Polity Sultanate of Rum (Mongol Empire)

This article is about the specific polity Sultanate of Rum (Mongol Empire) and therefore only includes events related to its territory and not to its possessions or colonies. If you are interested in the possession, this is the link to the article about the nation which includes all possessions as well as all the different incarnations of the nation.

If you are looking for the page with the statistics about this polity you can find it here: All Statistics

After the Mongol victory in the Battle of Köse Dağ, the Sultanate of Rum became a vassal of the Mongol Empire, and after the division of the Empire a vassal of the Ilkhanate.

Establishment

  • June 1243: Battle of Köse Dağ: Decisive Mongol victory. The Sultanate of Rum and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.

Chronology

Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation

1. Mongol invasions and conquests

Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.

  • June 1243: Battle of Köse Dağ: Decisive Mongol victory. The Sultanate of Rum and the Empire of Trebizond became vassals of the Mongols.
  • January 1247: Anamur Region conquered by mongol empire.
  • January 1250: The of Sudak city passed under Tatar control, although it retained considerable autonomy.
  • January 1251: The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia captured the Mediterranean coast from Selinos to Seleucia, as well as the cities of Marash and Behisni.
  • January 1255: The Empire of Trebzond (Mongol Empire) captured Sinope in 1254.
  • January 1259: In 1258, the Kesun area was incorporated into the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, which was a Christian state established by Armenian refugees fleeing the Seljuk invasion.
  • January 1259: Seljuk rule lasted to 1258, when Maraş was captured by the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia.

2. Mongol Civil Wars

Were a series of wars between the successor states of the Mongol Empire.

2.1. Toluid Civil War

Was a war of succession over the Mongol Empire fought between Kublai Khan and his younger brother, Ariq Böke, from 1260 to 1264.

2.1.1. Division of the Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire fragmented into four successor states at the beginning of the Toluid Civil War.

  • January 1261: Town of Larende (now Karaman, in honor of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260).
  • January 1261: The Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area was ruled by the Ilkhanate between 1260-1261.
  • January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.

3. Further events (Unrelated to Any War)

  • January 1251: Karaman Bey established a Beylik in the mountainous parts of Cilicia in the middle of the 13th century.

Disestablishment

  • January 1261: The Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) area was ruled by the Ilkhanate between 1260-1261.
  • January 1261: Town of Larende (now Karaman, in honor of the dynasty) and Ermenek (c. 1260).
  • January 1261: The Mongol Empire fragmented into four political units: the Golden Horde, the Ilkhanate, the Yuan Dynasty and the Chagatai Khanate.

Selected Sources

  • Kopalyan, N. (2017): World Political Systems after Polarity, Taylor & Francis, p. 164