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The cluster includes all the forms of the country.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Kingdom of Portugal
Kingdom of Portugal (Union with Spain)
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
First Portuguese Republic
Portuguese Republic (National Dictatorship)
Portuguese Republic (Estado Novo)
Portuguese Republic
Establishment
July 1139: After this battle, he began to exhibit a seal with a cross and the word "Portugal". He continued to win battles, supported by the nobles of Entre-Douro-e-Minho, eventually triumphing in the Battle of Ourique in 1139, which led to his proclamation as King of Portugal by his troops.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
July 1140: In 1140, the Kingdom of Portugal, led by King Afonso I, successfully recaptured the city of Leiria from the Moors during the Reconquista.
January 1141: In 1140 the Moors were able to seize the fortress of Leiria.
January 1143: The city and castle of Leiria were reconquered by King Afonso I of Portugal from the Moors.
March 1147: Portugal conquered the city of Santarém.
June 1147: Siege of Lisbon.
October 1147: In 1147 the Portuguese conquered Lisbon.
October 1147: Siege of Lisbon.
December 1147: The Moorish garrisons of Palmela, Sintra and Almada capitulated to the Portuguese.
January 1152: Expansion of the Almohad Caliphate before 1152.
January 1159: King Alfonso I of Portugal conquers Alcácer do Sal.
January 1159: In 1158 Alcácer do Sal, one of the chief centres of Moorish commerce, was taken by the Portuguese.
January 1160: In 1159 it seems that Alfonso I of Portugal conquered, but soon after abandoned, the cities of Beja and Évora.
January 1160: The Kingdom of Portugal, led by King Afonso I, conquered the cities of Évora and Beja from the Moors.
January 1161: The Portuguese abandoned the cities of Beja and Évora.
January 1163: In 1162, Alfonso I of Portugal, also known as Afonso I, conquered Beja.
January 1163: In a few months Portuguese troops completed, the conquest of almost the entire Alentejo region in southern Portugal: Beja, Evora, Serpa, the castle of Juromenha (near Alandroal) and then north -east, Cáceres and Trujillo, in present-day Spain.
January 1170: The Portuguese conquer Badajoz.
January 1190: In 1189 the Portuguese occupied Silves.
January 1193: In 1192 the Portuguese lost not only Algarve but the greater part of Alentejo, including Alcácer do Sal, to the Almohads.
January 1213: The Portuguese conquer Alcácer do Sal again.
January 1224: Alfonso II of Portugal conquers Setúbal and Alcácer do Sal from the Moors.
January 1227: Elvas was taken from the Moors in 1226.
January 1230: Alfonso IX of Leon advances along the Guadiana River and conquers Mérida and Badajoz.
January 1230: Elvas conquered by Almohad Caliphate.
January 1233: Moura conquered by the Kingdom of Portugal.
January 1237: The Portuguese conquer most of the Algarve.
January 1240: In 1239, the Portuguese, led by King Sancho II, defeated the Moors at the Battle of Aimonte. This victory led to the conquest of the eastern Algarve and the Alentejo regions.
January 1250: The region of Algarve was invaded by the Moors.
January 1250: Faro conquered by Kingdom of Portugal.
January 1251: Between 1249 and 1250 the Algarve was reconquered from the Moors.
January 1273: Faro is conquered by the Portuguese under Alfonso III.
1.1.Establishment of Portugal
After the Battle of Ourique against the Almoravids, Afonso Henriques was declared King of Portugal.
Was a civil war in Portugal that began when King Ferdinand I died without a male heir and ended when King John I was crowned in 1385 after his victory during the Battle of Aljubarrota.
April 1384: The Battle of Atoleiros took place on 6 April 1384, between a Portuguese force and a expedition from Castile sent by King John I.
May 1384: After its defeat in the Battle of Atoileros, the Castilian Army left Portugal.
May 1384: John I of Castile marched to Lisbon in May and besieged the capital.
August 1384: The city of Almada on the south bank of the Tagus surrendered to Castile.
September 1384: A plague outbreak forced the Castilian Army to end the siege of Lisbon.
November 1384: The Castilian fleet also abandoned the Tagus, and Lisbon avoided conquest.
June 1385: The Castilian army led by Juan I invaded again Portugal in June 1385 through the central north, from Celorico da Beira to Coimbra and Leiria.
August 1385: The defeat of the Castilian forces by the Anglo-Portuguese forces in the Battle of Aljubarrota led to the failure of the Castilian invasion of Portugal, and also prevented future invasions. The Castilian army left Portugal.
1475 - 4 September 1479: military conflict contested from 1475 to 1479 for the succession of the Crown of Castile fought between the supporters of Joanna 'la Beltraneja', reputed daughter of the late monarch Henry IV of Castile, and those of Henry's half-sister, Isabella, who was ultimately successful.
January 1477: Castilian fleets fought in the Atlantic Ocean, temporarily occupying the Cape Verde islands (1476).
September 1479: With the Treaty of Alcáçovas in 1479 Castile, while retaining her rights in the Canaries, recognized the Portuguese monopoly of fishing and navigation along the whole west African coast and Portugal's rights over the Madeira, Azores and Cape Verde islands.
The Capture of Hormuz in 1507 occurred when the Portuguese Afonso de Albuquerque attacked Hormuz Island to establish the Fortress of Hormuz.
November 1507: Portuguese conquest of Ormuz.
The Portuguese conquest of Goa occurred when the governor of Portuguese India Afonso de Albuquerque captured the city in 1510.
November 1510: The Portuguese conquest of Goa occurred when the governor of Portuguese India Afonso de Albuquerque captured the city in 1510.
Was the Portuguese capture of Malacca in 1511.
August 1511: The Portuguese captured Malacca.
The fall of Calicut occurred in 1526, when the Zamorin, the local Indian ruler, captured the fort of Calicut from the Portuguese.
July 1526: The fall of Calicut in 1526 occurred when the Zamorin, the ruler of the Kingdom of Calicut in India, captured the fort from the Portuguese, who had established a trading post in the region. This event marked a significant shift in power dynamics in the region, with the territory eventually coming under the control of the Bengal Sultanate.
July 1526: The fall of Calicut in 1526 occurred when the Zamorin, the ruler of the Kingdom of Vursut, captured the fort from the Portuguese, marking a significant event in the history of Portuguese-Indian relations.
Expansion during the rule of Mohammed ash-Sheikh of the Saadi dynasty.
January 1542: In 1541, the Portuguese fortress of Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué in Agadir was captured by the Saadi dynasty.
Conquests and wars with Ottoman involvement during the rule of Suleiman I.
January 1561: The area was occupied by Ottoman forces in the middle of the 16th century under the leadership of Suleiman the Magnificent, who expanded the empire's territory into the Lhasa eyalet region in 1560.
9.1.Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538-1559)
Were a series of confrontations between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire that took place in the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf, and the Red Sea.
January 1539: Aden was ruled by the Ottoman Empire between 1538 and 1547.
February 1548: The Capture of Aden of 1548 was accomplished when Ottomans under Piri Reis managed to take the harbour of Aden in Yemen from the Portuguese.
January 1551: In 1550, the inhabitants of Al-Hasa voluntarily submitted to the rule of the Ottomans, preferring them to the Portuguese.
September 1552: The Turks captured Muscat from the Portuguese.
January 1553: In 1552, the Turks, led by Ottoman admiral Piri Reis, captured Muscat from the Portuguese in a significant event known as the Capture of Muscat. This marked a turning point in the struggle for control over the strategic port city in the Arabian Peninsula.
January 1558: In 1557 the Ottoman captured the port of Massawa.
Were a series of wars between the native kingdoms of modern-day Sri Lanka and the Portuguese Empire.
10.1.Growth of the Sitawaka kingdom
Were a series of military campaigns by the Sinhalese Kingdom of Sitawaka to expand its territories.
January 1566: Areas annexed by Sitawaka from the Kotte Kingdom by 1565.
January 1566: By 1565 the Portuguese were unable to hold the capital city of Kotte. They abandoned Kotte and moved to Colombo (which was guarded by a powerful fort and the Portuguese navy) with their puppet King Dharmapala.
June 1587: Siege of Colombo 1587-1588.
January 1588: Areas annexed by Sitawaka from the Kotte Kingdom by 1587.
February 1588: A large Portuguese fleet of eighteen galleys commanded by Manuel de Sousa Coutinho arrived in Colombo, after raiding Sitawakan shores in northwestern Ceylon.
10.2.Protectorate on Kotte
The Sinhalese Kingdom of Kotte became a Portuguese protectorate.
January 1552: The portuguese assisted and protected the kingdom of Kotte against the growing influence of the kingdom of Sitawaka.
10.3.Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom
Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom.
October 1560: The Portuguese invasion of Jaffna kingdom in 1560 AD was the first expedition against the Jaffna kingdom by the Portuguese Empire. It was led by Viceroy Dom Constantino de Bragança. The Portuguese conquered northern Jaffna kingdom including Nallur, and the island of Mannar. The king of Jaffna escaped in the interior (Vanna).
January 1561: The king of Jaffna, Cankili I, managed to escape and regained the capital through a pact that he made with the Portuguese. He subsequently incited a peoples' rebellion against the Portuguese, resulting in their withdrawing their forces from Nallur.
October 1591: The Portuguese, led by André Furtado, mounted a military campaign against the Jaffna kingdom from Mannar.
December 1591: The Portuguese captured the kingdom of Jaffna, killed the king, and installed Ethirimana Cinkam as the new ruler.
January 1618: With the death of Pararasasekaran in 1617, Cankili II, an usurper, took control of the throne after killing the regent nominated by the Ethirimanna Cinkam.
July 1619: By June 1619, there were two Portuguese expeditions: a naval expedition that was repulsed led by the Varunakulattan, also known as Khem Nayak, and a land expedition by Phillippe de Oliveira and his army of 5000 was able to defeat Cankili. Cankili, along with every surviving member of the royal family, was captured and taken to Goa, where he was hanged. Jaffna was annexed to the Portuguese Crown.
10.4.Attempt to conquer Kandy
In 1592 the Portuguese unsuccesfully invaded the Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy.
January 1593: The Kandyans forced the Portuguese to withdraw from Kandy.
January 1593: In 1592 the Portuguese intervened in Kandy, placing their protégé Yamasinghe Bandara on the throne.
10.5.Conquest of Sitawaka and Riagama Kingdoms
Portuguese conquest of the Sinhalese Sitawaka and Riagama Kingdoms.
January 1594: In 1593 Sitawaka forces attempted to re-take Kandy, but were repulsed and their king Rajasinha I died of disease contracted during the fighting. One of the rival claimants to his throne defected to the Portuguese, enabling them to take complete control over Sitawaka.
10.6.Campaign of Danture
Was a Portuguese military campaign in the Sinhalese Kingdom of Kandy.
July 1594: The Portuguese entered Kandy, without encountering any resistance, to find the Royal Palace abandoned and partly burned.
October 1594: At Danture, the Portuguese forces were attacked as they retreated. The organised columns disintegrated in the forest and most were wiped out. Sousa surrendered with the remaining 93 European troops. In a departure from usual Sinhalese warfare, the prisoners were tortured and mutilated. Sousa died of the wounds he sustained during the fighting. With the exception of a patrol sent back to the lowlands during the early part of the campaign, only three Portuguese soldiers escaped back to Colombo.
10.7.Low intensity conflict of Portugal with Kandy
Were a series of minor conflicts between the Portuguese Empire and the Kingdom of Kandy.
