies in February 1918.
• April 1918: The 10,000-strong Baltic Sea Division (German: Ostsee-Division), led by General Rüdiger von der Goltz, launched the main attack at Hanko.
• April 1918: The Finnish White Guard succeeds in taking Loviisa, east of Helsinki.

8.4. Aftermath of World War I in Yugoslavia

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Yugoslavia.

• December 1918: Serbia united with the newly created State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs to form a new southern Slav state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
• November 1920: According to the treaty of Rapallo, the city of Rijeka (Italian: Fiume) would become the independent Free State of Fiume, thus ending the military occupation of Gabriele d'Annunzio's troops, begun by the Impresa di Fiume and known as the Italian Regency of Carnaro.
• December 1918: Thirty-three days after it was proclaimed, the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs joined the Kingdom of Serbia to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
• November 1918: The Kingdom of Serbia absorbed the Kingdom of Montenegro at the Podgorica Assembly.
• October 1918: The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was a political entity that was constituted at the end of World War I, by Slovenes, Croats and Serbs resident in what were the southernmost parts of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

8.5. Aster Revolution

Was a revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi in the aftermath of World War I which led to the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.

• October 1918: A revolution in Hungary led by Count Mihály Károlyi, in the aftermath of World War I, led to the foundation of the short-lived First Hungarian People's Republic.

8.6. Hungarian-Czechoslovak War

Was a war between Hungary and Czechoslovakia after the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of World War I.

• June 1919: In the face of advancing Hungarian troops, the Allies began to put pressure on the Hungarian government and, within three weeks with Kun's assurances of Russian support failing to materialize, Hungary was forced to withdraw from Slovakia.

8.6.1. Czech invasion of northern Slovakia

Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in northern Slovakia.

• December 1918: Schöbl then sent the 1st Volunteer Regiment, commanded by Major Pirník, to secure the surroundings of Nitra.
• November 1918: Czechoslovaks commanded by Captain Kurz occupied Žilina without a fight.
• November 1918: The Czech units occupied Turany.
• November 1918: In Trnava, the Hungarians created an armed guard.
• November 1918: Colonel Hančík with 120 men occupied Trnava.
• November 1918: The Czech war council designated a new temporary demarcation line with Hungary: Bratislava - north bank of the Danube - along Ipeľ - Pinciná - estuary of Uhu to Laborec - along Uhu - Užocký pas.
• November 1918: Piešťany and Hlohovec are occupied by Czech troops.
• November 1918: Czechoslovak forces penetrated through Gbely to Malacek.
• December 1918: Other Czech reinforcements arrived in Hlohovec, which by 10 December occupied the towns of Sereď, Modra and Pezinok.
• November 1918: The Hungarians occupied Vrútky and forced the Czechoslovaks to retreat on the north bank of the Váh towards Žilina.
• November 1918: On November 8, a temporary demarcation line between Hungary and Czechoslovakia was negotiated between Lieutenant Ripka and Hungarian Major Brandstätter, leading from Devínská Nová Ves to Malinský vrch and further to the Little Carpathians.
• November 1918: The city of Turany was conquered by a Hungarian armored train.
• November 1918: Czechoslovaks occupied Trenčín and then the main strongholds in Pováží.
• November 1918: The Hungarians were defeated and Trnava found itself in Czechoslovak hands again.
• November 1918: Czechoslovakia wanted to include the territory of Slovakia (then Upper Hungary), which until now belonged to Hungary. On November 2, the 25th Battalion entered Slovakia.

8.6.2. Czech invasion of eastern Slovakia

Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in eastern Slovakia.

• December 1918: Until 25 December 1918 the whole of Pováží and the area up to Spišská Nová Ves were secured.
• December 1918: Zbolen was occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
• December 1918: The Slovak People's Republic was a short-existing state which lasted from 11 December to 29 December 1918.
• December 1918: Prešov was occupied by Czechoslovak forces.
• December 1918: Košice was occupied by the Czechoslovaks, ending the Slovak People's Republic.
• December 1918: The Czechoslovak army occupied Poprad with an armored train.
• December 1918: Czechoslovak forces occupied Spišská Nová Ves.

8.6.3. Czech invasion of southern Slovakia

Was a Czech military operation against Hungary in southern Slovakia.

