This article is about the specific polity Kingdom of France and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.
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It originated from West Francia, the Western Part of the Frankish Empire. Traditionally, the incoronation of Hugh Capet (a relative of the Carolngians that started the Capetian Dynasty whose male line would rule over France until the end of the monarchy) is considered the foundation of the French nation. The Kingdom of France ended with the revolutions of 1848 and had been interrupted by the Revolutionary and Napeolonic period between 1792 and 1815. It was one of the European powers.
Summary
In 987, Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, was crowned king of France, founding the Capetian dynasty that would rule France for over 300 years (for nearly 1000 years, including all his male-line descendants). The early Capetian kings struggled to establish their authority over the powerful feudal lords and provinces of France.
Under Philip II Augustus (1180-1223), France saw significant territorial gains, including the acquisition of Normandy from the English. Philip also implemented administrative reforms that strengthened the power of the monarchy. His successors, Louis VIII and Louis IX (Saint Louis), continued to build up the French state, with Louis IX earning a reputation as a pious and just ruler.
The reign of Philip IV the Fair (1285-1314) marked a turning point, as he engaged in a bitter conflict with the papacy and expelled the Knights Templar. His sons, Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV, ruled briefly before the crown passed to the House of Valois in 1328 with the accession of Philip VI.
The transition to the Valois dynasty coincided with the outbreak of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. Philip VI and his successor John II the Good suffered major defeats at the hands of the English king Edward III, including the disastrous Battle of Poitiers in 1356 where John was captured.
The war continued under Charles V the Wise, who was able to regain much of the territory lost to the English. However, the situation deteriorated again under the mentally unstable Charles VI, as civil war broke out between the Armagnacs and Burgundians. The English exploited the chaos, with Henry V achieving a decisive victory at Agincourt in 1415.
The war was finally resolved during the reign of Charles VII, who, with the aid of the young Joan of Arc, was able to drive the English from France by 1453, marking the end of the Hundred Years' War.
The House of Bourbon assumed the French throne in 1589 with the accession of Henry IV, who issued the Edict of Nantes granting religious toleration to the Huguenots. His successors, Louis XIII and Louis XIV, centralized power and established an absolute monarchy.
Louis XIV, known as the "Sun King", presided over the zenith of French power and cultural influence in Europe. However, his wars of conquest and lavish spending at Versailles laid the groundwork for the financial troubles that would contribute to the French Revolution.
The reigns of the later Bourbon kings, Louis XV and Louis XVI, were marked by growing disillusionment with the monarchy. Attempts at reform proved insufficient in the face of economic hardship, the influence of Enlightenment ideas, and the legacy of royal absolutism.
The French Revolution, sparked by the economic and social crisis of the late 18th century, overthrew the Bourbon monarchy in 1789. After a period of radical republicanism and Napoleonic rule, the monarchy was briefly restored with the ascension of Louis XVIII in 1814.
However, the restored Bourbon dynasty, represented by the ultra-conservative Charles X, was unable to withstand the July Revolution of 1830, which placed the "Citizen King" Louis-Philippe of the House of Orléans on the throne. Louis-Philippe's moderate constitutional monarchy also proved unstable, collapsing in the Revolutions of 1848.
The French monarchy came to an end in 1848 with the establishment of the Second French Republic. Subsequent attempts to restore the monarchy, such as through the Legitimist and Bonapartist claimants, were unsuccessful. France would not have another monarch until the short-lived Second Empire under Napoleon III from 1852-1870.
Establishment
July 987: Hugh Capet was proclaimed and crowned king of France at Noyon on 3 July 987.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Hugh Capet was incoronated King of the western Franks, starting the Capetian dynasty which would rule France until the XIX century.
The 1127 Peace of Támara delimited the territorial domains of the Castilian and Aragonese realms.
July 1127: The 1127 Peace of Támara delimited the territorial domains of the Castilian and Aragonese realms, the latter including Pamplona. The lands of Biscay, Álava, Gipuzkoa, Belorado, Soria and San Esteban de Gormaz went back to the Pamplonese kingdom.
Was a war of Normandy and England (which were in personal union) against the Kingdom of France. The English possessions in northern France wer lost to the French.
August 1202: Battle of Mirebeau.
September 1203: The Siege of Château Gaillard in 1203 was a military action led by King Philip II of France against King John of England. Château Gaillard was a strategically important castle in Normandy, France, built by Richard the Lionheart. After a lengthy siege, the French forces were able to capture the castle, marking a significant victory for the Kingdom of France in the ongoing conflict with England.
March 1204: The Siege of Château Gaillard in 1204 was a military action led by King Philip II of France against King John of England. The fortress was eventually captured, leading to the territory falling under the control of the Kingdom of France.
September 1204: French conquest of Normandy.
January 1205: French forces advanced south to occupy Anjou and Poitou.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the Medieval period. The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291.
4.1.Seventh Crusade
Was a Crusade led by Louis IX of France against the Ayyubids of Egypt.
June 1249: Damietta was taken by the French with little resistance from the Egyptians.
June 1250: In March 1250 Louis IX of France tried to return to Damietta, but he was taken captive at the Battle of Fariskur, where his army was annihilated. Louis fell ill with dysentery, and was cured by an Arab physician. In May he was ransomed for 800,000 bezants, half of which was to be paid before the King left Egypt, with Damietta also being surrendered as a term in the agreement.
4.2.Eighth Crusade
Was a Crusade led by Louis IX of France against the Hafsids of Tunisia.
July 1270: The Crusaders landed on the Tunisian coast on 18 July without facing much resistance. The crusaders built a camp near a fort built over Carthage and awaited the arrival of the Sicilian contingent under Charles of Anjou.
October 1270: Because of diseases the siege of Tunis was abandoned on 30 October with the Treaty of Tunis.
Was a war between the Kingdoms of England and France.
October 1294: Territorial change based on available maps.
5.1.Guascon campaign (1294-1303)
Was the theatre of War of Guascony during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
5.1.1.First English Attack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an English expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
May 1294: Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was the King of England from 1272 to 1307. In 1294, he was forfeited of Aquitaine, Gascony, and other French possessions by the King of France, Philip IV, due to ongoing conflicts between the two kingdoms.
October 1294: The English fleet arrived off Aquitaine and went up the Garonne River and seized the town of Castillon.
October 1294: Travelling up the Gironde estuary from the 28 October, the English captured the towns of Macau the next day.
November 1294: Bourg conquered by Kingdom of England.
November 1294: Blaye conquered by Kingdom of England.
November 1294: The English fleet went up stream to Rions, which was captured, along with Podensac and Villeneuve.
January 1295: St John left John of Brittany at Rions and travelled to Bayonne, and laid siege to the town. On 1 January 1295, the French garrison was driven into the castle by the citizens of Bayonne and the citizens opened the town gates to him. The castle surrendered on 9 January.
5.1.2.French Counterattack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an French expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
April 1295: Both John of Brittany and St John defended Rions, but due to the fall of the neighbouring towns and discontent between the English troops, they abandoned Rions, which the French entered on 8 April.
July 1295: The French army retook Podensac and then Saint-Sever in June 1295. Only Bourg and Blaye remained in English hands in the north of the duchy and Bayonne and Saint-Sever in the south.
January 1296: Philip IV of France sent his brother Charles of Valois, the Marshal of France, Guy I of Clermont and the Constable of France, Raoul II of Clermont into Aquitaine and Gascony at the head of a large army that won back most of the English conquests in the Garonne valley.
5.1.3.Second English Attack (Anglo-French War of 1294-1303)
Was an English expedition in Aquitaine during the Anglo-French War of 1294-1303.