January 1604: The Kingdom of Kandy successfully defended itself against the Portuguese attempt to subjugate Balana. The rebellion among the Lascarins, led by historical figure King Vimaladharmasuriya I, played a crucial role in forcing the Portuguese to retreat to Colombo.
January 1604: In 1603, Portuguese General Dom Jerónimo successfully captured the Kandian fort at Balana, solidifying Portuguese control over the territory.
January 1617: Parts of Sabaragmuwa and Matara were conquered by Senarat.
January 1617: In December 1616 a much greater revolt broke out in eastern Seven Korales, led by a disgraced grain measurer who claimed to be the grandson of Rajasinha, late prince Nikapitiya Bendara.
February 1617: Despite initial cordiality, Senarat quickly grew distrustful of Nikapitiyas' success and attitude towards Kandy. Fearing a future rival, he withdrew all his aid and ordered Kuruvita Rala to suspend operations while he attempted to gain a truce with the Portuguese.
August 1617: By this sudden turn of events, in August 17 an agreement between the Portuguese and Kandy was reached and a treaty put into effect. In negotiating with the Portuguese, Senarat proved rather capable, refusing most of Portuguese demands but stil had to formally pledge vassalage to the King of Portugal, agree not interfere in missionary work in Kandy (Senarat even entrusted his children to be educated by Franciscans), offer several noblemen as hostages in Colombo and pay two large elephants a year as a token tribute. The Portuguese on their part agreed to a formal alliance and recognized Senerat as the rightful King of Kandy.
October 1617: With the coming of favourable winds in March 1617, important Portuguese reinforcements had arrived in Colombo. In June, developments in Jaffna favoured the Portuguese as Cankili I usurped the throne through a coup and in exchange for Portuguese recognition, agreed to prevent supplies and weapons from reaching the rebels from there. Between July and September the Portuguese were able to recapture the Seven Korales.
10.8.Danish intervention (Sri Lanka)
Was a Danish military operation in Sri Lanka against the Portuguese Empire.
January 1621: Senarat placed great expectations on a Danish alliance against the Portuguese and agreed to sign a treaty and grant them the port of Trincomalee.
January 1621: Just two weeks after the treaty was signed, the Danish evacuated Trincomalee.
10.9.Dutch intervention 1638-1658
Was a Dutch military operation in Sri Lanka against the Portuguese Empire.
May 1638: The VOC and Rajasinha II of Kandy signed a treaty in May 1638.
January 1659: Tuticorn captured by the Dutch in 1658.
January 1659: In 1658, the Dutch made an agreement with Nayaka of Thanjavur, by which ten villages were transferred from the Portuguese to the Dutch Nagapattinam Port, Puthur, Muttam, Poruvalancheri, Anthanappettai, Karureppankadu, AzhingiMangalam, Sangamangalam, Thiruthinamangalam, Manjakollai, Nariyankudi.
Was a succession crisis caused by the death of the King of Portugal without heirs. The conflict saw two main claimants to the Portuguese throne: António, Prior of Crato, proclaimed in several towns as King of Portugal, and his first cousin Philip II of Spain, who eventually succeeded in claiming the crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
August 1580: Battle of Alcântara: a decisive victory of the Habsburg King Philip II over the other pretender to the Portuguese throne.
October 1580: Philip II of Spain succeeded in claiming the Portuguese crown, reigning as Philip I of Portugal.
August 1583: Acores conquered by spain.
Expansion during the rule of Murad III in the Ottoman Empire.
12.1.Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1586-1589)
Were armed military engagements which took place between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along the coast of eastern Africa.
12.1.1.Ottoman backed revolt of Indian Ocean coast
Was a revolt backed by the Ottomans in the East African coast against Portuguese rule.
January 1582: Muscat conquered by Ottoman Empire.
January 1587: In 1586, Mir Ali Bey captured a small galley belonging to Roque de Brito Falcão in Lamu, a port city in present-day Kenya. The king of Lamu handed over Portuguese refugees to the Ottoman Empire, marking a shift in power dynamics in the region.
January 1587: At Mogadishu, Mir Ali Bey convinced its inhabitants to rebel against the Portuguese.
January 1587: Barawa and Faza declared their support and allegiance to the Ottoman Empire.
January 1587: The Ottomans occupied Mombasa and built a fort there.
12.1.2.Portuguese Counterattack
Were a series of Portuguese military actions against African rebels and the Ottomans during the Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1586-1589).
January 1589: Muscat conquered by portugal.
March 1589: Battle of Mombasa.
May 1589: After capturing the Ottoman corsair Mir Ali Bey, the Portuguese reestablished suzerainty over the entire Swahili coast, using diplomacy or force of arms.
Was a global conflict between the Portuguese Empire and the Dutch Empire. The conflict primarily saw the Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies in the Americas, Africa, and the East Indies.
13.1.Operations in the Pacific and Indian Oceans
Were the military operations of the Dutch in the Pacific and Indian Oceans during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
January 1606: Amboina was captured by the Portuguese.
January 1622: The Battle of Hormuz in 1621/2 against the English East India Company resulted in the loss of the fortress of Hormuz to the combined forces of Persia and England which dislodged the Portuguese from the Middle East.
May 1638: Dutch Admiral Adam Westerwolt (1580-1639) conquered the Portuguese fort at Batticaloa on Ceylon.
January 1640: The 1639 expulsion of the Jesuit order (Sakoku) and subsequently the Portuguese, from Nagasaki, also doomed the economic viability of Macau.
March 1640: Galle conquered by netherlands.
January 1641: The Siege of Malacca of 1641, after many attempts, delivered the city to the Dutch and their regional allies, crucially breaking the spinal cord between Goa and the Orient.
January 1657: The Dutch, led by Admiral Gerard Pietersz Hulft, were able to capture Colombo in 1656 from the Portuguese, establishing Dutch control over the territory of Dutch Ceylon.
January 1664: The Dutch settled in the Malabar coast in 1663.
13.2.Sugar War
Was the Dutch invasion of Portuguese Brazil during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
January 1631: In 1630 the Dutch captured Olinda and then Recife.
January 1636: Until 1635, the Dutch were unable to harvest sugar due to Portuguese guerrilla attacks, and were virtually confined to the walled perimeter of the cities. Eventually, the Dutch evicted the Portuguese with the assistance of a local landlord named Domingos Fernandes Calabar.
January 1642: The Dutch captured São Luís.
January 1643: The Dutch invasion began in 1624 with the conquest of the then capital of the State of Brazil, the city of São Salvador da Bahia.
May 1645: In 1625, a joint Spanish-Portuguese fleet led by Spanish Admiral Fadrique de Toledo and Portuguese General Diogo de Mendonça Furtado rapidly recaptured Salvador, the capital of Portuguese Brazil, from the Dutch who had previously seized control of the territory.
13.3.Dutch Invasion of the Portuguese Gold Coast
Was the Dutch invasion the Portuguese Gold Coast.
August 1637: The Dutch occupied São Jorge da Mina. .
13.4.Operations in West Africa and Angola
Were the military operations of the Dutch in West Africa and Angola during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
January 1642: The Dutch occupied the São Tomé island in 1641.
January 1642: The Portoguese Gold Coast was ceded to the Dutch.
August 1648: Portuguese forces defeated the Dutch in Luanda and Benguela, securing control of Angola.
October 1648: Queen Nzinga retreated to Matamba, while the Dutch in São Tomé abandoned the island, which was reoccupied by the Portuguese later that year.
13.4.1.Dutch Invasion of Portuguese Africa
Was the Dutch invasion of Portuguese Angola during the Dutch-Portuguese War.
August 1641: In 1641, a Dutch fleet under the command of Cornelis Jol, seized Luanda from the Portuguese.
August 1641: The Dutch ruled Angola from August 26, 1641.
13.5.Pernambucan Insurrection
Was a revolt in the Dutch-occupied territories of Brazil.
August 1645: In 1645, most of Dutch Brazil revolted under the leadership of mulatto land-owner João Fernandes Vieira, who proclaimed himself loyal to the Portuguese Crown. WIC forces were defeated at the Battle of Tabocas, virtually confining the Dutch to the fortified urban perimeters of coastal cities, defended by contingents of German and Flemish mercenaries.
January 1646: The Dutch abandoned São Luís.
January 1655: The Second Battle of Guararapes, in 1649, marked the beginning of the end of Dutch occupation of Portuguese Brazil, until their final expulsion from Recife in 1654.
Was a revolution organized by the Portuguese nobility and bourgeoisie sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", that ended the Iberian Union.
November 1640: A revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", ended the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain.
December 1640: A revolution organized by the nobility and bourgeoisie on 1 December 1640, sixty years after the crowning of Philip I (Philip II of Spain), the first "dual monarch", ended the Iberian Union between Portugal and Spain.
April 1663: In 1663, John of Austria the Younger, Philip IV's illegitimate son, led 14,000 men into Alentejo, Portugal. They successfully took Évora, a major city in the region, during the military occupation by Spain.
June 1663: In 1663, the Portuguese forces, led by João Rodrigues de Vasconcelos e Sousa, defeated the Spanish troops, commanded by John of Austria, in a significant battle at Ameixial. This victory forced John of Austria to retreat from Évora back across the border with heavy casualties.
June 1665: In June 1665, the Marquis of Caracena, a Spanish military commander, assumed control of Vila Viçosa during the military occupation by Spain.
June 1665: The Portuguese infantry and artillery emplacements broke the Spanish cavalry, and the Spanish force lost over 10,000 men, including casualties and prisoners. Shortly thereafter, the Portuguese retook Vila Viçosa.
Expansion during the rule of Aurangzeb in the Mughal Empire.
January 1667: Mughal annexation of Chittagong.
The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Philip of Anjou and Charles of Austria, and their respective supporters. It was a global war, with fighting taking place in Europe, Asia, and America. At the end of the war, Philip II, who was the successor chosen by Charles II as a descendant of Charles' paternal half-sister Maria Theresa, became King of Spain and of its overseas empire. The Spanish possessions in Europe were partitioned between various European Monarchies.
March 1705: As a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession, the governor of Buenos Aires, Valdes Incian, initiated the Siege of Colonia del Sacramento. The forces of the Spanish governor were commanded by Baltazar García Ros from 18 October 1704 until 14 March 1705, when the colonists were evacuated by Portuguese ships.
Expansion during the rule of Shahu I in the Maratha Empire.
January 1738: In 1737 the island was captured by the Marathas,.
May 1739: The fort was taken over by the Maratha Army in 1739, ending the Battle of Vasai.
September 1740: After the capture of Baçaim in 1740, a peace treaty was concluded, and on 18 September 1740, Chaul was ceded by treaty to the Marathas.
Was a global conflict that involved most of the European great powers, and was fought primarily in Europe, the Americas, and Asia-Pacific. At the end of the war the main winner was Great Britain, that obtained territories in North America, the Caribbean and India, becoming the most powerful maritime and colonial of the European powers.
18.1.Fantastic War
Was a war between Spain and Portugal during the Seven Years' War that took place in the Iberian Peninsula and in South America.
January 1764: The Portuguese conquered most of the valley of Rio Negro, expelling the Spaniards from S. Gabriel and S. josé de Maribatanas (1763).
18.1.1.Peninsular action (main theatre of the Fantastic War)
Was the theatre of war in the Iberian Peninsula of the Fantastic war between Spain and Portugal.