• January 1919: On January 9 without a fight, Nové Zámky, was occupied by Czech forces.
• January 1919: Komárno conquered by Czechoslovak Republic.
• January 1919: The Ipeľ basin was cleared from the Hungarians via Kováčová, Bušinka, Mikušovka to Pinciná. These territories were occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
• January 1919: The whole territory of Slovakia was under Czechoslovak control.
• January 1919: On the night of January 2-3, Czechoslovak forces occupied Lučenec.
• January 1919: The southern bank of Ipeľ was occupied by Czechoslovak troops.
• January 1919: The cities of Perečín, Velký Berezný, Užok, Veľké Kapušany and Vojany were occupied by Czechoslovak troops.

8.6.4. Hungarian Counterattack (Hungarian-Czechoslovak War)

Was Hungarian counterattack against Czech invading forces during the Hungarian-Czechoslovak War.

• May 1919: Hungarian Colonel Aurél Stromfeld, attacked in force and routed Czechoslovak troops from Miskolc, also recapturing Košice and Prešov.
• June 1919: The Slovak Soviet Republic was a short-lived Communist state in southeast Slovakia in existence from 16 June 1919 to 7 July 1919.

8.7. German Revolution

Was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy with a democratic parliamentary republic.

8.7.1. Revolutionary States

A series of short-lived states were proclaimed in various territories of the German Empire in the aftermath of World War I.

• November 1918: French troops put the Alsace-Lorraine under military occupation and entered Strasbourg.
• January 1919: The Soviet Republic of Saxony lasted only a few weeks before being overthrown by the Weimar Republic.
• February 1919: The Bremen Soviet Republic was overthrown by the Weimar Republic.
• November 1918: The was a short-lived Soviet republic created during the German Revolution at the end of World War I in the province of Alsace-Lorraine.
• November 1918: The Soviet Republic of Saxony was established during the German Revolution of 1918-19 by socialist leader Richard Lipinski.
• January 1919: The Bremen Soviet Republic was a short-lived state that existed for 25 days in 1919.
• November 1918: The People's State of Bavaria was a short-lived socialist state in Bavaria from 1918 to 1919.
• May 1919: The Bavarian Soviet Republic was overthrown by elements of the German Army and the paramilitary Freikorps.
• April 1919: The Bavarian Soviet Republic was established in April 1919 after the demise of Kurt Eisner's People's State of Bavaria.

8.7.2. Republic proclamation in Germany

Proclamation of a republic in Germany on 9 November 1918.

• November 1918: Proclamation of the Republic in Germany on 9 November 1918.

8.7.3. Spartacist uprising

Was an armed uprising that took place in Berlin from 5 to 12 January 1919.

• January 1919: 5–12 January 1919: General strike and the armed struggles in Berlin from 5 to 12 January 1919 in connection with the November Revolution.

8.8. Polish-Ukrainian War

Was a conflict between the Second Polish Republic and Ukrainian forces (both the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic).

• May 1919: The Polish forces reached the Złota Lipa-Berezhany-Jezierna-Radziwiłłów line.
• June 1919: By June 27 the Ukrainian forces had advanced 120 km along the Dnister river and on another they had advanced 150 km, past the town of Brody.
• March 1919: By March 18 the Poles had driven the Ukrainian forces from the Lviv-Przemyśl railroad, permanently securing Lviv.
• November 1918: The Romanian Army occupied Chernivtsi.
• February 1919: Ukrainians managed to surround Lviv on three sides.
• July 1919: The Ukrainian Galician Army and ZUNR leadership were pushed back to the line of the Zbruch river on 16-18 July, after which ZUNR was occupied by Poland.

8.9. Hungarian-Romanian War

Was a war between Romania and Hungary over territorial disputes after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary at the end of World War I.

8.9.1. Romanian occupation of Transylvania

At the beginning of the Hungarian-Romanian War Romanian troops occupied Transylvania, a territory promised to Romania by the Entente in the Treaty of Bucharest (1916).