April 1296: In 1296, the towns of Langon and Saint-Macaire surrendered to the forces of King Edward I of England, led by his son Prince Edmund. This event was part of the ongoing conflict between England and France over control of territories in Gascony.
5.2.English expedition to Flanders (1297-98)
Was an English military campaign against France in the Flanders.
June 1297: The next day part of the French cavalry, led by the King's brother Charles of Valois and by Raoul de Nesle crossed the border near Râches and encountered part of the Flemish army, consisting of German mercenaries, which was defeated.
August 1297: In 1297, Artois troops led by Robert III of Artois marched upon Cassel and Sint-Winoksbergen in Flanders. The territory was eventually taken over by the Kingdom of France after the towns surrendered.
August 1297: By August 20, 1297, the troops of King Philip IV of France, had reached Veurne in the County of Flanders.
August 1297: The Flemish counterattack on Artois ended in a French victory at the Battle of Furnes.
August 1297: Lille surrendered to King Philip.
September 1297: Philip IV of France, also known as Philip the Fair, was met by a delegation from Bruges in 1297. The city surrendered to him, solidifying the territory's transfer to the Kingdom of France.
January 1298: Orchies surrendered to France.
January 1298: Damme was retaken by an army of English, Welsh and Flemish troops.
5.3.Treaty of Paris (1303)
Was the treaty that ended Anglo-French War of 1294-1303. Gascony was restored to England from France following its occupation during the war.
May 1303: The Anglo-French War of 1294–1303 ended when the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1303, which restored the status quo.
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of France and the County of Flanders between 1297 and 1305.
June 1297: Siege of Lille (1297).
June 1300: The whole of Flanders fells under French control.
July 1302: Following the Battle of the Golden Spurs, Flanders regained full independence.
August 1302: Siege of Lille (1302).
August 1304: Siege of Lille (1304).
September 1304: Siege of Lille (1304).
6.1.Treaty of Athis
Was a peace treaty signed on 23 June 1305 between King Philip IV of France and Robert III of Flanders. The treaty concluded the Franco-Flemish War (1297-1305). Flanders lost Lille, Douai and Orches to France.
June 1305: The Treaty of Athis, signed on June 23, 1305, recognized Flemish independence, but at the cost of a heavy price and the loss of the cities of Lille, Douai and Orchies, which became French.
Was a short war fought between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France in 1324.
September 1324: The town of La Réole surrendered on 22 September 1324 to King Charles IV of France during the War of Saint-Sardos. The conflict was part of the larger struggle for power between the French monarchy and the English crown during the Hundred Years' War.
Were a series of conflicts between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France that spanned more than a century (with interruptions) from 1337 to 1453. The immediate causes of the conflicts were the English possessions in France which were at the same time vassals of the French Kingdom, as well as disputed claims to the French throne between the English House of Plantagenet and the French royal House of Valois. At the end of the war Englans lost all its possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
September 1346: Caen is besieged by England.
8.1.Edwardian War
Was the first phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, lasting from 1337 to 1360.
October 1355: During the so-called Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355, an Anglo-Gascon force under the command of Edward, the Black Prince raided southern France.
November 1355: Territories left by the Anglo-Gascon force that raided southern France during the so-called Black Prince's chevauchée of 1355.
August 1356: The Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356 was a military campaign led by Edward, the Prince of Wales, son of King Edward III of England. The campaign took place in southwestern France, targeting ergerac, Périgord, Nontronnais, Confolentais, Limousin, La Marche, Boischaut, Champagne Berrichonne, Berry, Sologne, south of Touraine and Poitou.
September 1356: French reconquers the regions lost during the Black Prince's chevauchée of 1356.
January 1360: Edward III of England led his army into Burgundy, and took Tonnerre.
February 1360: After remaining in Tonnerre some days, Edward III of England left the city.
March 1360: The English besiege Paris (1360).
April 1360: End of the English Siege of Paris (1360).
April 1360: Siege of Chartres.
April 1360: 'Black Monday' refers to a devastating hailstorm that struck Chartres in 1360 during the Hundred Years' War. The storm caused significant damage to the city and surrounding areas, leading to widespread destruction and loss of life. The territory of Chartres ultimately fell under the control of the Kingdom of France.
8.1.1.First English Campaign (Edwardian War)
Was the first English military campaign in France during the Edwardian War.
September 1339: As Cambrai was an ally of the king of France, on 20 September king Edward's army marched into the bishopric.
October 1339: The army of English king Edward left Cambrai to advance into France proper.
October 1339: In 1339, during the Hundred Years' War, King Edward III of England advanced towards the French army in the 14-mile strip of French land around the bishopric of Cambrai. The territory was eventually occupied by England, leading to further plundering of the area by Edward's forces.
October 1339: In 1339, King Edward III of England marched his troops out of occupied regions in France after the French forces did not pursue him. This decision by the French led to the abrupt end of the campaign in the Hundred Years' War.
8.1.2.Second English Campaign (Edwardian War)
Was the second English military campaign in France during the Edwardian War.
January 1340: Tournai had remained loyal to Philip VI of France.
July 1340: Siege of Tournai.
July 1340: Battle of Saint Omer.
August 1340: Robert of Artois was a French nobleman who sided with the English during the Hundred Years' War. Edward III was the King of England at the time and was leading the military campaign against France. The invasion of Artois was part of Edward III's strategy to expand English territory in France.
September 1340: Truce of Espléchin (1340).
8.1.3.Guascon campaign of 1345
Was an English military campaign in Gascony during the Edwardian War.
September 1345: Battle of Bergerac.
October 1345: Battle of Auberoche.
8.1.4.Crécy campaign
Was an English military campaign in northern France during the Edwardian War.
July 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Argences.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Lisieux.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Brionne.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Elbeuf.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Pont de l'Arche.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Vernon.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Freneuse.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Poissy.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Grisy.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Auteuill.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Troisseraux.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Airaines and Poix.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Acheux.
August 1346: Battle of Crecy.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of St. Josse.
August 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Neufchatel.
September 1346: English conquest of Conquest of Wissant.
August 1347: Wissant is re-occupied by the French.
August 1347: Calais, a strategic port city in France, was captured by King Edward III of England in 1347 during the Hundred Years' War. The Treaty of Brétigny in 1360 confirmed English possession of Calais and its surroundings, establishing it as an important English stronghold on the continent.
September 1347: In 1347, on the heels of English victory at the battle of Crécy (1346), the Viscount Gaston III Fébus paid homage to the king of France for his county of Foix, but refused to give homage for Béarn, which he claimed to hold from no one but God.
January 1350: In 1349, Saint-Jean-d'Angély became English territory during the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
August 1351: Saint-Jean-d'Angély fell to the French.
8.1.5.Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty that marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). By virtue of this treaty, Edward III of England obtained large territorial gains in southwestern France.
October 1360: The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between King Edward III of England and King John II of France (the Good). In retrospect, it is seen as having marked the end of the first phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) as well as the height of English power on the Continent. By virtue of this treaty, Edward III obtained, besides Guyenne and Gascony, Poitou, Saintonge and Aunis, Agenais, Périgord, Limousopn, Quercy, Bigorre, the countship of Gauré, Angoumois, Rouergue, Montreuil-sur-Mer, Ponthieu, Calais, Sangatte, Ham and the countship of Guînes.
8.2.Caroline War
Was the second phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. .
September 1370: Sacking of the city of Limoges in 1370 by the English forces.
September 1370: The English besiege Paris (1370).