May 1762: Miranda, the only fortified and provisioned fortress of the province, was besieged on 6 May 1762, but an accidental and huge powder explosion (20 tons) killed four hundred and opened two breaches in the ramparts, forcing the surrender on 9 May 1762.
May 1762: Bragança conquered by spain.
May 1762: Chaves conquered by spain.
May 1762: Torre de Moncorvo conquered by spain.
June 1762: After suffering several setbacks, the Spanish army was forced to withdraw from Portugal, abandoning all their conquests with the only exception of the city of Chaves.
August 1762: The Siege of Almeida in 1762 was part of the Seven Years' War, with a Spanish force capturing the city from Portuguese defenders. The siege was led by Spanish General Alejandro O'Reilly, resulting in the city falling on 25 August.
August 1762: In 1762, during the Seven Years' War, General John Burgoyne led a force of 2,800 Anglo-Portuguese troops to attack and capture Valencia de Alcántara, which was under Spanish control. This military action was part of Portugal's involvement in the war on the side of Britain against Spain.
September 1762: At first the Franco-Spanish army occupied several fortresses with ruined walls and without regular troops: Alfaiates, Castelo Rodrigo, Penamacor, Monsanto, Salvaterra do Extremo, Segura.
September 1762: Castelo Branco is occupied by Spanish forces on 18 September 1762.
October 1762: Vila Velha conquered by spain.
October 1762: Portuguese reconquest of Penamacor and Monsanto.
November 1762: When the Anglo-Portuguese army encircled the Spanish forces in Castelo Branco, the Spanish force fled to Spain, abandoning the town.
18.1.2.South America Theatre of War (Fantastic War)
Was the theatre of war in South America of the Fantastic war between Spain and Portugal.
April 1763: Santa Teresa conquered by spain.
18.2.Treaty of Paris (1763)
Was a treaty signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Great Britain and Prussia's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War.
February 1763: Colonia do Sacramento was given back to Portugal.
February 1763: Spain was forced to return to Portugal the small cities of Almeida and Chaves on the Hispano-Portuguese frontier.
February 1763: With the Treaty of Paris (1763) the Anglo-Portuguese army left the territories it had occupied in Spain.
February 1763: Treaty of Paris (1763): the forts of Santa Teresa and San Miguel, Santa Tecla, San Miguel, Santa Teresa and Rio Grande de São Pedro remained in Spanish hands.
Was a war between Spain and Portugal fought over the border of their overseas territories in South America.
March 1776: In 1776, Portuguese land forces led by the Marquis of Pombal pushed forward in the Rio Grande area, forcing the Spanish commander Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo to withdraw. This resulted in the territory being ceded to Portuguese Brazil.
February 1777: Cevallos decided to attack the island of Santa Catarina on 23 February. When the Portuguese saw the formidable Spanish fleet disembark their troops, the garrison fled to the mainland without firing a shot.
June 1777: The city of Colonia de Sacramento capitulated on 3 June 1777 to Spanish forces led by General Pedro de Cevallos during the Spanish-Portuguese War. This marked the beginning of a period of Spanish military occupation in the region.
19.1.First Treaty of San Ildefonso
Was a treaty between Spain and Portugal that settled long-running territorial disputes between the two kingdoms' possessions in South America, primarily in the Río de la Plata region.
October 1777: In 1777, Portugal ceded Colonia del Sacramento to Spain as part of the Treaty of San Ildefonso.
October 1777: On 24 February 1777 King Joseph I died and his daughter and successor Maria I dismissed Pombal and concluded on 1 October the First Treaty of San Ildefonso with Spain. Spain returned the island of Santa Catarina to Portugal.
October 1777: Misiones Orientales conquered by spain.
Was a war between the Kingdom of Spain and the Kingdom of Portugal over the border between Spanish and Portuguese South America.
February 1777: The territory of São José do Norte and S. Pedro do Sul was retaken by the Portuguese from the Spanish during the "deaf war" (1763-1777). This conflict was part of the larger struggle between Portugal and Spain over control of territories in South America.
The Treaty of El Pardo signed on 11 March 1778 sought to end conflict between Spain and Portugal in the Río de la Plata region, along the modern boundary between Argentina and Uruguay.
March 1778: In 1778, the Spanish Crown acquired the Portuguese islands of Annobón and Bioko (Fernão Pó), as well as the mainland territory between the Niger River and the Ogoue River. This transfer was part of the Treaty of El Pardo, negotiated by King Charles III of Spain and Queen Maria I of Portugal.
Were a series of wars fought by the British East India Company in the Indian Subcontinent that resulted in the British conquest and colonial rule of the region.
22.1.Anglo-Mysore Wars
Were a series of four wars fought during the last three decades of the 18th century between the Sultanate of Mysore on the one hand, and the British East India Company, Maratha Empire, Kingdom of Travancore, and the Kingdom of Hyderabad on the other. The fourth war resulted in the dismantlement of Mysore to the benefit of the East India Company, which took control of much of the Indian subcontinent.
22.1.1.Second Anglo-Mysore War
Was a conflict between the Kingdom of Mysore and the British East India Company from 1780 to 1784.
January 1780: By 1779, Mysore ruler Haider Ali had captured parts of modern Tamil Nadu and Kerala in the south, extending the Kingdom's area to about 80,000 mi2 .
Was a treaty between Spain and Portugal where the latter regained the Misiones Orientales region.
June 1801: In 1801, Portugal regained control of the Misiones Orientales in the Treaty of Badajoz, signed between Portugal and Spain. The treaty was negotiated by Spanish Prime Minister Manuel de Godoy and Portuguese diplomat Domingos de Sousa Coutinho.
Were a series of conflicts between France and several European monarchies between 1792 and 1815. They encompass first the French Revolutionary Wars against the newly declared French Republic and from 1803 onwards the Napoleonic Wars against First Consul and later Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte. They include the Coalition Wars as a subset: seven wars waged by various military alliances of great European powers, known as Coalitions, against Revolutionary France - later the First French Empire - and its allies.
24.1.French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars - Theatre of war in the overseas colonies
The theatre of war in the overseas colonies during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars.
December 1802: On 31 Dec 1802, Dharampur State, under the rule of Raja Rajendra Singh, became a British protectorate. This decision was made as part of the Treaty of Bassein between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire.
January 1809: Portuguese conquest of French Guiana.
November 1817: After Napoleon's abdication in 1814, it was decided to return French Guyana to French control, but it was only on 8 November 1817, when a French expedition arrived with Cayenne's new governor, Claude Carra Saint-Cyr, that the French took formal possession of the territory.
24.2.War of the Second Coalition
Was the second war that saw revolutionary France against most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria, and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, Naples, and various German monarchies. Prussia did not join this coalition, and Spain supported France.
24.2.1.War of the Oranges
Was a brief conflict in 1801 in which Spanish forces, instigated by the government of France, and ultimately supported by the French military, invaded Portugal.
May 1801: The Spanish attack to Portugal started on the early morning of the 20 May, and focused on the Portuguese border region that included the main Garrison Town and Fortifications of Elvas and the smaller fortified towns of Campo Maior, Olivença and Juromenha.
June 1801: Campo Maior was a Portuguese town near the Spanish border. Lieutenant-Colonel Dias Azevedo was a military leader in the Portuguese garrison who successfully defended the town against a Spanish assault for 17 days in 1801 during the War of the Oranges.
June 1801: The Treaty of Badajoz was signed by Spain and Portugal on 6 June 1801. Portugal ceded the border town of Olivença and Almeda to Spain and closed its ports to British military and commercial shipping. The Spanish abandoned the remaining occupied territory.
August 1801: To minimise the impact of the ban on using Portuguese ports, in July a British force occupied the island of Madeira.
24.3.Peninsular War
Was the military conflict fought in the Iberian Peninsula by Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom against the invading and occupying forces of the First French Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
May 1814: The British left Madeira after the End of the Peninsular War.
24.3.1.French Campaigns in Spain and Portugal (1807-1812)
Were a series of military campaigns by the French army in Spain and Portugal during the Peninsular War.
November 1807: In 1807, French General Junot invaded Portugal, leading to the occupation of Lisbon on November 30. The Portuguese Prince Regent John fled with his family, courtiers, and valuables aboard a fleet, seeking refuge in Brazil.
24.3.2.Iberia in revolt
Were a series of uprisings against the French rule in the Iberian Peninsula.
July 1808: In 1808, Portugal erupted in revolt in June against French occupation led by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Portuguese royal family, including Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John, fled to Brazil, transferring the kingdom's capital to Rio de Janeiro.
24.3.3.Second Portuguese campaign
Was a French military campaign in Portugal during the Peninsular War.
March 1809: In 1809, during the Peninsular War, Marshal Soult's French troops attacked Braga, Portugal. The Portuguese forces, led by General Francisco Silveira, were unprepared and suffered heavy losses. Approximately 4,000 Portuguese soldiers were killed, while the French lost around 200 men in the battle.
March 1809: First Battle of Porto.
May 1809: After the Battle of Grijó (10-11 May) and the Second Battle of Porto (12 May), the French lost all their conquests in Portugal.
Paraguay declared independence from Spain in 1811 after the creation of a local ruling Junta.
May 1811: Paraguay declared independence after overthrowing local Spanish rule on May 14, 1811.
Were a series of independence wars by the Spanish colonies in America that started after the French occupation of mainland Spain during the Napoleonic Wars.
26.1.Argentine War of Indipendence
Was the independence war of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (later Argentina) against Spanish rule.
July 1816: The United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata emerged from the May Revolution in 1810 and the Argentine War of Independence of 1810-1818.
26.1.1.Banda Oriental Campaign
Was an argentine military campaign in the Banda Oriental region (the South American territories east of the Uruguay River) during the Argentine War of Indipendence.
December 1811: On July 20, 1811 an armistice was signed between the First Argentine Triumvirate and the Spanish viceroy Elío. Withdrawal of the revolutionary and Portuguese troops from the Banda Oriental and from the cities of Concepción del Uruguay, Gualeguay and Gualeguaychú, in the territory of Entre Ríos.
26.1.1.1.Portuguese Invasion of Banda Oriental
Was a Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental region during the Argentine War of Independence.
July 1811: Portuguese forces crossed the border with Spanish America and reached Melo the same day.
August 1811: In 1811, Portuguese Sergeant major Manuel dos Santos Pedroso led a force to occupy Belén in the Banda Oriental, which is now Uruguay. This military occupation was part of Portugal's efforts to expand its territory in South America.
August 1811: Portuguese forces defeated 180 or 200 rebels who guarded the town of Mandisoví and took control of it.
September 1811: On 1 September Paysandú was occupied by Portuguese forces.
September 1811: Brazilian irregular armed bands invaded the villages of Misiones, capturing the commander of Yapeyú, Bernardo Pérez Planes, and shortly after conquering the towns of Belén and Salto Chico.
October 1811: To counter the Portuguese offensive, José Rondeau sent a detachment north of the Río Negro at the beginning of September, which managed to free Mercedes the following month.
October 1811: The Portuguese captured several Orientais and hundreds of horses in the town of Rocha, in Castillos Lagoon and in Castillo Grande.
October 1811: All the eastern villages of the future state of Uruguay were occupied by Portuguese troops, and on October 14, the Portuguese headquarters was placed in Maldonado.
November 1811: From Mandisoví the Portuguese forces occupied Curuzú Cuatiá.
November 1811: The Portuguese were driven out of Paysandú.