• January 1919: Romanian troops reached Baia Mare.
• April 1919: The Romanian Army entered Oradea (Nagyvárad) and Salonta (Nagyszalonta).
• November 1918: The first Romanian troops enter Hungary and occupy the Gyergyótölgyes mountain pass accessing the Székely Land Region.
• December 1918: Romanian troops enter Cluj (Kolozsvár).
• January 1919: Romanian troops now control the entire territory up to the new demarcation line indicated by the Entente powers. Inner Transylvania and Maramureș are under Romanian control, leaving Banat under Serbian, and Crișana under Hungarian control.
• December 1918: The Romanian Army enters Brașov, in southeastern Transylvania.
• January 1919: The Romanian Army enters Sighetu Marmației.
• December 1918: The Union of Transylvania with Romania was officiated by the elected representatives of the Romanian people of Transylvania, who proclaimed a union with Romania.
• November 1918: The Romanian Army occupied Marosvásárhely (Târgu-Mureș).
• April 1919: Romanian troops enter Carei (Nagykároly) and Satu Mare (Szatmárnémeti).
• December 1918: Romanian troops enter Nagyszeben (Sibiu) in southern Transylvania.

8.9.2. Romanian invasion of Hungary to conquer further territories

Was a Romanian military invasion of Hungary after Romania had already occupied Transylvania.

• August 1919: Romania occupied all of Hungary with the exception of an area around Lake Balaton.
• January 1920: In early 1920, Romanian troops departed Hungary. All of Hungary but a region around Lake Balaton was evacuated.
• May 1919: The Romanian Army reaches the river Tisza.
• May 1919: Romanian army units enter Arad.
• August 1919: French-supported Romanian forces entered Budapest. The Communist government of Hungary collapsed and its leaders flee.

8.9.3. Hungarian Offensive (Hungarian-Romanian War)

Was the Hungarian counteroffensive against Romanian troops that had invaded the country during the Hungarian-Romanian War.

• July 1919: Hungary invaded Romanian border regions after the Tisza river.
• July 1919: Mindszent and Törökszentmiklós reconquered by Romania.

8.9.4. Hungarian-Romanian War Aftermath

The border between Romania and Hungary after World War I was decided in the The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919).

• September 1919: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye is signed, recognizing Romanian sovereignty over Bukovina but the frontiers of Romania was to be later fixed.
• September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Romania with Poland.
• September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Czechoslovak Republic.

8.10. Creation of Estonia after the retreat of the German Army

After their defeat in World War I, the Germans handed over the power in Estonia to a Provisional Government.

• November 1918: After their defeat in World War I, the Germans were forced to hand over power in Estonia to the Provisional Government.

8.11. Estonian War of Independence

Was the Estonian War of independence from Bolshevik Russia and German troops.

• February 1920: Pskow is under Russian control.

8.11.1. Soviet Offensive (Estonian War of Independence)

Was the Bolshevik invasion of Estonia, a former region of the Russian Empire that had declared independence.

8.11.2. Liberation of Estonian territories (Estonian War of Independence)

Estonian counteroffensive against the Bolshevik invasion.

8.11.3. Estonian offensives into Russia and Latvia

Offensive of the Estonian army in Russian and Latvian territories.

8.11.4. Battles between Estonia and Latvia

Were battles between Latvia and Estonia during the Independence wars of these two countries.

8.11.4.1. Battle of Cēsis

The Battle of Cēsis (alos Battle of Wenden) was a decisive battle in the Estonian War of Independence and the Latvian War of Independence were the Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Baltic German forces.

8.11.4.2. Return of latvian government

Withdraw of remaining German troops from Latvia.

8.11.5. Final battles and peace (Estonian War of Independence)

Were the final phases of the Estonian War of Independence.

8.12. Latvian War of Independence

Was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia.

8.12.1. Soviet offensive (Latvian War of Independence)

Soviet offensive in Latvia, a territory of the Russian Empire that had been occupied by Germany and had then declared independency.

8.12.2. Latvian and German counteroffensive

German and Latvian counterattack against Bolshevik forces during the Latvian War of Independence.

8.12.3. German Coup

On 16 April, the Baltic nobility organised a coup d'etat in Liepāja and a puppet government headed by Andrievs Niedra was established in Latvia.

8.12.4. Bermontian attack

An offensive by the Bermontians, a pro-German military formation in Latvia and Lithuania.

8.12.5. Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty

The Latvian-Soviet Peace Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Riga, was signed on 11 August 1920 by representatives of the Republic of Latvia and Soviet Russia. It officially ended the Latvian War of Independence. In Article II of the treaty, Soviet Russia recognised the independence of Latvia as inviolable "for all future time".

8.13. Lithuanian War of Independence

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Lithuania leading to the independence of the country.