September 1370: End of the English Siege of Paris (1370).
October 1370: End of the "Sac de Limoges".
August 1373: The Chevauchée de Lancastre was an English military campaign through the territory between Calais and Bordeaux.
September 1373: English forces leave the territories occupied during the Chevauchée de Lancastre.
8.3.Armagnac-Burgundian Civil War
Was a conflict between two cadet branches of the French royal family - the House of Orléans (Armagnac faction) and the House of Burgundy (Burgundian faction) from 1407 to 1435. Due to the civil war Burgundy de facto seceeded from France.
November 1407: In 1407, during the Armagnac-Burgundian conflict, the Burgundian territories, led by Duke John the Fearless, de facto seceded from France.
September 1435: Engaged in a patient reconquest of French territory, Charles VII wished to isolate the English from the Burgundians. In 1435, he concluded the treaty of Arras with Philip the Good, ending the civil war.
8.4.Lancastrian War
Was the third and final phase of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. At the end of the war England lost all its continental possessions in France with the exception of the city of Calais.
8.4.1.First English Campaign (Lancastrian War)
Was an English military campaign in France during the Lancastrian War, the last phase of the Hundred Years' War. France suffered an unexpected defeat by the numerically inferior English army in the Battle of Agincourt.
August 1415: Henry V of England landed at Chef-en-Caux in the Seine estuary.
September 1415: The French town of Harfleur was successfully captured after a five-week siege, marking a significant victory for the English forces.
October 1415: English land victory against the French in the Battle of Agincourt (1415).
November 1415: The Battle of Azincourt in 1415 was a major victory for the English forces led by King Henry V against the French army. Despite the decisive win, Henry's focus was on returning to England rather than further conquests in France.
8.4.2.Second English Campaign (Lancastrian War)
Was an English military campaign in France during the Lancastrian War, the last phase of the Hundred Years' War.
January 1419: Rouen is besieged by England.
July 1420: The Siege of Montereau-Fault-Yonne in 1420 was a military conflict during the Hundred Years' War between the forces of King Henry V of England and the Dauphin Charles VII of France. The English emerged victorious, leading to the territory falling under English military occupation.
November 1420: Melun is besieged by England.
December 1420: English forces captured Paris.
March 1421: Battle of Bauge.
April 1421: Battle of Bauge.
May 1422: Meaux is besieged by England.
September 1422: English campaign during which Dreux and Chartres are seized.
August 1424: Bataille de Verneuil: The consequences of the victory at Verneuil were: The English captured all border posts of Lancastrian Normandy and La Hire withdrew to the east. The only exception was Mont Saint-Michel, where the monks resisted.
July 1427: The Siege of Montargis in 1427 was part of the Hundred Years' War between England and France. The English forces, led by John, Duke of Bedford, successfully captured Montargis, a key strategic town in the Loire Valley, leading to a period of military occupation by England.
September 1427: The Siege of Montargis in 1427 was a military conflict between the forces of Joan of Arc, leading the French army, and the English troops. Montargis was a strategic town in the Kingdom of France, and its capture by the French marked a significant victory in the Hundred Years' War.
March 1428: Laval is besieged by England.
October 1428: English and Burgundian forces started the Siege of Orléans.
8.4.3.French Reconquest (final phase of the Hundred Years' War)
Was a French military campaign in the territories occupied by England. The campaign was succesful and led to the expulsion of the the English from France (with the exception of the city of Calais).
May 1429: Siege of Orleans.
June 1429: Battle of Jargeau.
June 1429: Battle of Meung-sur-Loire.
June 1429: Battle of Beaugency.
July 1429: Reims conquered by Kingdom of France.
September 1429: The French besiege Paris, which at the time was in English hands (1429).
September 1429: The French army was not able to conquer Paris and lifted the siege.
September 1429: Laval is besieged by the Kingdom of France.
November 1429: The Siege of Saint-Pierre-le-Moûtier in 1429 was part of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. It was led by French military commander Joan of Arc, who successfully captured the town from the English, further solidifying the territory for the Kingdom of France.
October 1430: The Siege of Compiègne in 1430 was a military confrontation during the Hundred Years' War between the English forces led by Thomas de Montacute and the French defenders commanded by Joan of Arc. The siege resulted in the capture of Joan of Arc, who was later handed over to the English and eventually executed.
August 1432: Siege of Lagny-sur-Marne.
May 1435: Battle of Gerberoy.
June 1435: The French troops of Charles VII started a new siege of Paris, which at the time was in English hands (1435).
April 1436: After a long siege, the French were able to chase the English from Paris.
June 1442: Siege of Tartas.
August 1443: Siege of Dieppe.
July 1449: Verneuil-sur-Avre conquered by Kingdom of France.
October 1449: End of the siege of Rouen.
November 1449: The capture of Honfleur by the French army liberated the Seine estuary from English control during the Hundred Years' War.
November 1449: French forces besiege Fougères.
April 1450: Battle of Formigny.
September 1450: Cherbourg falls. There are no more English in Normandy.
June 1451: Bordeaux conquered by Kingdom of France.
October 1452: Bordeaux conquered by Kingdom of England.
July 1453: Battle of Castillon.
October 1453: Siege of Bordeaux.
October 1453: Bordeaux was ceded to the Duchy of Brittany.
Expansion during the rule of Amadeus VI in the County of Savoy.
January 1348: The County of Savoia conquers Cherasco and Chieri.
Was a late medieval conflict between a coalition of feudal lords and the French monarchy.
August 1485: Louis d'Orléans launches a manifesto against the regency.
October 1485: The French royal army marches on Orléans.
July 1486: In June 1486, Maximilian of Austria invaded northern France.
August 1486: The Austrians leave northern France.
December 1486: In November, it is Dunois who seizes the castle of Parthenay.
March 1487: The royal army leaves Bordeaux on the 15th, to take Parthenay on the 30th.
August 1488: The Treaty of Sablé, known as the "Treaty of the Orchard", was signed by Charles VIII, King of France, and François II, Duke of Brittany on August 19, 1488.
Were a series of conflicts covering the period between 1494 to 1559, fought mostly in the Italian peninsula, but later expanding into Flanders, the Rhineland and the Mediterranean Sea. The primary belligerents were the Valois kings of France, and their Habsburg opponents in the Holy Roman Empire and Spain.
11.1.Italian War of 1499-1504
Was the second of the so-called Italian Wars. The first phase of the war was fought for control of the Duchy of Milan by an alliance of Louis XII of France and the Republic of Venice against Ludovico Sforza, the second between Louis of France and Ferdinand II of Aragon for possession of the Kingdom of Naples.
11.1.1.Borgia's War in Romagna
Were a series of military campaigns by Cesare Borgia, the son of the Pope, in central Italy.
January 1505: With the death of his father Pope Alexander VI, the short-lived reign of Cesare Borgia collapsed
11.2.War of the League of Cambrai
Was one of the so-called Italian wars.
11.2.1.First Phase - The league of Cambrai
Was the first phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
11.2.1.1.French invasion of Venice (War of the League of Cambrai)
Was a French invasion of the Republic of Venice during the War of the League of Cambrai.
May 1509: Louis, with the remainder of the French army, reached Agnadello.
11.2.2.Second Phase - Alliance between Venice and the Papal States
Was the second phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
January 1511: In 1510, Pope Julius II conquered the territories of Modena, Reggio, Parma, and Piacenza, adding them to the Papal States.
11.2.3.Third Phase - The Holy League
Was the third phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
June 1511: During May of the same year, the French position deteriorated considerably. Julius hired another army of Swiss mercenaries that crossed the Alps again, through the Valtellina, and invaded Lombardy, soon approaching Milan.