November 1811: In 1811, Elías Galván, a military leader from the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata, successfully recaptured the territory of Curuzú Cuatiá.
May 1812: In March, after the arrival of reinforcements from Brazil and supplies from Montevideo, a Portuguese army of 5,000 men moved from Maldonado towards Paysandú, entering it.
September 1812: The government of Buenos Aires ordered Artigas to return to his camp on the Ayuí stream after the signing, on March 26, of the Rademaker-Herrera Treaty, which determined the return of Portuguese troops to Brazil. Once again, Souza did not recognize the agreement, but after a series of clashes he received the order to withdraw from the Banda Oriental by King John VI, an order which he finally carried out on June 13. A few days later, the commander of the Portuguese-occupied portion of Misiones, Francisco das Chagas Santos, attempted to attack La Cruz, which was defended by Corrientes' forces, but withdrew after Galván informed him that hostilities had ceased. On September 13, the armistice was ratified, despite Vigodet's attempts to prevent its application. However, the Portuguese did not return to the pre-invasion borders, maintaining control of the current municipalities of Uruguaiana, Quaraí, Santana do Livramento and Alegrete, and part of those of Rosário do Sul, Dom Pedrito and Bagé.
26.1.2.Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental
Was a Portuguese military campaign during the Argentine War of Independence that resulted in the Portuguese conquest of the Banda Oriental region (Uruguay).
August 1816: Hostilities began on August 28, when the vanguard of the army of Carlos Frederico Lecor, under the command of Marshal Sebastião Pinto de Araújo Correia, occupied the fortress of Santa Teresa.
September 1816: The Luso-Brazilian vanguard, commanded by Sebastião Pinto de Araújo Correia, occupied the city of Castillos.
September 1816: Guazurary besieged San Borja.
October 1816: The Luso-Brazilian forces of Chagas, aided by the arrival of Abreu, defeated him in what was called the Battle of San Borja, forcing him to retreat to the western bank of Uruguay as well.
January 1817: The following day, Latorre attacked Alegrete, engaging him in the battle of Catalán; after an initial phase favorable to the Orientals, the arrival of Abreu's cavalry delivered victory to the Portuguese.
February 1817: Over a period of two months, Chagas subjected villages on both sides of Uruguay to a regime of terror.
July 1817: On July 2 Guazurary arrived to help the local militias, defeating the Portuguese in the battle of Apóstoles, forcing them to retreat outside of Misiones.
January 1818: Lecor took the city of Maldonado.
January 1818: The Portuguese took possession of Montevideo.
November 1818: Almost two years after the start of the invasion of Banda oriental, the Portuguese general finally managed to unite his forces with those of Curado, consolidating his power south of the Río Negro and occupying Colonia del Sacramento, the coastal ports and the entire eastern area. Artigas was left with sole control of the depopulated northern portion of the Banda Oriental.
April 1819: Argentine forces reached the village of San Nicolás, where they established headquarters.
June 1819: Battle of Itacurubi. Portuguese forces iccupy San Nicolás and the old jesuite reduciones.
January 1821: Meeting on July 15, 1821, the Cisplatinian Congress asked three days later for the formal accession of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve to the United Kingdom. The Province Cisplatina was eventually incorporated into the Portuguese kingdom.
Was the war of Brazil to become independent from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves.
September 1822: The Ipiranga Cry corresponds to the declaration of independence of Brazil by Prince-Regent Peter of Portugal near the Ipiranga River.
January 1823: Battle of Itaparica.
July 1823: Siege of Salvador.
July 1823: Siege of Caxias. The city fell to Brazilian forces.
December 1823: By November 1823, the whole of the north of Brazil was under Brazilian control.
March 1824: Siege of Montevideo (1823).
The 1864 Treaty of Lisbon partitioned the territory of Couto Misto, an independent microstate, between Spain and Portugal.
September 1864: Portugal remained with a smaller uninhabited strip of land.
Was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the First Portuguese Republic.
October 1910: Overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the First Portuguese Republic.
The Angoche Sultanate was incorporated into Portuguese Mozambique.
January 1911: The Angoche Sultanate was extinguished by Portuguese colonial government and annexed to Mozambique.
The Kasanje Kingdom was incorporated into Portuguese Angola in 1910-1911.
January 1912: Kasanje was incorporated into Portuguese Angola in 1910-1911.
Was a war fought between the Mbunda people of Angola and the Portuguese in 1914.
January 1915: The Mbunda Kingdom was ultimately conquered in a war with Portugal in 1914, called the Kolongongo War.
Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.
33.1.World War I African Theatre
Was the African Theatre of World War I.
33.1.1.East African campaign
Was a series of battles and guerrilla actions during World War I, which started in German East Africa (GEA) and spread to portions of Mozambique, Rhodesia, British East Africa, Uganda, and Belgian Congo.
33.1.1.1.German Invasion of Portuguese East Africa
Was the German invasion of Portuguese Mozambique during World War I.
November 1917: German conquest of Ngomano.
July 1918: German conquest of Namacurra.
July 1918: German conquest of Namirrue.
September 1918: German conquest of Numarroe.
33.1.1.2.British intervention in Portuguese East Africa
Was the British intervention in Portuguese Mozambique against German forces during World War I.
January 1918: British conquest of Port Amelia.
April 1918: British conquest of Medo.
May 1918: British conquest of Korewa.
July 1918: British conquest of Quelimane.
July 1918: British conquest of Mozambique.
33.1.1.3.Surrender of German East Africa
After the surrender of Germany in Europe, the troops of General Lettow-Vorbeck in German East Africa surrendered.
November 1918: When German general Lettow-Vorbeck received a telegram announcing the signing of the armistice by Germany, he agreed to a cease-fire. He marched his force to Abercorn and formally surrendered to the Entente on 25 November 1918. All the territories occupied by German forces in eastern Africa were freed, and the German colonies occupied.
33.1.2.German campaign in Angola
German and Portuguese troops clashed several times on the border between German South West Africa and Portuguese Angola.
December 1914: On 18 December the largest clash of the German campaign in Angola occurred. A German force of 2,000 men under the command of Major Victor Franke attacked Portuguese forces positioned at Naulila. After stubborn resistance, the Portuguese were forced to withdraw towards the Humbe region.
December 1914: After the explosion of the munitions magazine at Forte Roçadas base, the Portuguese also left the Humbe to the German army, withdrawing farther north.
July 1915: Portuguese forces under the command of General Pereira d'Eça reoccupied the Humbe region.
33.2.Aftermath of World War I
Were a series of treaties and military events that can be considered a direct consequence of World War I.
June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles transferred the Kionga Triangle, a 1,000 km2 territory south of the Rovuma River from German East Africa to Mozambique.
Was a counter-revolution against the First Portuguese Republic.
January 1919: The Monarchy of the North was a short-lived revolution and monarchist government that occurred in Porto.
February 1919: The Monarch of the North revolution's inability to gain strong popular support throughout the country, coupled with its unorganized structure, led to its quick demise and the re-establishment of the Portuguese republican regime in the north.
Was a global conflict that lasted from 1939 to 1945 (it started sooner in certain regions) between the Axis Powers (mainly Germany, Japan and Italy) and the Allies (mainly the Soviet Union, the U.S.A., the U.K., China and France). It was the war with more fatalities in history. The war in Asia began when Japan invaded China on July 7, 1937. The war in Europe began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. The war ended with the complete defeat of the Axis powers, which were occupied by the Allies.
35.1.World War II (Asia & Pacific)
Was the East Asian, South Asian and Pacific theatre of World War II.
January 1942: D. João, Lapa and Montanha Islands are taken in 1941 by the Empire of Japan.
35.1.1.Battle of Timor
Was the Japanese invasion and occupation of Dutch Timor and Portuguese Timor during World War II.
February 1942: On the night of 19/20 February 1,500 troops from the Imperial Japanese Army's 228th Regimental Group, 38th Division, XVI Army, under the command of Colonel Sadashichi Doi, began landing in Dili.
August 1942: The Japanese secured the central town of Maubisse and the southern port of Beco.
February 1943: Last Australian and Portuguese forces evacuated Timur.
35.1.2.Japanese Surrender (World War II)
Were the evacuation of the Japanese forces from occupied territories after the formal surrender of the Empire of Japan.
August 1945: After the dropping of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan accepts the Allied unconditional surrender terms (14 August 1945). Japanese forces leave occupied territories.
35.2.End of World War II in Europe
Refers to the surrender of Axis forces and the end of World War II and to the territorial changes that were a direct consequence of World War II but happened after the traditional end of the War.
35.2.1.The Surrender of Japanese forces
Surrender of Japanese forces at the end of World War II.
January 1946: D. João, Lapa and Montanha Islands were restored to China in 1945.
Was the occupation of the Portuguese territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in India that were subsequently inglobated in the Indian Republic.
July 1954: Liberation of Dadra: the territories of Dadra were integrated into the Republic of India.
July 1954: Liberation of Naroli from Portuguese rule.
August 1954: Indian liberation of Silvassa.
August 1954: In 1954, the Portuguese unit surrendered to the Special Reserve Police (SRP) at Udva in the remnant Dadra and Nagar Haveli territory. This event marked the beginning of the liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portuguese colonial rule.
Was an armed action carried out by the Indian Armed Forces to annex the last Portuguese Indian territory of Goa.
December 1961: The "armed action" was code named Operation Vijay (meaning "Victory") by the Indian Armed Forces. It involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of rule by Portugal over its remaining exclaves in India.
Was an armed independence conflict that took place in Portuguese Guinea between 1963 and 1974.
September 1973: Independence of Guinea-Bissau.
September 1974: The war ended when Portugal, after the Carnation Revolution of 1974, granted independence to Guinea-Bissau.
Was an armed conflict between the guerrilla forces of the Mozambique Liberation Front or FRELIMO and Portugal. The war officially started on September 25, 1964, and ended with a ceasefire on September 8, 1974, resulting in a negotiated independence in 1975.
June 1975: Ceasefire and independence of Mozambique after the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon.
The Indonesian military (ABRI/TNI) invaded East Timor under the pretext of anti-colonialism and anti-communism to overthrow the Fretilin regime that had emerged in 1974.
October 1975: Indonesian conquest of Batugade.
October 1975: Indonesian conquest of Maliana.
October 1975: Indonesian conquest of Balibo.
Was the war of independence of Angola from Portugal.
November 1975: After the Carnation Revolution of April 25, 1974 and the overthrow of the corporatist and authoritarian Estado Novo regime in Portugal, the new Portuguese government offered a ceasefire. On November 11, 1975, the last Portuguese troops left Angola unilaterally. The war of independence then turned into a bloody civil war.
October 1147: In 1147 the Portuguese conquered Lisbon.
January 1148: Couto Misto was a territory that included the towns of Rubiás , Meaus and Santiago, in the border area between Portugal and Spain, independent of both kingdoms. Its origin dates back to the independence of Portugal ( c.1147), when the jurisdictional borders with León were established in an unclear way.
January 1164: In 1163 the King of Portugal occupied Salamanca in retaliation for the repopulation of the area ordered by the King of León.
January 1165: Ferdinand II of Leon, defeated King Afonso I of Portugal in 1164 in Salamanca.
January 1169: In 1168 Afonso of Portugal again felt menaced by Ferdinand II's repopulation of the area of Ciudad Rodrigo: he then attacked Galicia, occupying Tui and the territory of Xinzo de Limia.
