Fraxinetum

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Establishment

• January 890: Fraxinetum was the site of a 10th-century fortress established by Muslims at modern La Garde-Freinet, near Saint-Tropez, in Provence. According to Liudprand of Cremona, in about 889 a ship carrying twenty adventurers from Pechina, near Almería, in what was then Al-Andalus, anchored in the Gulf of Saint-Tropez in Provence. They were called muwallad, that is, converts to Islam who spoke both Latin and Arabic. They built a tiny stone fortification and protected their outposts by cultivating thorny bushes.

Chronology

Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

1. Hungarian invasions of Europe

The Magyars (or Hungarians) successfully conquered the Carpathian Basin (corresponding to the later Kingdom of Hungary) by the end of the ninth century, and launched a number of plundering raids thoughout Europe.

• January 918: Between 917 and 925, the Magyars raided through Basel, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence and the Pyrenees.
• February 918: Between 917 and 925, the Magyars raided through Basel, Alsace, Burgundy, Provence and the Pyrenees. The Magyars then left the raided territories.

2. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)

• January 941: In 940, the Andalusis, led by the Saracen pirate chief Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, occupied and colonized Toulon, establishing the Muslim stronghold of Fraxinetum in the region.
• January 943: In 942, the Andalusi settlement at Nice and Grenoble was established by the Saracens from Fraxinetum, led by their leader, Yusuf al-Kalus.

Disestablishment

• January 974: The Muslims were defeated at the Battle of Tourtour by William I of Provence. They were expelled from Fraxinetum in 973 by an alliance of Rotbold I of Provence and Arduin Glaber.

Selected Sources

• Sugar, P. F. / Hanák, P. (1994): A History of Hungary, Bloomington (USA), p. 13