June 1511: Genoa rebelled against the French, acclaiming doge Giano Fregoso.
July 1511: In June 1511 most of Romagna was in French hands.
June 1512: Genoese revolt against France suppressed.
September 1512: Brescia surrendered to the viceroy of Naples and the Venetians.
October 1512: Novara conquered by Duchy of Milan.
January 1513: In 1512 Massimiliano Sforza regained the government of Milan.
11.2.4.Fourth Phase - Alliance between Venice and France
Was the fourth phase of the War of the League of Cambrai, one of the so-called Italian Wars.
September 1513: In 1513, during the War of the League of Cambrai, the French commander La Palice was defeated by the English forces led by the Earl of Surrey in the Battle of Guinegatte. As a result, Tournai was conquered by England and remained under military occupation.
January 1515: Henry VIII, having failed to gain significant territory, concluded a separate peace with France.
11.3.Italian War of 1521-1526
Was one of the so-called Italian wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States.
December 1521: In 1521, the Holy Roman Empire, led by Henry of Nassau, invaded northern France, capturing Ardres and Mouzon before besieging Tournai. The city fell to the imperial army in November after a prolonged siege.
May 1522: Colonna and d'Avalos, generals in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, proceeded to lay siege to Genoa, defended by 6,200 men, entering the city on May 30. Genoa was thus freed from the French yoke.
September 1523: A huge English force under the command of the Duke of Suffolk advanced into French territory from Calais in combination with a Flemish-Imperial force. The French, scattered by the imperial attack, were unable to resist and Suffolk soon advanced beyond the Somme River, devastating the countryside and stopping only 80 kilometers from Paris.
October 1523: The English army retreats from Paris.
December 1523: English retreat to Calais.
August 1524: D'Avalos and Bourbon, generals in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, crossed the Alps with about 11,000 men and invaded Provence in early July 1524.
August 1524: Having passed through most of the smaller towns unopposed, the Duke of Bourbon, a general in the service of the Holy Roman Empire, entered the provincial capital of Aix-en-Provence.
September 1524: When the French troops, commanded by Francis himself, arrived in Avignon at the end the imperials were forced to retreat back to Italy.
11.4.War of the League of Cognac
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was fought between the Habsburg dominions of Charles V —primarily the Holy Roman Empire and Spain— and the League of Cognac, an alliance including the Kingdom of France, Pope Clement VII, the Republic of Venice, the Kingdom of England, the Duchy of Milan, and the Republic of Florence.
11.4.1.Peace of Cambrai
Was a treaty between the French king Francis I and the Spanish Habsburg emperor Charles V that ended the French involvement in the War of the League of Cognac.
August 1529: The final Treaty of Cambrai, signed on 5 August, removed France from the war, leaving Venice, Florence, and the Pope alone against Charles. Francis surrendered his rights to Artois, Flanders, and Tournai.
11.5.Italian War of 1536-1538
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars. It was a conflict between King Francis I of France and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The objective was to achieve control over territories in Northern Italy, in particular the Duchy of Milan.
September 1536: In 1536, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V invaded Provence, and captured Aix-en-Provence in August.
January 1537: The Imperials retreated to Spain in 1536 instead of attacking Avignon, which was heavily fortified at the time.
11.6.Italian War of 1542-1546
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
11.6.1.French Theatre (Italian War of 1542-1546)
Was the war theatre on French territory in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
July 1544: The Siege of Boulogne in 1544 resulted in the capture of the city by the English forces.
July 1544: On 24 July 1544, Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, captured Vitry-le-François.
August 1544: The Duke of Norfolk, was ordered by King Henry VIII of England to besiege Montreuil in France.
August 1544: In 1544, during the Italian War of 1542–1546, the Holy Roman Empire, led by the Duke of Mantua, Federico II Gonzaga, besieged and captured the town of Saint-Dizier. The town surrendered on August 17 after a month-long siege.
September 1544: The Imperial troops marched through Champagne, capturing Épernay, Châtillon-sur-Marne, Château-Thierry, and Soissons.
September 1544: English forces, led by King Henry VIII, besieged the French-held town of Boulogne. The French garrison's firepower prevented any approach on foot, so the English dug tunnels under the castle, and the French eventually surrendered the city.
January 1545: The French Dauphin's army advanced on Montreuil.
June 1546: The French forced the English to raise their siege of the city of Montreuil.
11.6.1.1.Peace of Crépy
The Peace of Crépy was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire that ended the conflict between these two countries in the Italian War of 1542-1546.
September 1544: With the Peace of Crépy France abandoned its claims to the territories of the Duchy of Savoy, including Piedmont and Savoy itself.
11.7.Italian War of 1551-1559
Was one of the so-called Italian Wars.
11.7.1.Land Campaigns (Italian War of 1551-1559)
Were the Land campaigns of the Italian War of 1551-1559.
January 1553: In 1552, the territory of Toul was transferred to the Kingdom of France.
January 1553: In 1552, the territory of Metz was ceded to the Kingdom of France.
January 1553: Verdun fell to France in 1552 through the Treaty of Chambord.
January 1553: Verdun was among the Three Bishoprics annexed by France in 1552.
January 1558: Calais conquered by France.
11.7.2.Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis
Was the treaty that ended the Italian War of 1551-1559, the last of the Italian Wars (1494-1559).
January 1557: The territory of Saint Quentin, Ham, Le Catele were seized by Spain during the Italian War of 1551-1559.
April 1559: In 1559, as part of the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, France retained five fortresses in Northern Italy, including those near Turin, Saluzzo, and Pinerolo.
April 1559: With the Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis, Spain gave Saint Quentin, Ham, Le Catelet and other places back to France.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Savoy.
12.1.Treaty of Lyon (1601)
Was the treaty that ended the Franco-Savoyard War of 1600-1601.
January 1601: Henry IV of France bought Bresse, Bugey and Valromey, areas beyond the Alps that were difficult to control by the Savoy.
Were a series of wars in Europe (and the overseas possessions of European countries) the 16th, 17th and early 18th that started after the Protestant Reformation. Although the immediate causes of the wars were religious, the motives were complex and also included territorial ambitions.
13.1.Thirty Years' War
Was a war that took place mainly in central Europe between 1618 and 1648. The war began as a religious conflict between Catholics and Protestant in the Holy Roman Empire but then escalated into a conflict for the hegemony in Europe between Habsburg Spain and Austria, Sweden and France.
13.1.1.Thirty Years' War Minor Scenarios
A series of conflicts related to the Thirty Years' War.
13.1.1.1.War of the Mantuan Succession
Was a war over the succession of the Duchies of Mantua and Montferrat after the death of the last male heir of the House of Gonzaga.
April 1631: Savoy had to leave the fortress of Pinerolo to France in exchange for the withdrawal of the troops.
13.1.1.2.Invasion of Franche Comté (Ten Years War)
Was French invasion of modern-day Franche-Comté, at the time a possession of the Habsburg, during the Thirty Years' War.
May 1636: The French army besiege Dole.
August 1636: As troops from the Holy Roman Empire, commanded by Charles IV of Lorraine, were approaching Dole, the Prince of Condé ordered the French army to end the siege of Dole and retreat.
March 1637: In 1637, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Comtois forces, led by French military leader Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Enghien, won the battles of Martignat and captured Oyonnax. However, due to a lack of sufficient troops, they were unable to hold onto the territory, which ultimately fell to the Spanish Netherlands.