• January 1920: According to Article 99 of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Memelland was ceded to the Allied powers without a referendum effective January 10, 1920. From early 1920 to early 1923 it was administered by France as its agent.
• January 1919: The German occupying army withdrew from Vilnius and turned the city over to local Polish self-defense forces.

8.13.1. Lithuanian-Soviet War

Was a war between Lithuania and the Russian SFSR. Russia considerd Lithuania, that had recently declared independence, a secessionist state. At the end of the war Russia recognized the independency of Lithuania.

• July 1920: Soviet-Lithuanian Peace Treaty signed between Lithuania and Soviet Russia. In exchange for Lithuania's neutrality and permission to move its troops in the territory that was recognised during its war against Poland, Soviet Russia recognized the sovereignty of Lithuania. Lithuania officially maintained that its de jure borders were those delineated by the treaty although a large territory, the Vilnius Region, was controlled by Poland.
• January 1921: The Lithuanians claimed the southern shore of Daugava, including Grīva and Daugavpils, despite Latvian protests.
• January 1919: Vilnius was captured by the Soviet Red Army.

8.13.1.1. Soviet offensive (Lithuanian War of Independence)

Was the military invasion of Lithuania by the Russian SFSR that started the Lithuanian-Soviet War.

• December 1918: Rokiškis was taken over by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
• February 1919: A joint Lithuanian and German forces captured Šėta and forced the Red Army to retreat.
• January 1919: Šiauliai conquered by RSFSR.
• February 1919: Soviet 7th Riflemen Regiment (900 men) took over Jieznas, south of Kaunas.
• February 1919: Lithuanians retreated, were reinforced by new Lithuanian and Saxon Volunteers, attacked again, and took Jieznas on February 13.
• December 1918: Utena conquered by RSFSR.
• April 1919: The Red Army retook Panevėžys on April 4.
• February 1919: The Bolshevik 3rd and 4th Riflemen Regiments (about 2,000 men) attacked Alytus.
• December 1918: Zarasai and Švenčionys conquered by RSFSR.
• February 1919: On the night of February 14-15, German forces and one company of the Lithuanians returned to Alytus and retook the city.
• January 1919: To prevent fights in Lithuania between retreating Germans and the Red Army, the Soviets and Germans signed a treaty on January 18. The treaty drew a temporary demarcation line that went through Daugai, Stakliškės, and 10 kilometres east of the Kaišiadorys-Jonava-Kėdainiai railway.
• February 1919: Russian operations to take Kaunas began on February 7.
• January 1919: Ukmergė and Panevėžys are occupied by Russian Bolshevik forces.
• January 1919: Telšiai conquered by RSFSR.

8.13.1.2. German/Lithuanian Offensive (Lithuanian-Soviet War)

Was a joint German-Lithuanian offensive against the the Soviet invasion, during the Lithuanian-Soviet War.

• February 1919: The movement of the Bolsheviks towards East Prussia worried Germany, and they sent volunteers. At the end of February, the Lithuanian partisans, supported by German artillery, took Mažeikiai and Seda, and pursued the Bolsheviks to Kuršėnai.
• March 1919: Before mid-March, the Germans took Kuršėnai, Šiauliai, Radviliškis, Šeduva, Joniškis.
• March 1919: The Bolshevik morale underwent deeper declines and, between March 19 and March 24, their forces left Panevėžys. Lithuanian forces entered the city on March 26.

8.13.1.3. Lithuanian offensive

Was a Lithuanian offensive in the territories of the Russian SFSR, during the Lithuanian-Soviet War.

• May 1919: The Soviets left Panevėžys to Lithuanian forces without a fight.
• May 1919: On May 3, the Separate Panevėžys Volunteer Regiment, supported by the 18th Regiment of Saxon Volunteers, had secured the town of Ukmergė.
• June 1919: Another Soviet push came on June 20 and the front stabilized.The Soviets were cornered in a small region around Zarasai.
• May 1919: Lithuanians and Poles mounted a joint operation to take Giedraičiai.
• June 1919: The drive towards Utena resumed on May 31, and the city was secured on June 2 by Lithuanian forces.
• May 1919: The Panevėžys Group launched a drive towards Panevėžys on May 18 and secured the city the following day.
• May 1919: The reorganized Lithuanian army carried out its first operation. The Vilkmergė Group captured Kurkliai and Anykščiai.
• May 1919: Lithianian forces charged towards Kupiškis and secured Subačius.
• May 1919: The Lithuanians lost Panevėžys to a Bolshevik counterattack.
• May 1919: Joniškėlis' partisans broke through the Soviet lines and took Rokiškis in Soviet rear.
• June 1919: Bolshevik forces, afraid that they could be encircled, left Kupiškis on the night of May 30-31, and Lithuania secured that city on June 1.
• May 1919: On May 7, Lithuanians entered Širvintos.