February 1169: Ferdinand II of Leon was able to push the Portuguese out of Galicia and to rush to Badajoz.
June 1230: In 1230, the Kingdom of Leon, under the rule of King Alfonso IX, conquered the entire region of Extremadura, including the cities of Cáceres and Badajoz. This marked a significant expansion of Leon's territory and influence in the Iberian Peninsula.
January 1231: Elvas was definitively reconquered by King Sancho II of Portugal around 1230, along with the castle of Juromenha near Alandroal. This marked a significant victory for the Kingdom of Portugal in their efforts to expand and consolidate their territory in the region.
January 1241: Sancho II of Portugal continued the holy war, which led him, between 1238 and 1240, to subject some castles in the south of the Alentejo and the entire western part of the Algarve.
January 1254: Having become king of Castile, Alfonso X, in 1253, invaded Portugal and appropriated the Algarve region.
January 1264: Alfonso III of Portugal managed to obtain the hand of Alfonso X of Castile's illegitimate daughter, Beatrice, with the stipulation that when the couple's first child turned seven, the Algarve would revert to Portugal. In 1263, not without some resistance (perhaps because the heir was the third child and was only two years old), Alfonso X of Castile handed over the Algarve to Portugal.
January 1295: Territorial change based on available maps.
January 1296: Taking advantage of the young age of the new king of Castile, the king of Portugal, Dionysius, declared war on Castile, forcing him to return the cities of Serpa and Moura and also to cede the cities of Aroche and Aracena to Portugal.
January 1297: Denis of Portugal invaded and annexed the district of Ribacôa (which today includes the municipalities of Almeida, Figueira de Castelo Rodrigo, Pinhel and Sabugal), between the Côa and Duero rivers.
September 1297: The Treaty of Alcañices defined the modern borders between Castile and Portugal.
August 1415: In 1415, Portugal, along with the conquest of Ceuta, took possession of the nearby islet from Morocco.
August 1415: Portuguese conquest of Ceuta.
January 1420: Madeira was claimed by Portuguese sailors in the service of Prince Henry the Navigator in 1419.
January 1428: The Azores were officially visited in 1427 by Diogo de Silves on behalf of Henry the Navigator and taken possession of by Portugal.
January 1445: The Portuguese settled on the island of Gorée (Senegal) in 1444.
January 1446: In 1445, Prince Henry the Navigator set up a trading post on the island.
January 1459: Alcácer Ceguer conquered by portugal.
January 1463: The Portuguese returned six years later to the island of São Tiago to found Ribeira Grande, in 1462—the first permanent European settlement city in the tropics.
January 1471: The Portuguese explorers João de Santarém and Pêro Escobar discovered the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, around 1470, which they found uninhabited.
August 1471: Portuguese control over Arzila/Asilah in the periods 1471-1550 and 1577-1589.
August 1471: The Portuguese occupied Tangiers, unopposed, on 28 August 1471 after its garrison fled upon learning of the conquest of Asilah.
January 1475: Previously, since 1474, Portugal rented land along rivers to set up trading posts.
January 1475: Fernando Pó and Annobón were colonized by Portugal in 1474.
January 1482: Fort São Jorge da Mina de Ouro, modern Elmina.
January 1487: In 1487 the Portuguese built an entrepôt in Ouadane in an attempt to gain access to the trans-Saharan gold, salt and slave trade.
January 1487: Axim conquered by portugal.
January 1488: The entrepôt in Ouadane in 1487 was likely a temporary trading post. Fernandes, a Portuguese explorer, did not mention it in his detailed descriptions, indicating its brief existence. Ouadane was a key trading hub in the Sahara Desert at the time.
January 1488: The entrepôt in Ouadane in 1487 was likely a trading post established by the Empire of Mali. Fernandes, a Portuguese explorer, did not mention it in his detailed descriptions, indicating its short-lived nature.
January 1489: In 1488, Safim was captured by the Portuguese under the command of Diogo de Azambuja. The territory was then incorporated into the Portuguese Empire. Safim/Safi was an important trading post on the coast of Morocco, known for its strategic location and thriving commerce.
March 1489: The fortress was built from February 1489 by Gaspar Jusarte.
August 1489: After the Moroccan had blocked the river with trees, the Portuguese in Graciosa fortress had to capitulate. By the Treaty of Xamez, signed on August 27, 1489, they evacuated the island.
June 1494: The Treaty of Tordesillas divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire (Crown of Castile), along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.
January 1499: As early as 1498, the Portuguese took control of the archipelago of Lakshadweep.
April 1500: The Portuguese discover the southern coast of present-day Bahia, was seen.
January 1501: The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama reached the Island of Mozambique in 1498, establishing a trade route to India. By 1500, the Portuguese had gained control of the island and the port city of Sofala, solidifying their presence in the region.
January 1501: During the period from 1503 to 1663, Fort Kochi (Fort Emmanuel) was under the rule of Portugal. This was during the time when the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama had discovered the sea route to India in 1498, leading to increased Portuguese presence in the region.
January 1501: When, in 1499, the Portuguese established a trading post in Malindi that served as a rest stop on the way to and from India, they were eagerly welcomed by the wazee who sought to use the Portuguese military might to establish themselves over their rivals in Mombasa. In 1500, King Dom Manuel I offered vassal status to Malindi.
August 1501: A Portuguese fleet reached what is now the San Roque cable (Rio Grande do Norte) and planted the landmark oldest possession of Brazil.
November 1501: The Portuguese arrived at Todos-os-Santos Bay.
December 1501: The Portuguese establish São Tomé Cape in Brazil.
January 1502: On January 1, 1502, Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Gonçalo Coelho arrived at Guanabara Bay, which was later named Rio de Janeiro. They claimed the territory for Portuguese Brazil, marking the beginning of Portuguese colonization in the region.
January 1502: For over 450 years, the coastal enclaves of Daman (Portuguese: Damão) and Diu on the Arabian Sea coast were part of Portuguese India, along with Goa and Dadra and Nagar Haveli.
January 1502: On Kings Day in 1502, Portuguese explorers led by Gaspar de Lemos moved to the bay named Angra dos Reis in present-day Brazil, claiming the territory for Portuguese Brazil.
January 1503: The Corte-Real brothers, Miguel and Gaspar, explored Newfoundland and Labrador, claiming them as part of the Portuguese Empire.
January 1503: Cannanore/Kolathunadu becomes a Portuguese possession.
January 1503: The Portuguese were the first Europeans to establish a trading center in Tangasseri, Kollam in 1502.
January 1503: Portugal captures Mazagan.
January 1503: In 1502, Portuguese explorers Gaspar de Lemos and Américo Vespúcio discovered the mouth of the São Francisco River and Cabo Frio in present-day Brazil, further expanding Portuguese territory in the region.
January 1503: The Portuguese established a trading post in Pulicat in 1502 with the help of the Vijayanagar rulers.
August 1503: Fernando de Noronha island was discovered on August 10, 1503, by a Portuguese expedition, organized and financed by a private commercial consortium headed by the Lisbon merchant Fernão de Loronha. The expedition was under the overall command of captain Gonçalo Coelho and carried the Italian adventurer Amerigo Vespucci aboard, who wrote an account of it.
January 1505: In 1503 or 1504, Zanzibar became part of the Portuguese Empire.
January 1506: Very quickly the Portuguese took over the trade in gold, textiles, spices, ivory and slaves: the city was destroyed for the first time in 1505, and submitted like the other sultanates on the coast.
January 1506: In 1505, Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué (now known as Agadir, Morocco) was established by the Portuguese explorer João Fernandes.
January 1507: Aguz conquered by portugal.
January 1507: The island of Pemba was occupied by Portugal.
January 1507: From 1506 to 1698 Lamu was ruled by the Portuguese.
January 1507: Mogador conquered by portugal.
May 1507: In 1506, the Battle of Barawa began after the Portuguese Empire decided to invade and capture the wealthy Somali harbour city.
January 1508: In 1507 the Portuguese captured the coastal city of Muscat.
January 1508: In the early 16th century the Portuguese made commercial contacts with the town and established a commercial centre in Nagapattinam.
January 1508: In 1507, a Portuguese fleet commanded by Tristão da Cunha and Alfonso de Albuquerque landed on Socotra and, after a bloody battle, seized the main fortress at Suq.
January 1508: Around 1507, the explorer Diogo Fernandes Pereira discovered the Mascarene Islands.
January 1510: In 1509, the Portuguese wrested Diu from Gujarat sultanate following the battle of Diu.
January 1511: Pemba occupide by Portugal.
January 1511: Mogador conquered by Wattasid Dynasty.
January 1512: The Portuguese factory and fort in Kozhikode were established by explorer Afonso de Albuquerque in 1511.
January 1512: Socotra would remain in Portuguese hands until 1511, and was abandoned by the Portuguese due to its poor strategic importance to control the Red Sea.
January 1513: Arab mercenaries freed Kilwa from Portuguese domination and the city partially regained its prosperity.
January 1514: Before British administration, Aden was ruled by the Portuguese between 1513.
January 1514: In 1513, the Portuguese city of Azamor was captured by the Saadi Sultanate of Morocco.
January 1515: Bandar Abbas was conquered by the Portuguese in 1514.
January 1516: Kilwa conquered by portugal.
January 1516: Casablanca conquered by portugal.
January 1516: In 1515, the Portuguese explorer Tristão da Cunha established control over the coast of actual Mozambique, including Sofala and Kilwa. This marked the expansion of Portuguese influence in southeast Africa, as they sought to establish trade routes and control over valuable resources in the region.
January 1516: Mehdya was captured by the Portuguese in 1515, and renamed São João da Mamora.
January 1516: Establishment of the Kingdom of Larantuka by the Portuguese.
January 1518: Portoguese conquest of Colombo.
January 1519: In 1518, the Sultanate of the Maldives came under Portuguese pocontrol.
October 1520: The Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes is thought to be have been the first European to have landed on the Saint Pierre and Miquelon. He visited them on 21 October 1520 and named the St. Pierre island group the 'Eleven Thousand Virgins', as the day marked the feast day of St. Ursula and her virgin companions.
January 1521: Timow was claimed by the Portuguese from 1520.
January 1521: In 1520, the Portuguese established a trading post in the village of Lamakera.
January 1522: The Portuguese occupied Pasai in 1521.
January 1522: The first Portuguese settlement at Chaul, a port town in India, took place in 1521.
January 1522: Bahrain was a Portuguese possession from 1521.
January 1522: The Sultanate of the Maldives regained control of their territory in 1522, ending the Portuguese domain.
January 1522: Portoguese conquest of Muharraq.
January 1522: Portugal went on to seize a significant portion of Eastern Arabia in 1521.
January 1523: Nova Scotia was explored and claimed by João Álvares Fagundes. In Nova Scotia, Portuguese had two settlements, one in Saint Peters and another one in Ingonish. In about 1521-22, the Portuguese under João Álvares Fagundes established a fishing colony on the island.
January 1523: The Portuguese were permitted to build a fort on the island, today known as Kastella, construction of which began in 1522, but relations between the Ternateans and Portuguese were strained from the start.
January 1523: The Portuguese were permitted to build a fort (Kastella) on the island.
January 1524: Fort Cranganore was constructed in Kodungallur by Portuguese in 1523.
January 1524: Mylapore was occupied by the Portuguese in 1523, who established the viceroyalty of "São Tomé de Meliapor" or "Saint Thomas of Mylapore.