March 1637: In 1637, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Comtois, led by Henri de Montmorency, returned home to Oyonnax, abandoning most of their conquests in the region.
March 1637: On March 29, 1637, the town of Saint-Amour in the bailiwick of Aval was besieged by the Duke of Longueville, despite a week's resistance from its inhabitants. The town falls into the hands of the French, along with several other surrounding villages.
February 1639: The Château de Joux was a fortress located in the Jura mountains of France. The lieutenant who commanded it was François de Joux, who was bribed by the Swedes to surrender the fortress in 1639.
April 1639: In 1639, during the Franco-Spanish War, the Count of Guébriant, a French military commander, seized Château-Vilain from the Spanish forces.
April 1639: La Chaux conquered by france.
January 1645: Following a treaty concluded with Cardinal Mazarin in 1644, France committed to cease hostilities in Franche-Comté, in exchange for the considerable sum of 40,000 écus, thus guaranteeing the region's neutrality once again. The year 1644 thus marked the end of the Ten Years' War in Franche-Comté.
13.1.2.First Genoese-Savoyard War
Was the theatre of war in Liguria during the Thirty Years' War.
13.1.2.1.Treaty of Monzón
Was a treaty that ended the Veltellina War and the Ligurian theatre of War of the Thirty Years' War.
March 1637: The Spanish retained Île Sainte-Marguerite and Île Saint-Honorat until they were reconquered by the French admiral Philippe de Poincy.
13.1.3.Franco-Swedish Period
Was the fourth main period of the Thirty Years' War. It started with the intervention of the Kingdom of France.
13.1.3.1.Low Countries Front (France)
Was the Low Countries front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1636: Spanish occupation of Philippsbourg, Speyer, Landau and Treviri.
August 1636: In July 1647, Archduke Leopold, brother of the Emperor and Governor General of the Spanish Netherlands, recaptured Landrecies from the Kingdom of France. The stronghold had been conquered by the French eleven years earlier.
January 1637: Lens is annexed by the Kingdom of France.
August 1648: Archduke Leopold William of Habsburg captured Lens.
13.1.3.2.Rhineland Front (France)
Was the Rhineland front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
August 1636: Spanish and Bavarian troops, commanded by Cardinal-Infant and Jean de Werth, occupy the French fortress of Corbie.
September 1636: French forces occupy La Capelle.
November 1636: During the Thirty Years' War, the frontier fortress of Corbie was recaptured by the French popular army led by Cardinal Richelieu in November 1636.
January 1637: Bohain conquered by france.
13.1.3.3.Spanish Front (France)
Was the Spanish front during the Franco-Swedish period of the Thirty Years' War.
January 1637: In 1636, during the Thirty Years' War, Spain seized Saint-Jean-de-Luz, a strategic town in the Southwest of France.
September 1638: In 1638 the French army suffered a defeat at the Battle of Hondarribia in Fontarrabie, Basque Country. As a result, the territory fell under Spanish military occupation.
13.1.4.Peace of Westphalia
Were a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War. Catholics and Protestants were redefined as equal in the territories of the Holy Roman Empire. There were major territorial adjustments. In particular, France, Sweden and Brandenburg had major territorial gains, and several religious territories of the Holy Roman Empire were secularized.
October 1648: Schlettstadt is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: In 1648, the imperial city of Weissenburg was made part of France as a result of the Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War.
October 1648: At the end of the Thirty Years' War, several territories in Alsace were annexed by France.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Münster is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: The Imperial City of Landau is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
October 1648: In 1648, the territory of Hagenau was ceded to the Kingdom of France as part of the Treaty of Westphalia.
October 1648: The Murbach Abbey is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
January 1651: Through the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Pfirt was to fall as Comté de Ferrette to the Kingdom of France, which finally took possession of the county in 1650.
13.2.Thirty Years' War aftermath wars
Were a series of wars that were a continuation of the Thirty Years' War.
13.2.1.Franco-Spanish War (1648-1659)
Was a war between Spain and France that ended with the Treaty of the Pyrenees of 1659.
November 1659: With the Treaty of the Pyrenees that ended the Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659), France gained French Flanders (Artois) and minor territories on the rhineland (f.e. thionville). The northern part of the Principality of Catalonia, including Roussillon, Conflent, Vallespir, Capcir, and French Cerdagne, was also transferred to France, i.e. what later came to be known as "Northern Catalonia".
13.3.Nine Years' War
Was a conflict between France and the Grand Alliance, a coalition including the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, England, Spain, and Savoy. It is considered the first war that saw fighting globally because battles occured in Europe, America, Africa and India.
13.3.1.Italian Theatre (Nine Years' War)
Was the Italian Theatre of the the Nine Years' War.
January 1691: Carmagnola is conquered by France.
August 1692: Duke of Savoy with 29,000 men (substantially exceeding Catinat's number who had sent some troops to the Netherlands) invaded Dauphiné via the mountain trails shown to them by the Vaudois. The Allies invested Embrun, which capitulated on 15 August.
October 1692: With their commander falling ill with smallpox, and concluding that holding Embrun was untenable, the Allies abandoned Dauphiné in mid-September.
13.3.1.1.Treaty of Turin
Was a treaty that ended the involvement of the Duchy of Savoy in the Nine Years' War.
August 1696: With the Treaty of Turin signed on 29 August 1696, Louis XIV returned Montmélian, Nice, Villefranche, Susa, and other small towns to Savoy. The French, concluding that the defence of Pinerolo was not possible, also agreed to hand back the stronghold on condition that its fortifications were demolished.
13.3.2.Peace of Ryswick
Were a series of treaties that ended the Nine Years' War.
September 1697: Peace of Ryswick (1697): France kept Strasbourg but returned Freiburg, Breisach, Philippsburg and the Duchy of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Empire.
January 1698: In 1680, King Louis XIV of France, through his Chambers of Reunion, claimed Lützelstein as a French fief, which was confirmed by the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697.
Was a series of civil wars in the Kingdom of France between 1648 and 1653. King Louis XIV confronted the combined opposition of the princes, the nobility, the law courts (parlements), as well as most of the French people, and managed to subdue them all.
14.1.Parlamentary Fronde
Was a revolt of the parlament against King Louis XIV of France.
January 1649: Nobel rebels took control of Paris. The Court suddenly left Paris in the night between 5 and 6 January 1649 to move to the castle of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The Parliament of Paris issued a decree on January 8, banning Mazarin.
April 1649: The more moderate parliamentarians such as the first president of the Parliament Mathieu Molé and the president Henri de Mesmes begged Anne of Austria to negotiate. A compromise was reached on March 11 at Reuil, followed by the Peace of Saint-Germain.
14.2.Fronde of the Princes
Was a revolt of the nobility against King Louis XIV of France.
February 1650: The Prince of Marcillac (future La Rochefoucauld) and the Duke of Bouillon agitate Poitou and Limousin.
February 1650: The Princess of Condé urges the Parliament of Guyenne to oppose.
May 1650: Mazarin immediately leaves to pacify Burgundy (March-April).
October 1650: Bordeaux opens its port spontaneously to the Royalists.
December 1650: Battle of Rethel (1650).
November 1651: By the end of 1651, the rebels led by Condé controlled Guyenne (with Bordeaux as a stronghold), Saintonge, Aunis, Limousin, Berry, Provence du Comte d'Alais and the bridge town of Stenay on the Meuse.
November 1651: Royal troops first liberate Champagne.
November 1651: The French military leader Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, was defeated by the royal forces led by King Louis XIV's chief minister, Cardinal Mazarin. This victory solidified the King's power and control over the territory of Cognac.