8.13.1.4. Final Battles of the Lithuanian-Soviet War

Were the final battles of the Lithuanian-Soviet War.

• August 1919: The Ukmergė Group attacked first and captured Zarasai.

8.13.2. War against the Bermontians

Was the war between the Bermontians, a pro-German military formation, and Lithuania.

• December 1919: The Bermontians were completely removed from Lithuania.
• July 1919: In June 1919, the Bermontians crossed the Lithuanian-Latvian border and took the town of Kuršėnai.
• November 1919: By October, the Bermontians had taken considerable territories in western Lithuania, including the cities of Šiauliai, Biržai, and Radviliškis.

8.13.3. Polish-Lithuanian War

Was a war between newly-independent Lithuania and Poland following World War I.

• September 1920: End of the Polish-Lithuanian War.
• September 1920: The Lithuanian army reached Augustów.
• September 1920: The Lithuanian forces advancing from Sejny were routed and Augustów again fell into Polish hands.
• July 1920: Augustów conquered by RSFSR.
• August 1920: The 1st Polish Infantry Regiment assaulted the Lithuanian defenders of the city of Augustów by surprise and disarmed a company of the 10th Lithuanian Infantry Regiment, securing control of the town.
• January 1920: On October 7, 1920, an agreement was signed by Poland and Lithuania, establishing a truce, known as the Suwałki Agreement: it temporarily accepted the Foch Line.
• August 1920: Lithuanians conquered Suwalki.
• September 1920: Sejny is acquired by Poland at the end of the Polish-Lithuanian War.
• September 1920: Polish forces retreated from Sejny further south.
• August 1920: Knowing that the Polish Army was busy preparing for the Battle of the Nemunas River, the Lithuanian authorities decided to capture the city of Augustów, an event which took place on August 26.
• August 1920: Polish Colonel Nieniewski entered the city of Suwałki with his soldiers.
• August 1920: On August 31, Sejny was conquered by the Polish army.
• September 1920: Polish forces recaptured Sejny.

8.14. Greater Poland uprising (1918-19)

Was a military insurrection of Poles in the Greater Poland region against German rule.

• December 1918: The Poles captured Grodzisk Wielkopolski, Kłecko, Kórnik, Wielichowo, Gostyń, Witkowo and other towns.
• January 1919: In the Battle of Rynarzewo, the Germans capture Szubin.
• June 1919: With the treaty of Versailles German eastern territories were officially ceded to Poland.
• January 1919: Inowrocław conquered by Second Polish Republic.
• January 1919: Poles capture Babimost and Kargowa.
• December 1918: The Poles capture Wronki, Wągrowiec, Gołańcz.
• January 1919: Poles are forced to leave Potulice.
• December 1918: The Poles capture Kościan, Oborniki Wielkopolskie, Ostrów Wielkopolski.
• January 1919: Polish victory in the Battle of Szubin and capture Łabiszyn, Złotniki and Żnin.
• February 1919: A Polish counterattack forced a German withdrawal to northern bank of the Noteć River. The Poles recaptured Rynarzewo and won the Battle of Kcynia.
• February 1919: Poles recapture Szubin.
• February 1919: Germans use an armoured train to capture Kargowa and Babimost, but their offensive is stopped near Kopanica.
• January 1919: The Germans recapture Sarnowa and win the Battle of Zbąszyń.
• January 1919: The Second Polish Republic captured Jarocin, Krotoszyn and Mogilno.
• January 1919: The Germans recapture Chodzież and Czarnków.
• January 1919: The Poles lose Nakło to the Germans.
• January 1919: The Poles recaptured Chodzież Battle of Chodzież and Czarnków. They also win the Battle of Ślesin and capture Sieraków.
• December 1918: In Poznań, the Poles forced the German 6th Regiment of Grenadiers from their barracks. After talks, the regiment leaved the city with their weapons.
• January 1919: Czarnków, Jutrosin, Kruszwica, Nakło, Nowy Tomyśl, Miejska Górka, Rawicz, Strzelno and Wolsztyn are captured by the Poles.
• December 1918: The Polish uprising against German authorities broke out on 27 December 1918 in Poznań. Fighting also start in other towns: Szamotuły, Środa Wielkopolska, Pniewy, Opalenica, Buk, Trzemeszno, Września and Gniezno are captured.
• January 1919: The Germans recapture Szamocin.

