transcaucasia

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The Nation includes all the forms of the country.

The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:

Establishment

November 1917: The Transcaucasian Commissariat was established at Tbilisi on 11 November 1917, as the first government of the independent Transcaucasia following the October Revolution in Petrograd.

Chronology

Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

1. World War I

Was a global conflict between two coalitions, the Allies (primarily France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire). It was mainly caused by the competition of the western countries over domain in Europe and in the rest of the world with their colonial empires. The war ended with the defeat of the Central Powers. The war also caused the Russian Revolution and the ensuing Russian Civil War.

1.1. World War I eastern Front

Was the theatre of war in eastern Europe during World War I.

1.1.1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (also known as the Brest Peace in Russia) was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I.

March 1918: Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia declared independence as the Transcaucasian Commissariat.

1.2. World War I Middle East Theatre

Was the theatre of war in the Middle East during World War I.

1.2.1. Caucasus campaign (World War I)

Was an armed conflict mainly between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire in the Caucasus area during World War I.

1.2.1.1. Russian Conquest of Armenia

Was the Russin offensive in Armenia during World War I.

November 1917: The Transcaucasian Commissariat was established at Tbilisi on 11 November 1917, as the first government of the independent Transcaucasia following the October Revolution in Petrograd.

1.2.1.2. Ottoman offensive (Caucasus campaign)

Was the Ottoman military offensive during the Caucasus campaign of World War I.

March 1918: On March 3, the Grand vizier Talat Pasha signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Russian SFSR. Bolshevik Russia ceded Batum, Kars, and Ardahan to the Ottomans, which the Russians had captured during the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878).
March 1918: Manzikert, Hınıs, Oltu, Köprüköy and Tortum conquered by Ottoman Empire.

1.2.1.3. Transcaucasian Front of World War I

Was the theatre of war in Transcaucasia during World War I.

April 1918: The Ottomans with 10,000-12,000 troops captured the port of Batumi.
April 1918: Surrender of the city of Kars to the Ottoman army.
May 1918: The First Republic of Armenia declared its independence.
May 1918: Georgia withdrew from the federation and declared itself a separate republic, encouraged by the German mission led by Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein and Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg.

2. Russian Civil War

Was a Civil War in Russia that involved varios factions but mainly the Bolsheviks and the conservative White Army in the core Russian territories, as well as a multitude of local secessionist states. At the end of war the Bolsheviks were victorious and established the Soviet Union.

2.1. Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War

Local independence movement caused several secessions and revolts during the Russian Civil War.

2.1.1. Pro-independence and White movements in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War

Were a series of revolts and secessions in the Caucasus during the Russian Civil War.

April 1918: The Baku Commune lasted from 13 April to 25 July 1918. It came to power after the bloody confrontation with the Muslim population, known as the March Days in Baku.
April 1918: By April 5, the head of the Transcaucasian delegation, Akaki Chkhenkeli, accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as a basis for more negotiations and urged the Transcaucasian governments to accept this position. The mood in Tbilisi, however, was very different. Instead of being bound by the terms of Brest-Litovsk, the Sejm gathered and made the decision to establish independence. On April 22, 1918, it proclaimed the establishment of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic.

3. Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

On 28 December 1922, a conference of plenipotentiary delegations from the Russian SFSR, the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR approved the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR and the Declaration of the Creation of the USSR, forming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

December 1922: The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR establishing the Soviet Union in 1922.

4. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)

March 1922: The Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs, were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922.

Disestablishment

March 1922: The Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian SSRs, were united into the Federative Union of Socialist Soviet Republics of Transcaucasia on 12 March 1922.
December 1922: The TSFSR was one of the four republics to sign the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR establishing the Soviet Union in 1922.