January 1525: The Acehnese took control of Pasai. In 1524 Pasai was eventually captured and the Portuguese garrison there was expelled.
January 1526: Aguz conquered by Wattasid Dynasty.
January 1526: Pemba is conquered by Portugal.
January 1527: Shama conquered by portugal.
January 1527: In 1526, the Portuguese under the viceroyship of Lopo Vaz de Sampaio took possession of Mangalore, a port city in India. This marked the beginning of Portuguese control over the region as part of Portuguese India.
January 1529: In 1528, the Portuguese ransacked Mombasa again to finally take control of the East African coast.
January 1529: In 1528, the Sultan of Bengal permitted the Portuguese to establish factories and customs houses in the Port of Chittagong.
January 1531: Martim Afonso de Sousa was a Portuguese nobleman and explorer who led the expedition to Brazil in 1530. São Vicente was one of the first colonial villages established by the Portuguese in Brazil as part of their efforts to secure the territory and expel the French.
January 1531: By the 1530s, small groups of Portuguese traders and prospectors seeking gold penetrated the interior regions of Mozambique, where they set up garrisons and trading posts at Sena and Tete.
January 1532: Expansion of Brazil by 1531.
January 1533: The Portuguese Empire, under the leadership of King John III, claimed the island of Barbados between 1532 and 1536. This marked the beginning of Portuguese presence in the region before eventually being taken over by the British in the 17th century.
December 1534: The Treaty of Vasai (1534) was signed by Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat and the Kingdom of Portugal on 23 December 1534 while on board the galleon São Mateus. Based on the terms of the agreement, the Portuguese Empire gained control of the city of Vasai.
December 1534: Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun, Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire. According to the treaty, the Seven Islands of Bombay, the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese. .
January 1535: In 1534, the Portuguese took the islands of Salsette from Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat.
January 1536: In 1535 Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat, concluded a defensive alliance with the Portuguese against the Mughal emperor Humayun and allowed the Portuguese to construct the Diu Fort and maintain a garrison on the island.
January 1537: Saint Pierre and Miquelon were made a French possession in 1536 by Jacques Cartier on behalf of the King of France. Though already frequented by Mi'kmaq people and Basque and Breton fishermen, the islands were not permanently settled until the end of the 17th century.
January 1538: In 1537 CE, Vikrama Aditya Pandya the heriditary jati talaivan (caste leader) of the Paravar led a delegation to Goa and made a deal with the Portuguese and agreed to embrace christianity and open the doors of the pear fisheries in exchange for protection from the Muslim Marakayyar and Mappila traders. Accordingly, he was rechristened Joao de Cruz and 20,000 of his castemen embraced christianity and became subjects of the king of Portugal. The Portuguese state began to claim rights over the economic resources in the area.
January 1541: In 1540, Safim was under the rule of the Wattasid Dynasty. Safim, also known as Safi, was a major Portuguese fortress and trading post in Morocco. The Wattasid Dynasty was a Berber dynasty that ruled over Morocco from the 15th to the 16th century.
January 1541: Portuguese from at least the 1540s, began to make this port their base for trading to the Spice Islands' (Maluku), further east.
January 1541: Portuguese establish an ouputs in Surat.
January 1542: The Portuguese had to abandon most of their settlements in North Africa between 1541 and 1550, although they were able to keep Ceuta, Tangier and Mazagan.
January 1542: Azamor, also known as Azemmour, was a Portuguese city on the west coast of Morocco. It was restored to the Wattasid Dynasty in 1541 after being under Portuguese control since 1513.
January 1543: After the Battle of Benadir, a peace treaty was signed.
January 1546: The inhabitants of the Laccadive Islands expelled the Portuguese in 1545.
January 1546: Arakkal Kingdom was ruled by the Arakkal royal family, who were the only Muslim royal family in Kerala. The kingdom was a prominent maritime power in the region, with control over trade routes and the lucrative spice trade. The territory of Cannanore was strategically important due to its location on the Malabar Coast.
January 1548: Aden conquered by portugal.
January 1549: Thoothukudi was taken over by the Portuguese in 1548.
January 1551: In 1550, the Portuguese established a trading post in Hirado, Japan.
January 1551: Portuguese control over Arzila/Asilah in the periods 1471-1550 and 1577-1589.
January 1551: The area of Osu (Ghana) was first occupied in 1550 by the Portuguese, led by Fernão Lopes. They established Fort Christiansborg (today: Osu) as a trading post on the Gold Coast. The Portuguese were later driven out by the Dutch in 1650.
January 1551: Muscat gradually extended their control along the coast up to Sohar in the north and down to Sur in the southeast.
January 1551: Alcácer Ceguer conquered by Wattasid Dynasty.
January 1551: Flores Island was a Portuguese possession from the 16th century.
January 1556: In the struggle for domination of the Red Sea the Portuguese ended up conquering Massawa (Maçua) and Arkiko in 1513.
January 1556: Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon founded Fort Coligny in nowadays Rio de Janeiro, in what constituted the so-called France Antarctique historical episode.
January 1558: In 1557, the territory of Accra was under Portuguese control as part of the Portuguese Gold Coast.
January 1558: By 1557, the Portuguese established a permanent settlement in Macao, paying an annual ground rent of 500 taels to Ming China. In 1573, the Chinese built the Barrier Gate to regulate traffic and trade. The rent and boundary delimitation showed both the Portuguese subsidiary position to the Ming government and China's tacit acceptance of Macau's de facto foreign occupation.
January 1559: In 1558 the Portuguese established a small garrison with a Viador, or overseer of a factory (trading post) in the Maldives, which they administered from their main colony in Goa.
January 1560: Damão was conquered by the Portuguese.
March 1560: The fortress fell and was destroyed on March 17, 1560 under the siege of Portugal's navy and troops under the command of Mem de Sá, third Governor-General of Brazil. Villegaignon had already returned to France, in 1558.
January 1562: The Portuguese trading post in Hirado operated from 1550 to 1561.
January 1566: Mayadunne and Tikiri Bandara launched a two-pronged attack on Kotte in 1564, laying siege to both Kotte and Colombo. Portuguese forces were forced to retreat from Kotte, leaving Sitawaka in control of much of the kingdom. Major Sitawakan garrisons were established at Wattala, Nagalagama and Mapane. However a thin coastal strip, running from Negombo to Galle and including the fort in Colombo, was kept provisioned from the sea by the Portuguese.
January 1569: In 1561, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary managed to make his way into the Mwenemutapa's court and convert him to Christianity. This did not go well with the Muslim merchants in the capital, and they persuaded the king to kill the Jesuit only a few days after the former's baptism. This was all the excuse the Portuguese needed to penetrate the interior and take control of the gold mines and ivory routes. After a lengthy preparation, an expedition of 1,000 men under Francisco Barreto was launched in 1568. They managed to get as far as the upper Zambezi, but local disease decimated the force.
January 1571: Though its fate is unknown the Portuguese settlement in Saint Peter it is mentioned as late as 1570.
January 1572: In 1571 a Portuguese trading post is established at Nagasaki.
January 1573: As local diseases decimated their force, the Portuguese left Mutapa.
January 1576: When Sultan Hairun was murdered and his head exhibited on a pike in 1570, Muslim Ternateans rebelled against the Portuguese who were besieged in their castle until 1575 when a new Sultan made the castle his palace.
January 1576: In 1575, the settlement of Luanda was established on the coast south of the Kongo Kingdom.
January 1576: Following the murder of Sultan Hairun at the hands of the Portuguese, the Ternateans expelled the Portuguese from Kastella in 1575 after a five-year siege.
January 1577: Portuguese establish an ouputs at Amboina/Ambon.
January 1578: Portuguese control over Arzila/Asilah in the periods 1471-1550 and 1577-1589.
January 1579: Accra remained under Portuguese rule until 1578.
January 1579: Tidore was under Dutch colonial rule from 1578.
January 1580: The Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama established the town of Hooghly-Chuchura in 1579 as a trading post in the Bengal region of India. The town became an important center for Portuguese trade and influence in the area.
January 1584: Sir Humphrey Gilbert, provided with letters patent from Queen Elizabeth I, landed in St John's and formally took possession of the island. Newfoundland became England's first possession in North America and one of the earliest permanent English colonies in the New World.
January 1588: The Kingdom of Sitawaka annexed areas from the Kotte Kingdom by 1587.
January 1588: The Portuguese occupied Faza and constructed a chapel there.
January 1590: Portuguese control over Arzila/Asilah in the periods 1471-1550 and 1577-1589.
January 1595: Sitawaka disintegrated soon after the death of its last king Rajasimha I in 1593. After the downfall of Sitawaka in 1594, these areas were re-annexed to the Kotte kingdom.
January 1595: Resistance eventually coalesced around Konnappu Bandara, son of Wirasundara, who had fled to Portuguese lands following his father's murder by agents of Rajasinghe. Between 1591 and 1594, he returned to the area, seized the Kandyan throne under the name Wimaladharmasuriya I and married Dona Catherina. Victories over the Sithawakans and the Portuguese (who occupied Kandy briefly in 1592) secured his position.
January 1596: From 1595 the Portuguese acted as military protectors of the Basra.
January 1598: Direct Portuguese rule in Kotte did not begin until after the death of Dharmapala of Kotte, who died without an heir, and had bequeathed the Kingdom of Kotte to the Portuguese monarch in 1580. That allowed the Portuguese sufficient claim to the Kingdom of Kotte upon Dharmapala's death in 1597.
January 1599: In 1598, the Dutch established their second trading post on the Gold Coast at Fort Batenstein (now known as Butri).
January 1599: The Portuguese establish an outpost in Masulipatnam/Machilipatnam, India.
January 1599: The first Dutch trading post on the Gold Coast was established by the Dutch East India Company, under the leadership of Admiral Jacob Corneliszoon van Neck and merchant Pieter van den Broecke, in 1598 at Fort Nassau (today: Moree) in the Dutch Gold Coast.
January 1600: In 1599, Thanlyin fell to the Rakhine forces led by the Portuguese mercenary Filipe de Brito e Nicote, who was made governor of the city.
January 1601: Establishment of the Lohayong Principality.
January 1601: Establishment of the Lamakera Principality.
May 1604: In 1604, the English explorer Captain Charles Leigh attempted to establish the settlement of Oyapoc in French Guiana, at the mouth of the Oyapock river. The territory was later ceded to the French, leading to the abandonment of the English settlement.
January 1606: Masulipatnam was the first Dutch factory on the Coromandel Coast of India.
January 1606: The Dutch East India Company allied with the Sultan of Ternate and conquered Ambon and Tidore.
January 1606: The Fernando de Noronha archipelago was occupied by the Dutch in the 17th century.
January 1606: Palmares, or Quilombo dos Palmares, was a quilombo, a community of escaped slaves and others, in colonial Brazil that developed from 1605.
January 1607: Pemba conquered by Malindi ad freed from Portuguese domain.
January 1607: The first Europeans arrived in 1606 in the new Hebrides.
January 1610: The Dutch occupied Pulicat fort.
January 1611: Macapá was claimed by Portuguese Brazil.
January 1612: In 1611, Portuguese forces led by Captain General Jerónimo de Azevedo captured the city of Kandy in Sri Lanka in the name of the pretender Mayadunne of Uva. The city was torched once again during this conquest.
February 1612: After torching the city of Kandy, the Portuguese army left the city.