April 1652: In 1652, during the Fronde rebellion in France, the noble rebel leader Louis II de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, sought refuge in Paris after facing opposition from the royal forces of King Louis XIV. The Fronde was a series of civil wars that took place in France between 1648 and 1653, involving various factions including nobles, the monarchy, and the people.
June 1652: The rebels lost Guyenne.
October 1652: Condé leaves Paris followed by the most compromised slingers.
Was a war between France and Spain. The French armies of Louis XIV occupied the Franche-Comté and large parts of the Spanish Netherlands.
15.1.France Comté Front (War of Devolution)
Was the theatre of war in the Franche-Comté of the War of Devolution.
May 1668: The first Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) in 1668 ended the War of Devolution. Louis XIV took the towns of Lille, Douai and Armentières from the Spanish, thereby allowing France a foothold back in Flanders.
15.2.Front of Catalonia (War of Devolution)
Was the theatre of war in Catalonia of the War of Devolution.
June 1668: In 1668, the Duke of Osuna, Viceroy of Catalonia, led a Spanish military occupation of Upper Cerdanya with 2,300 infantry and 200 cavalry.
15.3.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)
Was the treaty that ended the War of Devolution. France returned much of his gains.
May 1669: At the end of the War of Devolution France kept Armentières, Bergues, Charleroi, Courtrai, Douai, Furnes, Lille, Oudenarde, and Tournai.
May 1669: By the terms of theTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668), Louis XIV returned three cities (Cambrai, Aire, and Saint-Omer) to Spain.
Was a war between the Kingdom of France and the Dutch Republic.
August 1698: The French army leaves Freiburg.
August 1699: The French army leaves Kehl.
16.1.French invasion of the Dutch Republic
Was the French invasion of the Dutch Republic during the Franco-Dutch War.
June 1673: The primary French objective in 1673 was the capture of Maastricht, a strategic city controlled by the Dutch Republic. The French forces, led by King Louis XIV and Marshal Vauban, successfully besieged the city, which surrendered on 30 June, leading to its annexation by the Kingdom of France.
16.2.Peace of Nijmegen
Were a series of treaties that ended various interconnected wars, notably the Franco-Dutch War.
January 1678: Valenciennes was formally ceded to France in the Peace of Nijmegen.
August 1678: Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I had to accept the French occupation of the towns of Freiburg and Kehl.
August 1678: With the Peace of Nijmegen France gained further territories of the Spanish Netherlands, adding to those it had annexed under the 1659 Peace of the Pyrenees and 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. These included the town of Saint-Omer with the remaining northwestern part of the former Imperial County of Artois, the lands of Cassel, Aire and Ypres in southwestern Flanders, the Bishopric of Cambrai and the towns of Valenciennes and Maubeuge in the southern County of Hainaut.
August 1678: Spain ceded Franche-Comté to France with the Treaty of Nijmegen of 1678.
August 1678: France returned Charleroi, Ghent and other towns to the Spanish Netherlands.
September 1678: Peace of Nijmegen
September 1678: By the Treaty of Nijmegen of 1678, Spain relinquished Cambrai, which has remained as a part of France, to this day.
September 1678: France took Alsace (in 1648), Franche-Comté (in 1678 during the Franco-Dutch War) and Strasbourg (in 1681).
January 1679: The castle of Lichtenberg was conquered by troops of Louis XIV in 1678 and came under French sovereignty, as did almost the entire left bank of the Rhine in the county of Hanau-Lichtenberg.
January 1679: Weissenburg made part of France.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
17.1.Dutch and German Theatre (War of the Spanish Succession)
Was the theatre of war of the War of the Spanish Succession in Germany and the Low Countries.
September 1703: In 1703, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Margrave Louis William of Baden-Baden, a German military commander, led the imperial forces to capture the city of Landau on September 9th. This victory was a significant strategic gain for the Allied forces in the conflict.
October 1708: Lille is besieged by the Allied (Spanish Succession).
September 1709: The allies invested Tournai in July. The citadel was only taken on 3 September.
June 1710: During the War of the Spanish Succession, the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene led the Allied forces to victory in Douai in 1710. The Cambrin Lines were breached, and the strategic fortress of Douai fell under Dutch Republic and British military occupation.
November 1710: From the end of 1710 the campaign of the duke and prince Eugene of Savoy achieved new successes with the capture of Béthune, Saint-Venant and, at the beginning of November, Aire-sur-la-Lys.
September 1711: The Duke of Marlborough continued to hold command of the Anglo-Dutch forces in northern France, and in August he managed to bypass Villars and pass through the formidable Ne Plus Ultra defense lines, before capturing Bouchain on September 12th.
July 1712: Landrecies conquered the last fortress of the pré carré which divided it from Paris.
17.2.Treaty of Utrecht
Were a series of treaties to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
April 1713: As a result of the Treaty of Utrecht that ended the War of Spanish Succession, the Spanish part of Guelders was partitioned. The Austrians received the areas of Roermond, Niederkrüchten and Weert.
April 1713: The viguerie of Barcelonnette (also comprising Saint-Martin and Entraunes) was reattached to France in 1713 as part of a territorial exchange with the Duchy of Savoy during the Treaties of Utrecht.
April 1713: In the Treaty of Utrecht Duke Vittorio Amedeo II of Savoy was assigned Sicily with the relative royal title, as well as Casale and all of Monferrato, part of Lomellina and Valsesia.
17.3.Treaty of Baden
Was a treaty between France and the Holy Roman Empire, to end the War of the Spanish Succession.
September 1714: In the Treaty of Baden the French and their allies returned the east bank of the Rhine River (the Breisgau) to Austria.
September 1714: The treaty of Rastatt in 1714 allowed France, under the rule of King Louis XIV, to retain control of Alsace and Landau, solidifying French territorial gains in the region following the War of the Spanish Succession.
Was a European conflict caused by the succession to the Habsburg Domains. Maria Theresa succeeded her father Charles VI, and the opposition to female inheritance of the throne was a pretext for starting a war. It was a global conflict that saw fight in Europe, Asia, America and Africa.
18.1.Rhineland Theatre (Austrian Succession)
Was the theatre of war in the Rhineland during the War of the Austrian Succession.
July 1744: Prince Charles, who, assisted by the veteran Marshal Traun, skillfully manoeuvred his allied army over the Rhine near Philippsburg on 1 July 1744 and captured the lines of Weissenburg, and cut off Marshal Coigny and his army from Alsace.
October 1744: Prince Charles's army was able to return to Bohemia quickly, in good order and at full strength, though it was forced to abandon control of Alsace and Bavaria. Austrian diplomats also persuaded Saxony to re-enter the conflict on Austria's side, though in a strictly defensive role. By early October the Austrians were advancing through southwestern Bohemia toward Prague.
18.2.Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.
October 1748: The County of Horburg had been under French sovereignty since 1748 and was ceded to France along with the other possessions on the left bank of the Rhine in 1793.
Was a major European conflict sparked by a Polish civil war over the succession to Augustus II of Poland.
19.1.Treaty of Vienna (1738)
Was the treaty that ended the War of the Polish Succession. Augustus III was officially confirmed as King of Poland.
February 1766: The acquisition of Lorraine for the former Polish king, however, proved of lasting benefit to France, as it passed under direct French rule with Stanislaus' death in 1766.
Was a military expedition by the Kingdom of France under Comte de Vaux, against Corsican forces under Pasquale Paoli of the Corsican Republic that led to the annexion of the island by France.
May 1769: Battle of Ponte Novu.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
September 1792: The monarchy was abolished in 1792 during the French Revolution.