8.15. Establishment of the Hutsul Republic

Was the creation of Republic of Hutsul in Ukraine during the dissolution of Austria-Hungary.

• January 1919: The Hutsul Republic was declared on January 8, 1919, in the Carpathian Mountains of Ukraine.
• October 1919: The territory of Hutsul accepted the admission into the First Czechoslovak Republic in September 1919, where it remained during the interwar period.
• June 1919: The Hutsul Republic was occupied by Hungarian police.

8.16. Polish-Czechoslovak War

Was a military confrontation between Czechoslovakia and Poland over the territory of Cieszyn Silesia in early 1919.

• February 1919: The Czechoslovak army withdrew to the new Green Line, established by the International Commission Agreement on the basis of the Czechoslovak-Polish Treaty, concluded on 3 February 1919 in Paris.
• January 1919: Cieszyn Silesia was taken over by Czechoslovak forces on 27 January 1919. Polish troops retreated to the Vistula river.

8.17. Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia

Was a military engagement that ensued in the aftermath of World War I between forces loyal to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and later the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and forces loyal to the Republic of German-Austria.

8.17.1. Second Yugoslavian Offensive

Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.

• May 1919: The remaining Slovene units continued to retreat back into lower Styria, while almost all of the Carinthian area that was gained during the winter clashes was lost to the advancing Austrian units. The last to fall was Dravograd.
• May 1919: The Austrian counter-offensive reached the Gallizien-Apače-Sankt Margareten im Rosental line.
• May 1919: Before the Royal Yugoslav Army's 36th infantry regiment under control of Lt.Col. Vladimir Uzorinac managed to hold ground in Guštanj (Gutenstein).
• November 1920: The border in Carinthia was decided through a Plebiscite after the treaty of Saint Germain. Most of the population voted for Austria. The region was placed under Austrian administration on 18 November 1920 and declared part of the sovereign Austrian Republic on November 22.
• May 1919: On 2 May Austrian Carinthian units took control of Völkermarkt.
• June 1919: The Royal Yugoslav Army's 36th infantry regiment under control of Lt.Col. Vladimir Uzorinac managed to hold ground in Guštanj (Gutenstein).

8.17.2. Third Yugoslavian Offensive

Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.

• June 1919: On May 26 a new Yugoslav offensive was authorised which lasted throughout May and until June 6, during which they managed to capture much of the Klagenfurt region to as north as Maria Saal.

8.17.3. First Yugoslavian Offensive

Was a Yugoslavian offensive against Austrian forces during the Austro-Slovene conflict in Carinthia.

• November 1919: From November 27 onward, the Slovene fighters under direct command of Maister, took control of Spielfeld, Bad Radkersburg, Mureck, Leutschach, Marenberg, and Muta, while the units from Celje under command of Franjo Malgaj took control of the Meža Valley and Bleiburg.
• November 1919: Units from Ljubljana took control of Dravograd, Lavamünd and Sankt Paul. The capture of Völkermarkt on November 30 sparked much criticism, as it allegedly wasn't included in the demarcation line plans.
• November 1919: Captain Rudolf Knez entered Sittersdorf (Žitara vas) and settled his units there.
• November 1919: Captain Alfred Lavrič's unit (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was designated to be in charge of capturing Carinthia, and began taking control of the territory on 13 November, when his units entered the Jaun Valley and Ferlach.

8.18. Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922)

Was a war between Greece and the Turkish National Movement during the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I.

8.18.1. Greek Expansion in the aftermath of WWI

Was the Greek occupation of Turkish territories in the aftermath of World War I.

8.18.2. Greek Offensive (Greco-Turkish War)

Was a Greek offensive in Turkey during the Greco-Turkish War.