January 1613: Jacob Clantius, who was to become the first General on the Coast, was sent to the Gold Coast in 1611. In 1612, after gaining permission of the local rulers through the Treaty of Asebu, he built Fort Nassau near Moree, on the site of an original Dutch trading post that had been burned down by the Portuguese.
January 1613: In 1612, England established its first Indian trading factory in Surat.
January 1614: In 1613, Burmese king Anaukpetlun recaptured the city of Thanlyin.
January 1615: In 1614, Comorão was taken by ‘Abbās the Great from the Portuguese and renamed Bandar-e ‘Abbās.
January 1616: The Portuguese mustered an army in the state of Pernambuco, which drove out the French settlers in 1615, less than four years after their arrival.
January 1617: In 1617, the Dutch established a colony named Guede Reede or Goeree on the island of Gorée.
January 1618: In 1617, the territory of Benguela was officially incorporated into the Portuguese colony of Angola.
January 1621: Barbados was the only Caribbean possession the Portuguese ever held, until Portugal abandoned the island in 1620.
January 1621: In 1619-20, Portuguese forces from the colony of Angola, founded in 1575, attacked Mbwila and forced its ruler to sign an act of vassalage.
January 1622: Portuguese conquest of the Jaffna kingdom.
April 1622: The Safavid ruler Abbas I of Persia expelled the Portuguese from the Persian Gulf, with the exception of Muscat.
January 1628: Sawantwadi state was founded in 1627 by Khem Sawant I.
January 1630: In 1629 the Mwenemutapa attempted to throw out the Portuguese. He failed and in turn he himself was overthrown, leading to the Portuguese installation of Mavura Mhande Felipe on the throne. Mutapa signed treaties making it a Portuguese vassal and ceding gold mines, but none of these concessions were ever put into effect. Mutapa remained nominally independent, though practically a client state.
August 1630: A disastrous defeat at the battle of Randeniwela on 2 August 1630 in which Portuguese captain-general Constantino de Sá de Noronha was killed resulted in large parts of Portuguese Ceilao being overrun by the Kandyans.
January 1631: The Portuguese strengthened their position throughout the 1620s, building forts at Kalutara, Trincomalee, Batticaloa, and in Sabaragamuwa.
January 1631: In 1627-30, when the Portuguese were seeking to subdue the forces of Queen Njinga of Ndongo, Mbwila ceased to be obedient to Portugal.
August 1632: Mombasa become a Portuguese colony subordinated to Goa.
January 1633: The Mughal governor of Bengal expelled the Portuguese from Hugli-Chuchura.
January 1634: In 1633, during its Dutch-Portuguese War, the Netherlands seized control of Arguin.
January 1636: The Kandyans, led by King Senarat, briefly controlled lowland Sri Lanka in the 1630s. However, internal instability weakened their hold, allowing the Portuguese to regain control by the time of Senarat's death in 1635.
January 1637: Portuguese trading post established in Deshima.
January 1639: In 1638, the French made their first claims on the island of Réunion, then known as Santa Apolónia. This marked the beginning of French colonization efforts in the region, eventually leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement on the island.
January 1639: In 1598 a Dutch squadron under Admiral Wybrand Van Warwyck landed at Grand Port and named the island "Mauritius" after Prince Maurice of Nassau (Dutch: Maurits van Nassau) of the Dutch Republic. The Dutch inhabited the island in 1638.
January 1640: In 1639 the Shogun exiles the Portuguese from Japan.
March 1640: In February 1640 the Portuguese fort of Negombo, a short distance North of Colombo was captured by Philip Lucasz.
January 1641: Annexation of Ceuta by Spain.
January 1641: Shama conquered by netherlands.
January 1641: In 1640, the Dutch built Fort William.
January 1641: The Dutch (in the form of the Dutch East India Company) settled West Timor in 1640, forcing the Portuguese out to East Timor.
January 1641: In 1560 the Portuguese founded Fort São Francisco Xavier, in modern Osu, district of Accra.
January 1646: The first European settlement in Ziguinchor was founded by the Portuguese in 1645. This marked the beginning of Portuguese Guinea, a territory established by the Portuguese in West Africa.
January 1650: Dutch hegemony over Maldivian affairs.
January 1650: Salvador Correia de Sá e Benevides, the new governor, made destroying Kasanze his first priority. He sent a force under Diogo Gomes de Sampaio including the Imbangala chief Kabuka ka Ndonga to face panji a ndona's forces. The Portuguese force was victorious. Panji a Ndona fled north but was overwhelmed by Portuguese ammunition, surrendering in 1649.
January 1650: On August 16, 1648 the Imam dispatched an army to Muscat, which captured and demolished the high towers of the Portuguese, weakening their grip over the town. Decisively, in 1650, a small but determined body of the Imam's troops attacked the port at night, forcing an eventual Portuguese surrender on January 23, 1650.
January 1651: Hadimu Island state established.
January 1651: The Barotse, also known as the Lozi people, established their kingdom along the Zambezi River in the 17th Century. By 1650, their territory extended from Southern Rhodesia to the Congo and from Angola to the Kafue River.
January 1655: By 1654 the Portuguese controlled the entire coast of modern-day Brazil.
January 1657: The Dutch-Portuguese War saw the Dutch conquest of most of Portugal's Asian colonies, Ceylon included, between 1638 and 1658.
January 1658: Portuguese conquest of the Kingdom of Ngola-Ndongo.
January 1659: Jaffna is taken by the Dutch in 1658.
May 1661: On 11 May 1661, the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza, daughter of King John IV of Portugal, placed Bombay in possession of the English Empire, as part of Catherine's dowry to Charles.
January 1662: In 1661 the Dutch East India Company took possession of Kollam.
January 1662: In 1661, Fort Pallipuram was integrated into Dutch Malabar. The fort was originally built by the Portuguese in the early 16th century and was an important strategic location in the region.
January 1662: Foundation of Fort Quilon.
February 1662: Iberian rule lasted until 1661, when it was given to England's King Charles II as part of the dowry of the Portuguese infanta Catherine of Braganza. The english Tangier was fully occupied in January 1662.
January 1663: São Tomé de Meliapore was occupied by the Dutch.
January 1663: The Dutch took the control of Kodungallur fort in 1663.
January 1666: Makassaris conquered by the Dutch.
January 1668: King Afonso VI of Portugal recognized the formal allegiance of Ceuta to Spain and formally ceded Ceuta to King Carlos II of Spain by the Treaty of Lisbon.
January 1669: Basra was captured by the Ottoman Empire in 1668.
September 1674: 25 Jul 1672 - 6 Sep 1674: Sainte Thomé (São Tomé de Meliapore) occupied by France.
January 1676: A local leader, Changamire Dombo, developed a military force which became, in the 1670s, predominant on the north-eastern plateau of Zimbabwe.
January 1680: The New Colony of Sacramento (Nova Colónia do Sacramento) was founded by the Portuguese in 1680, led by Manuel Lobo. It was located in present-day Uruguay and later became part of Portuguese Brazil after a treaty with the Spanish.
August 1680: Garro, a Portuguese governor, sent a force of 3,400 men led by Antonio de Vera Mujica to capture Colonia del Sacramento from the Spanish on the night of 6-7 August 1680.
January 1681: Fort Christiansborg, located in present-day Osu, was occupied by the Portuguese in 1680.
January 1681: Foundation of Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá.
January 1682: The 1681 Treaty of Lisbon, negotiated by Spanish King Charles II and Portuguese King Afonso VI, returned Colonia del Sacramento to Portugal .
January 1683: Fort Christiansborg (today: Osu) was taken over by the Danish.
January 1688: In 1687, the Uluguru territory was formed in eastern Tanzania by the Luguru linguistic group.
January 1694: Portugal sent another major army to attack Mbwila and reassert its vassalage in 1692-3.
January 1694: Pemba conquered by Portugal.
January 1695: Bandeirantes destroyed Quilombo dos Palmares.
January 1695: Vassalage to the Rozwi Empire from 1663 until the Portuguese return in 1694.
January 1696: In 1695, Changamire Dombo overran the gold-producing kingdom of Manyika and took his army east and destroyed the Portuguese fair-town of Masikwesi.
December 1698: The fort of Mombasa was subject to an epic two-year siege from 1696-98 by the Omani Arabs, led by Saif bin Sultan. The capture of the fort marked the end of Portuguese presence on the coast.
January 1699: Zanzibar became part of Oman in 1698.
January 1699: In 1698 Lamu was conquered by Oman.
January 1699: Pemba conquered by Muscat and Oman.
January 1701: In the early modern period, Barawa, a coastal town in present-day Somalia, was ruled by the Geledi Sultanate, a powerful Somali kingdom known for its trade and military prowess. Faza, a neighboring island, also fell under the control of the Geledi Sultanate during this time.
January 1701: Somali kingdom ruled parts of the Horn of Africa during the late 17th century.
January 1701: The chiefdom of Mbailundu was established in part of the Kimbundu speaking-areas of Angola by Katiavala I in ca. 1700.
January 1701: Malindi remained the centre of Portuguese activity in eastern Africa until 1593 when the Portuguese moved their main base to Mombasa. After that the town gradually declined until it almost disappeared by the end of 17th century. In 1845 Ludwig Krapf visited the town and found it overgrown by vegetation and uninhabited.
January 1701: End of Mbwila vassalage to Portugal.
February 1718: The colony of Colonia del Sacramento was originally founded by the Portuguese in 1680 but was later captured by the Spanish. In 1718, as part of the Treaty of Utrecht, the territory was officially returned to Portugal. Manuel Gomes Barbosa was the Portuguese official who took possession of the colony at that time.
March 1728: Portuguese rule restored in Mombasa.
November 1729: Mombasa conquered by Imamate of Oman.
January 1736: In 1735 a permanent French settlement was established, subordinated to Île Bourbon.
January 1738: In 1737, the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha was taken over by the Portuguese due to its strategic location. It was then attached to the captaincy of Pernambuco, a province in Portuguese Brazil.
January 1742: In 1741, Governor Joseph François Dupleix arrived in India, aiming to establish a French territorial empire. Commanded by Marquis Bussy-Castelnau, Dupleix's forces gained control over the area from Hyderabad to Cape Comorin.
January 1745: Ana II, who came to power in 1741, faced a Portuguese invasion in 1744 in what was one of Portugal's greatest military operations of the 18th century. The Portuguese armies first experienced heavy defeats but managed to reach the capital. In order to avoid a long war, Ana II recognized the suzerainty of Portugal.
January 1750: The conflicts over the Southern colonial frontiers led to the signing of the Treaty of Madrid (1750), in which Spain and Portugal agreed to a considerable Southwestward expansion of colonial Brazil. According to the treaty, Colonia de Sacramento was to be given to Spain in exchange for the territories of São Miguel das Missões, a region occupied by Jesuit missions dedicated to evangelizing the Guaraní natives.
January 1751: In the 18th century Faza again fell into decline due to the rise of Pate.
January 1751: Before 1750 Kitangonya sheikhdom was established.
January 1754: The Sankul sheikhdom established.
January 1755: Expansion of Brazil by 1754.
January 1756: Casablanca conquered by Sultanate of Morocco.
January 1759: After a number of unsuccessful attempts, the Portuguese built a fort at Encoge, not far to the south of Mbwila in an attempt to control the trade in 1758.
January 1770: Mazagan was incorporated into Morocco.
October 1783: The Portuguese were granted the area of Nagar Haveli on 10 June 1783 on the basis of Friendship Treaty executed on 17 December 1779 as compensation towards damage to the Portuguese frigate Santana by Maratha Navy in 1772.