21.1.War of the First Coalition
Were a series of wars between the Kingdom of France (later the French Republic) and several European Monarchies. The French Revolution had deteriorated the relations of France with the other European countries, that tried several times to invade France in order to crash the revolutionary government.
21.1.1.Battle of Valmy
Was a battle between France and an alliance of European states led by Prussia that attempted an invasion of the French territory.
August 1792: Coalitionary forces captured Longwy.
August 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the First Coalition forces, led by Duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick, conducted a slow march to besiege the city of Verdun. The city eventually fell to the Coalition forces, marking a significant event in the early stages of the war.
September 1792: Verdun surrendered on 2 September 1792.
September 1792: In 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars, the Duke of Brunswick, leading the First Coalition forces, decided not to attack and instead camped for three days at Landres. This delay allowed the French revolutionary forces, led by General Dumouriez, to regroup and prepare for the Battle of Valmy.
September 1792: In July 1792 an Austro-Prussian force assembled at Coblenz in the Rhineland with the aim of marching on Paris, rescuing King Louis XVI, and ending the revolution. The coalition forces met with the French army in Valmy on September 20, 1792 but were defeated.
21.2.Peninsular War
Was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
April 1814: The Battle of Toulouse took place in April 1814 during the Napoleonic Wars. It was fought between the French army, led by Marshal Soult, and the Allied forces of Spain and Great Britain, commanded by the Duke of Wellington. The battle resulted in a victory for the Allies, leading to the occupation of Toulouse.
21.2.1.Coalition campaigns in the Iberian Peninsula
Ware a series of military campaigns by Great Britain, Spain and Portugal against the French forces in the Iberian Peninsula. The French were finally expelled.
April 1814: French General Pierre-Joseph Habert surrendered Barcelona to Spanish forces on 25 April 1814.
21.3.War of the Sixth Coalition
Was a war between France and a a coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Spain, the United Kingdom, Portugal, Sweden, and a number of German States. The coalition emerged after the decimation of the French army in the French invasion of Russia. The coalition ultimately invaded France and forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile.
April 1814: The French monarchy was restored by the other great powers in 1814.
April 1814: In 1814, the military occupation of the Sixth Coalition ended in France. This marked the withdrawal of foreign troops, including those of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden, from French territory after the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte in the War of the Sixth Coalition.
April 1814: The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed on 11 April 1814. Napoleon was stripped of his powers as ruler of the French Empire. The treaty also established the island of Elba as a separate principality to be ruled by Napoleon.
April 1814: The principality of Elba Island was a small European state, which existed in the 19th century from 1814 to 1815, ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, former emperor of the French and king of Italy.
May 1814: Republic's revival in Genoa.
May 1814: During the French Revolution, the territory of Monaco was under French control from 1793 to May 17, 1814, as part of the département of Alpes-Maritimes. This period ended with the fall of the French Empire.
May 1814: The Marquisate of Fosdinovo reacquired its independence at the end of the Napoleonic Domain in Italy.
May 1814: Louis-Nicolas Davout, a French military commander, was in control of Hamburg during the War of the Sixth Coalition. He eventually surrendered to Russian forces led by General Levin August, Count von Bennigsen in April 1814.
21.3.1.Treaty of Paris (1814)
Was the treaty that ended the war between France and the Sixth Coalition, part of the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: By the Treaty of Paris, May 30, 1814, the House of Savoy was restored to its rights.
May 1814: Lingen and Ravensberg are acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia.
May 1814: Oldenburg administration in Jever.
May 1814: Restoration of the Duchy of Parma-Piacenza, wich is assigned for life to Napoleon's wife Maria Luisa d'Austria, who will rule on the duchy until her death in 1847.
May 1814: The Duchy of Massa and Carrara is restored after the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: Vechta and part of the Bishopric of Lübeck are acquired by Oldenburg.
21.4.Congress of Vienna
Was a series of international diplomatic meetings after the end of the Napoleonic wars whose aim was a long-term peace plan for Europe. It redraw the borders of Europe and partially restored the Monarchies of the pre-revolutionary period.
September 1814: Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva were raised to full members of the Swiss Confederation.
October 1814: After the fall of Napoleon in 1814, George III regained his lands in Hanover and acquired additional territories from Prussia, becoming the King of Hanover.
October 1814: The Kingdom of Hanover was established in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna as the successor state to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg. This territory was given to the Kingdom of Hanover, which was ruled by the House of Hanover, a British royal family.
January 1815: In 1814, an imperial decree reestablished the independence and economy of Andorra.
March 1815: The United Netherlands was created in the aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, with William I of Orange-Nassau becoming the first King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815. This marked the unification of the Northern and Southern Netherlands under one sovereign principality.
21.5.War of the Seventh Coalition (The Hundred Days)
Napoleon escaped the exile he had been forced after the War of the Sixth Coalition and reorganized the French army. He was defeated by a coalition that included Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia and sent into permanent exile on the island of Saint Helena.
March 1815: Napoleon arrived in Paris, and re-established the Empire.
July 1815: The French King, Louis XVIII, made his public entry into Paris, amidst the acclamations of the people, and again occupied the throne.
Was a revolutionary wave in Europe that started in France. The revolutions were essentially democratic and liberal in nature, with the aim of removing the old monarchical structures and creating independent nation-states, as envisioned by romantic nationalism.
22.1.French Revolution of 1848
Was an insurrection in France that led to the collapse of the July Monarchy and the foundation of the French Second Republic.
February 1848: The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution.
January 1024: The Duke of Gascony, Sancho V Guillaume, handed over land of Labourd to the King of Navarre, Sancho III Garcés.
January 1145: We presume that the Angevine Kingdom begins to be really powerful with the acquisition of Normandy as so the Angevins were powerful enough to make war with the french king.
April 1152: Eleanor of Aquitaine married Henry who thus acquired control of the Duchy of Aquitaine.
January 1174: In 1173 the county of Lyon was divided between the Count and the Archbishop of Lyon: the Archbishop received the town and valleys (the County of Lyon), the Count the mountains (the County of Forez).
January 1213: From 1206 to 1212, Philip Augustus of France strove to strengthen his territorial conquests. Capetian domination was accepted in Champagne, Brittany, and Auvergne, but the counties of Boulogne and Flanders remain reluctant.
January 1221: Based on Gustav Droysen's Holy Roman Empire Map at the time of the Hohenstaufen dynasty.
January 1225: Louis VIII later claimed that the English court had not fulfilled all the conditions of the treaty of 1217. Taking advantage of the minority of Henry III, he decided to seize the last English possessions in France. Aquitaine was taken, the cities of the region falling one after the other: Poitou, Saintonge, Périgord, Angoumois, and part of Bordeaux. Louis VIII seized all territory as far as the Garonne, in a quick campaign. To control the trade of the region, the French laid siege to the strategic port city of La Rochelle in 1224, and after a few military confrontations between the English garrison and Louis' forces, the city surrendered within a month. The remaining possessions held by the English king were Bordeaux and Gascony.
January 1230: With the Treaty of Paris of 1229, Count Raymond VII of Toulouse had to recognize himself as a vassal of the Kingdom of France.
May 1258: With the Treaty of Corbeil, Aragon ceded the County of Gevaudan to France.
May 1258: By the Treaty of Corbeil the Occitan Fenolleda passed to the French crown.
January 1272: The Marquisate of Provence is annexed by France.
January 1280: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1287: Vivarais submits to the French Crown.
January 1302: The western half of Bar County is made a fief of France.
January 1304: Cherasco is conquered by France.