8.18.3. Greek Retreat after the Battle of Sakarya

Was the Greek reatreat after the battle of Sakarya during the Greco-Turkish War.

8.18.4. Turkish counter-attack (Greco-Turkish War)

Was a Turkish offensive against the Greek army during the Greco-Turkish War.

8.19. Aftermath of World War I in Pokuttya

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in the Pokuttya region.

• May 1919: During the interwar period, Romania was Poland's main ally in Eastern Europe. To actively cooperate, governments in Bucharest and Warsaw emphasized the necessity of a shared border. The proposal was accepted by the Polish leader, Marshal Józef Piłsudski and on May 24, 1919 by the Romanian Army. Infantry Division, led by General Iacob Zadik, entered Pokuttya. After three days, the Romanians met the Poles in the area of Kalusz. As the Polish Army was involved in other conflicts (chiefly with the Soviets), the Romanians stayed in Pokuttya until late August 1919.
• August 1919: In late summer of 1919 Polish troops entered Pokuttya (see Polish-Ukrainian War) and the Romanians withdrew to their country.

8.20. Aftermath of World War I in Hungary

Events that happened shortly after the end of World War I in Hungary.

• August 1919: The Hungarian Soviet Republic ended when Hungarians sent representatives to negotiate their surrender to the Romanian forces.
• February 1920: On 29 February 1920, the parliament restored the Hungarian monarchy, ending the republic, and in March, annulled both the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 and the Compromise of 1867. The parliament postponed electing a king until civil disorder had subsided. Former Austro-Hungarian admiral Miklós Horthy became regent, a position he would hold until 1944.

8.21. Sejny Uprising

Was a Polish uprising against the Lithuanian authorities in August 1919 in the ethnically mixed area surrounding the town of Sejny.

• September 1919: After several military skirmishes, Polish forces secured Sejny and the Lithuanians retreated behind the Foch Line.
• August 1919: August 23 - September 7, 1919: a Polish uprising against the Lithuanian authorities in August 1919 in the ethnically mixed area surrounding the town of Sejny.

8.22. Treaty of St Germain

Was a treaty that settled the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I.

• September 1919: After World War I, the southern half of the former Tyrolean crownland up to the Brenner Pass, including predominantly German-speaking South Tyrol and the present-day Trentino province, together with the Carinthian Canal Valley around Tarvisio fell to Italy, as well as the Austrian Littoral (Gorizia and Gradisca, the Imperial Free City of Trieste, and Istria as recognized by the Treaty of Rapallo in 1920).
• September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Romania with Poland.
• September 1919: The Treaty of St. Germain established the borders of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

8.23. Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine

The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.

• November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine required Bulgaria to cede various territories, after Bulgaria had been one of the Central Powers defeated in World War I. The treaty was signed on 27 November 1919 at Neuilly-sur-Seine, France.
• November 1919: The Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine established the border of Bulgaria with the Ottoman Empire.

8.24. Territory of the Saar Basin

The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.

• January 1920: The Territory of the Saar Basin was a region of Germany occupied and governed by the United Kingdom and France from 1920 to 1935 under a League of Nations mandate.
• March 1935: After a plebiscite was held in 1935, the Territory of the Saar Basin was returned to Germany.

8.25. Ruhr Uprising

A left-wing workers' revolt in the Ruhr region of Germany.

• March 1920: 13 March – 12 April 1920: a left-wing workers' revolt in the Ruhr region of Germany.

8.26. Kapp Putsch

Attempted coup in Berlin on 13 March 1920 which aimed to undo the German Revolution of 1918-1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic and establish an autocratic government in its place.

• March 1920: Attempted coup in Berlin on 13 March 1920 which aimed to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic and establish an autocratic government in its place.

8.27. Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

The treaty ended the Greco-Turkish conflict and redrew the borders established by the Treaty of Sèvres.

• July 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) marked the end of the Turkish War of Independence. The treaty recognized the sovereignty of Turkey over its territory, including the zone of the straits.

9. Judenburg mutiny

An armed rebellion that took place in the town of Judenburg in May 1918. The mutiny was motivated by unwillingness of some military personnel to serve Austria-Hungary during the latter part of World War I.

• May 1918: An armed rebellion that took place in the town of Judenburg in May 1918. The mutiny was motivated by unwillingness of some military personnel to serve Austria-Hungary during the latter part of World War I.

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