January 1785: In 1784, the island of Kilwa came under the rule of the Sultans of Oman and Zanzibar.
January 1786: Then, in 1785 the Portuguese purchased Dadra, annexing it to Portuguese India.
January 1791: Expansion of Brazil by 1790.
January 1791: By 1790, the Spanish Empire in America had expanded further inland in both South and North America, acquired the Galápagos Islands, and controlled California as well as parts of Oregon. Southern Argentina was only nominally under Spanish rule.
January 1801: Further British interest in the area led to a brief attempt in the 1790s to establish a base on the island of Bolama, where there was no evidence of any continuous Portuguese presence.
January 1801: During the 19th century, Portuguese explorers and traders established settlements along the rivers of Guinea, including Bissau, Cacheu, and Ziguinchor. These settlements were key points for trade and colonization in Portuguese Guinea, now known as Guinea Bissau.
January 1801: In 1800, Kahala I Kanene, a prominent leader of the Wambu people, took control of the territory that is now the actual Huambo province in Angola.
January 1801: Control of most of the central highlands of Angola was achieved by the Portuguese in the 18th century.
January 1801: The Hebrides were colonised by both the British and French in the 18th century, shortly after Captain James Cook visited.
January 1809: Portuguese occupation of Cisplatina (Uruguay).
January 1809: Portuguese conquest of French Guiana.
January 1811: The Rademaker-Herrera agreement, strongly desired by the British ambassador Lord Strangford, forced the invading Portuguese army to return to the Brazilian borders.
December 1815: The colony of Brazil was elevated to the rank of kingdom, and the kingdoms of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarve were united with a law dated December 16, 1815, in the context of the Congress of Vienna.
November 1817: After Napoleon's abdication in 1814, it was decided to return French Guyana to French control, but it was only on 8 November 1817, when a French expedition arrived with Cayenne's new governor, Claude Carra Saint-Cyr, that the French took formal possession of the territory.
January 1821: Expansion of Brazil by 1820.
January 1825: In southern Mozambique, not far from Delagoa Bay, where Soshanganenote had preceded them and was in the process of establishing his kingdom. He consolidates the organization of his kingdom, which he names Gaza after his grandfather's name.
January 1825: Nguni armies, Southern (Xhosa) and especially Northern Nguni (Zulu, Swazi, Shangani, Gaza, Matabele or Ndebele, and Ngoni) people who speak related Bantu languages and inhabit southeast Africa from Cape Province to southern Mozambique, began to migrate to Mozambique from what is now South Africa. One Nguni chief, Nxaba, established a short-lived kingdom inland from Sofala.
August 1825: Official portuguese recognition of the independent Brazialian Empire.
January 1827: In 1826, several Nguni groups joined the Gaza Empire ruled by Soshangane.
January 1836: Ndumbu Saciyambu becomes the first king of the chiefdom of Kalukembe.
January 1838: Official Portuguese occupation of the island of Bolama in 1837.
January 1842: The beginning of the invasion of Guinea by the Portuguese can be estimated around 1841, when the first Portuguese books relating to Guinea were published.
January 1851: Fouladou was a kingdom created in Senegal, between the middle and the end of the 19th century.
January 1852: Taipa is occupied by Portugal and added to Macao.
January 1852: In 1851 Lima Lopes, the new governor of Timor, Solor and Flores, agreed to sell eastern Flores and the nearby islands to the Dutch in return for a payment of 200,000 Florins in order to support his impoverished administration.
January 1855: In 1854 Portugal ceded all its historical claims on Flores to the Dutch.
January 1858: Kingdom of Kongo becomes a vassal state of Portugal.
January 1863: In 1862, Portuguese explorer Serpa Pinto led an expedition to the Cuango basin in Angola, a colony at the time. The lack of land routes forced them to navigate through the river courses to establish control over the interior regions.
January 1865: Portoguese occupation of Coloane.
January 1873: The region between Zeuza and Dande, which was located in present-day Angola, was under Portuguese colonial rule from 1872.
January 1885: At the start of the colonial era (1884), the Lunda heartland was divided between Portuguese Angola, King Leopold II of Belgium's Congo Free State and the British in North-Western Rhodesia, which became Angola, DR Congo and Zambia respectively.
February 1885: The February 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco was signed between Portugal and local leaders in Cabinda, establishing Cabinda as a protectorate of the Portuguese Crown. This marked Portugal's initial claim of sovereignty over the territory.
February 1885: In 1885, Ngoyo signed the Treaty of Simulambuco with Portugal and became a protectorate of it.
February 1885: The Berlin Conference divides Africa: parts of the Congo absorbed by France, Belgium and Portugal.
January 1886: The Kakongo Kingdom is incorporated into Portuguese Angola.
January 1886: By 1885 the Congo Free State expanded up to the Congo-Zambezi rivers system.
October 1886: Territorial change based on available maps.
October 1886: The governments of Great Britain and Germany negotiated a delimitation of their spheres of interest and, on October 29, 1886, agreed on a division of East Africa into zones of interest, whereby Germany was assigned the southern part and Great Britain the northern part (today's Kenya).
January 1887: Cubango basin conquered by portugal.
April 1888: The town of Ziguinchor was eventually handed over to France, in a deal brokered amongst the colonial powers at the Berlin conference of 1886.
December 1889: After Serpa Pinto's departure owing to serious illness in November 1889, his second-in-command, João Coutinho, pushed on as far as Katunga, the nearest river port to Blantyre, and some Kololo chiefs fled to Blantyre for safety.
March 1890: There followed an Anglo-Portuguese Crisis in which a British refusal of arbitration was followed by the 1890 British Ultimatum of 11 January 1890. This demanded that the Portuguese give up all claims to territories beyond the Ruo River and west of Lake Malawi. The Portuguese government accepted under duress and ordered their troops in the Shire valley to withdraw to the south bank of the Ruo. This order was received by the commander at Katunga on 8 March 1890 and all Portuguese forces had evacuated Katunga and Chiromo by 12 March.
January 1891: By 1890, the colony of Senegal practically covered all the territories of modern-day Senegal.
November 1895: In 1884-1885, European powers divided Africa into "spheres of influence" at the Berlin conference. In this "division of Africa", the lands which correspond to the current Mozambique belong to the Portuguese, who attack the kingdom of Gaza in order to consolidate their "effective occupation". Gungunhana fiercely resists but is ultimately defeated. The kingdom disappeared in 1895 after the Battle of Coolela, won by the Portuguese who thus ensured their hegemony over all of Mozambique.
December 1895: The state of AmaGaza is extinguished by Portuguese colonial government.
January 1896: Cuanza basin conquered by portugal.
January 1896: Expansion of Angola into the Zambezi basin (1895-1896).
January 1901: The Kingdom of Matamba was only integrated into Angola in the late nineteenth century.
January 1903: What remained of the state of Karanga was annexed by Portugal in 1902.
January 1903: The State of Wambu was extinguished by Portugal in 1902.
January 1904: Portuguese forces suppressed the state of N'Gabu and integrated it into Portuguese Guinea.
January 1904: The Portuguese effectively annexed the lands of the Ovimbundu to the colony of Angola only in 1903.
January 1904: The Bailundo Kingdom was only subdued by the Portuguese Colonial Empire in 1903.
January 1907: Portuguese conquest of the Cunene Basin (Angola).
January 1907: The Kitangonya Sheikdom was annexed by the Portuguese colonial government to Mozambique.
January 1911: The Angoche Sultanate was extinguished by Portuguese colonial government and annexed to Mozambique.
January 1914: The borders are finalized according to the Berlin Conference agreement (1884).
January 1917: The Portuguese increased efforts for occupying the interior of the colony of Mozambique after the Scramble for Africa, and secured political control over most of its territory in 1918.
January 1918: The Kingdom of Mambo a Chidima ruled independently of Portugal until 1917 when Mambo Chioko, the last king of the dynasty, was killed in battle against the Portuguese.
January 1921: Full Portuguese administrative control of the entire territory of Angola was not achieved until the beginning of the 20th century. "Effective occupation", as required by the Berlin Conference (1884) was achieved only by the 1920s.
May 1926: Ditadura Nacional ("National Dictatorship") formed in Portugal after acoup d'état.
January 1933: Cabinda was annexed to Portuguese Angola.
March 1933: The Second Portuguese Republic was the corporatist period of rule that started in Portugal in 1933.
October 1951: Designation of Angola as an overseas province.
January 1952: In 1951, Portugal changed Cape Verde's status from a colony to an overseas province in an attempt to blunt growing nationalism.
April 1960: The French Mascarene islands become part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands (Terres australes et antarctiques françaises).
September 1961: It was seized by the authorities of the newly independent Republic of Dahomey in August 1961.
April 1974: The regime itself fell after the Carnation Revolution of 1974.
July 1975: On 30 June 1975 Cape Verdeans elected a National Assembly which received the instruments of independence from Portugal on 5 July 1975.
July 1975: The new Portuguese regime granted independence to São Tomé and Príncipe.
November 1975: The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor (Fretilin) declared the territory's independence.
December 1999: The 1987 Sino-Portuguese Joint Declaration called Macau a "Chinese territory under Portuguese administration". The granting of full sovereignty to the People's Republic of China was transferred in a ceremony on 20 December 1999.
Selected Sources
Atoileros 1384. site da Câmara Municipal de Fronteira. Retrieved on 6 April 2024 on https://web.archive.org/web/20130506231549/http://atoleiros1384.cm-fronteira.pt/
Carlos Fiolhais, José Eduardo Franco, José Pedro Paiva (2021): The Global History of Portugal: From Pre-History to the Modern World, Liverpool University Press, p. 157
Duby, G. (1991): L'Atlas Historique Mondial, Larousse, p. 259
Durand, F. B (2016): History of Timor-Leste, Chiang Mai (Thailand), p. 114
East Timor and Indonesia Action Network. Retrieved on may 11th, 2021 on https://www.etan.org/etanpdf/2006/CAVR/03-History-of-the-Conflict.pdf
Fernández Álvarez, M. (1998): Felipe II y su tiempo, cuarta edición, p. 523
Francesca Canale Cama, Daniela Casanova, Quadri Rosa M. Delli (2009): Storia del Mediterraneo moderno e contemporaneo, Guida Editori, p. 54
Gams, P.B. (1876): Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, Dritter Band, Regensburg Druck und Verlag von Georg Joseph Manz., p. 341
Gams, P.B. (1876): Die Kirchengeschichte von Spanien, Dritter Band, Regensburg Druck und Verlag von Georg Joseph Manz., pp. 341-342
José Luis Martín, José María Mínguez Fernández, Gregorio del Ser Quijano (2006): La Península en la Edad Media: treinta años después. Estudios dedicados a José Luis Martín, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, p. 139
Marley, D. (2008): Wars of the Americas: a chronology of armed conflict in the New World, 1492 to the present, vol. II, ABC-CLIO, USA, 2008, p. 449 and p. 450
Strachan, H. (2001): The First World War: To Arms. Vol. I, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 641
The Great War in East Africa. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 21 April 2021 on https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:World_War_I_in_East_Africa.jpg
Unknown Author (1812): The Royal Military Chronicle, vol. V, London (UK), pp. 52, 53.
Williams, M.H. (1989): United States army in World War II - Special Studies - Chronology 1941-1945, p.551
de Oliveira Marques , A. H. R.(1972): History of Portugal, Columbia University Press, p. 322-325
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