January 1304: Alessandria is conquered by France.
January 1313: The passage is gradual but we generally retain the date of April 10, 1312 as the official attachment of Lyon to the kingdom of France thanks to the Treaty of Vienna by which the Archbishop of Lyon Pierre de Savoie abandons to King Philippe le Bel the sovereignty of the city and county of Lyon.
January 1323: Acqui conquered by France.
January 1340: Chieri is conquered by France.
January 1346: Alessandria fells under the rule of Milan.
January 1346: The March of Monferrato reconquers Acqui.
January 1350: The Dauphiné is best known for its transfer from the last non-royal Dauphin (who had great debts and no direct heir) to the King of France in 1349. The terms of the transfer stipulated that the heir apparent of France would henceforth be called "le Dauphin" and included significant autonomy and tax exemption for the Dauphiné region, most of which it retained only until 1457.
January 1370: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1379: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1384: Flanders became part of the Valois-Burgundy Domains under the control of the House of Burgundy.
January 1395: Period of French domination over the Republic of Genoa from 1394 to 1409.
January 1405: In 1404 ownership of the village of Pontremoli passed to the Genoese Fieschi family.
January 1410: Genoa came under the control of the Visconti of Milan.
January 1436: During the Hundred Years' War, the city of Ponthieu changed hands a number of times, although the English claimed control of it from 1279-1369, and then later from 1378 until 1435.
January 1459: Threatened by Alfonso V of Aragon, the Doge of Genoa ceded the Republic to the French in 1458.
January 1462: Genoa regained independence from France.
October 1468: By the Treaty of Péronne of October 1468, Louis XI of France withdrew the French lands of the Duke of Burgundy from the jurisdiction of the Parliament of Paris.
January 1478: With the death of Charles the Bold (1477), Burgundian dominance ended, and Cambrais was immediately occupied by the French King Louis XI.
December 1482: The Treaty of Arras, signed on December 1482, planned to marry Mary and Maximilian's daughter, Margaret, to the Dauphin Charles, aged 12. The Burgundy-Habsburgs kept Flanders (and the rest of the Netherlands, which was imperial), while France won the Duchy of Burgundy, Artois and Picardy, and soon the County of Burgundy as the dowry of Margaret.
January 1486: The Duchy of Bar fell to the Duchy of Lorraine in 1485.
January 1488: The county of Provence was reunited with France in 1487.
January 1494: With parts of the Burgundian inheritance, Charolais came first to France in 1477 and to the House of Habsburg in 1493, but remained under the feudal sovereignty and within the legal sphere of the French crown.
January 1501: Barcelonnette returned to Savoyard dominance by the start of the 16th century, by which point the County of Provence had become united with the Kingdom of France.
January 1506: Brittany islands fully integrated into the French State.
January 1513: In 1512, Locarno, the Maggia Valley, Lugano and Mendrisio were annexed by the Swiss Confederacy. Subsequently, the upper valley of the Ticino river, from the St. Gotthard to the town of Biasca (Leventina Valley) was part of the Canton of Uri. The remaining territory (Baliaggi Ultramontani, Ennetbergische Vogteien, the Bailiwicks Beyond the Mountains) was administered by the Twelve Cantons.
August 1547: Union of Bretagne with France (13 August 1547).
February 1548: After the deposition of the last marquis Gabriele on February 23, 1548, it was a formality to annex the Saluzzo Marquisate to the French crown in 1549.
January 1553: In 1552, under the Treaty of Chambord, Metz was placed under French protection in return for French support from Protestant princes against Emperor Charles V. Since Püttlingen was a Metz fief, it also fell under French protection.
October 1588: Taking advantage of the unrest within the Kingdom of France, caused by the religious wars, Carlo Emanuele I of Savoy seized the Marquisat of Saluzzo, under the pretext of wanting to prevent the spread of Protestantism in Piedmont.
January 1589: The Duchy of Savoy conquers Carmagnola.
January 1597: Henry IV of France confirmed Montluc in his position as governor of Cambrai in 1594. However, this was very unpopular, so that the citizens handed over their city to the Spaniards just two years later.
November 1620: Edict of Union of France and Navarre.
November 1620: The Viscounty of Béarn is incorporated to France.
January 1633: All territories of the Bishopric of Metz are acquired by France.
October 1662: The English received Dunkirk, although they elected to sell it to France in 1662.
January 1675: The Fleckenstein was taken twice by French troops towards the end of the 17th century. In 1674 this happened under Marshal de Vauban, without any resistance being offered. In 1680, however, the castle was completely destroyed under General Montclar.
January 1677: The Bouillon Duchy is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
March 1677: On October 24, 1648, Alsace was ceded to the French kingdom in the Peace of Westphalia. The Counts of Leiningen-Dagsburg (Linange-Dabo in French) refused to pay homage to King Louis XIV and consequently fought against his reunion policy. The clashes began in 1672 and ended with the capitulation of the Dagsburgers on March 13, 1677.
January 1680: The Imperial City of Colmar is acquired by the Kingdom of France.
September 1681: In 1681 Strasbourg, then an independent city in the Holy Roman Empire, was annexed to France.
January 1682: The county of Rappoltstein is acquired by France.
January 1682: The left bank of the Strassburg Prince-Bishopric fell to France.
January 1683: Along with Luxemburg, the county of Schleiden was affected by the French policy of reunion between 1682 and 1697 under Louis XIV.
January 1692: Carmagnola returns under the rule of Duchy of Savoia.
January 1698: With the Peace of Rijswijk in 1697, the heavily forested, sparsely populated and impoverished county was returned to Leiningen-Dagsburg.
January 1699: Along with Luxemburg, the county of Schleiden was affected by the French policy of reunion between 1682 and 1697 under Louis XIV.
January 1714: Orange was finally ceded to France in 1713 under the Treaty of Utrecht.
January 1750: In 1748, the French again conquered Maastricht at what is known as the Second French Siege of Maastricht.
January 1751: In 1748, during the Second French Siege of Maastricht, the French forces led by Marshal Maurice de Saxe conquered the city. However, in 1750, the territory was ceded to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands as part of the Treaty of Maastricht.
February 1766: In 1766, the French king Louis XV. the rule of Püttlingen against the strategically more favorable territory of the Wadgassen Abbey with Prince Wilhelm Heinrich von Nassau-Saarbrücken and Prince Christian Ludwig zu Wied-Runkel (1762-1791), Lord of Püttlingen, in the so-called exchange agreement of February 15, 1766 France renounced the Metz enclave.
January 1817: The Principality of Lichtenberg had been a remote exclave of the Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld since 1816.
Disestablishment
February 1848: The French Second Republic was a short-lived republican government of France under President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte. It lasted from the 1848 Revolution.
Selected Sources
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany)
Droysen, G. (1886): Historischer Handatlas, Bielefeld and Leipzig (Germany), pp. 26-27
Livet, G. (1994): La Guerre de Trente Ans, Paris (France), p. 37
Livingstone, M. / Witzel, M. (2005): The Road to Crécy: The English Invasion of France, 1346. Harlow (UK), pp. 107–225.
Pitts, V. J. (2009): Henri IV of France: His Reign and Age, Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 228-229
Sumption, J. (1990): Trial by Battle. The Hundred Years' War, London (UK), p. 505.
Treaty of Ryswick (English version), https://bonoc.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/tratado-ryswick.pdf
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.142
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, p.260
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.145
Zeller, O. (2024): La Bresse et le pouvoir: Le Papier journal de Jean Corton, syndic du tiers état (1641-1643), Dijon (France), p. 12
Kingdom of France
