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The cluster includes the Arab Caliphates from Muhammad's Caliphate to the Abbasid Caliphate.
The cluster includes the following incarnations of the same nation:
Mohammed's Caliphate
Rashidun Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate
Abbasid Caliphate
Establishment
January 623: In 622, Muhammad, expelled from Mecca, took refuge in Medina.
Chronology
Interactive Chronologies with maps are available in the section Changes Navigation
Were the military campaigns by the first three Islamic Caliphates (the Caliphate of Muhammad, the Rashidun Caliphate and the Umayyad Caliphate) that led to the Islamic conquest of most of the Middle East as well as the Iberian Peninsula.
1.1.Establishment of Mohammed´s Caliphate
Was the establishment of the first Islamic Caliphate under the Prophet Mohammed.
January 625: Battle of Bedr.
January 631: In 630 CE, Mohammed sent his cousin Ali to Sana'a, Yemen, which was the most advanced region in Arabia. The Banu Hamdan confederation, one of the prominent tribes in the area, was among the first to accept Islam under Ali's leadership.
January 631: In 630 AD the island of Bahrain was conquered by the Arabs.
January 631: Mecca conquered by Mohammed's Caliphate.
June 632: The Rashidun Caliphate was ruled by the first four successive Caliphs (successors) of Muhammad after his death in 632.
January 633: When Mohammed died in 632, the entire Arabian Peninsula was under the control of his Caliphate.
1.2.Conquest of Persia
Was a military campaign by the Rashidun Caliphate that resulted in the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire.
January 640: Muslim invasion of Fars in 638/9 led by the Rashidun Caliphate.
February 640: Rashidun forces leave Fars.
January 643: From Nahavand, Nu'man ibn Muqaarin marched to Hamadan, and then proceeded 370 kilometres southeast to the city of Isfahan, defeating a Sasanian army there. Nu'man, reinforced by fresh troops from Busra and Kufa under the command of Abu Musa Ashaari and Ahnaf ibn Qais, then besieged the city. The siege continued for a few months before the city surrendered.
January 644: In ca. 643, Uthman ibn Abi al-As, a military commander under the Rashidun Caliphate, seized control of Bishapur, an ancient city in present-day Iran.
January 644: Suhail was a military commander of the Rashidun Caliphate. Kerman was a province in Persia. Persepolis was an ancient city in Persia. The Rashidun Caliphate was a Muslim empire that expanded rapidly in the 7th century.
January 645: Attack by al-'Ala' from Bahrain to nthe Sasanian Empire who reached as far as Estakhr.
February 645: In 645, the Persian governor (marzban) of Fars, Shahrag, successfully repulsed an attack by al-'Ala' from Bahrain.
January 649: In 648, 'Abd-Allah ibn al-'Ash'ari, a military commander of the Rashidun Caliphate, successfully captured the city of Estakhr in Fars after forcing the governor, Mahak, to surrender. This event marked a significant victory for the Rashidun Caliphate in expanding their territory in the region.
January 651: The first real invasion took place in 650, when Abd-Allah ibn Amir, having secured his position in Kerman, sent an army under Mujashi ibn Mas'ud there. After crossing the Dasht-i Lut desert, Mujashi ibn Mas'ud reached Sakastan, but suffered a heavy defeat and was forced to retreat.
February 651: The first real invasion took place in 650, when Abd-Allah ibn Amir, having secured his position in Kerman, sent an army under Mujashi ibn Mas'ud there. After crossing the Dasht-i Lut desert, Mujashi ibn Mas'ud reached Sakastan, but suffered a heavy defeat and was forced to retreat.
January 652: Nu'aym was a military commander under the Rashidun Caliphate. Qom was a city in Persia known for its strategic location. The capture of Qom was part of the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate's territory in the region.
January 652: In 651, Nu'aym ibn Muqaarin, Nu'man's brother, marched northeast to Rey, Iran, about 320 kilometres from Hamadan, and laid siege to the city, which surrendered after fierce resistance.
January 652: Abdullah ibn Aamir, a general of the Rashidun Caliphate, besieged the provincial capital, Zrang, and, after a heavy battle outside the city, its governor, Aparviz, surrendered.
January 652: Next, he besieged the provincial capital, Zrang, and, after a heavy battle outside the city, its governor, Aparviz, surrendered.
January 652: In 651, the Arab general Nu'aym led an expedition from Rey to Tabaristan, where the local ruler signed a peace treaty with the Rashidun Caliphate. Tabaristan was a region south of the Caspian Sea.
1.2.1.First invasion of Mesopotamia
Was the first military campaign in Mesopotamia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
April 633: The Battle of Al Madhar, took place in Mesopotamia (Iraq) between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Sasanian Empire. Muslims, under Khalid ibn al-Walid's command, defeated the numerically superior Persian army.
May 633: Battle of Walaja.
May 633: Battle of Ullais.
June 633: In the last week of May 633, the important city of Hira fell to the Muslims led by the Rashidun Caliphate, specifically under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid. Hira was a strategic city in present-day Iraq, marking a significant victory for the expanding Muslim empire.
July 633: In 633, the military leader Khalid, a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, conquered the city of Ayn al-Tamr in the last week of July. This victory was part of the expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Caliph Abu Bakr, in the Arabian Peninsula.
December 633: Battle of Saniyy.
December 633: He received news of the assembling of a large Persian army and then decided to defeat them all separately to avoid the risk of being defeated by a large unified Persian army. Four divisions of Persian and Christian Arab auxiliaries were present at Hanafiz, Zumiel, Sanni and Muzieh. Khalid divided his army into three units, and employed them in well-coordinated attacks against the Persians from three different sides at night, in the Battle of Muzayyah.
November 634: The Battle of the Bridge took place in 634 between the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Abu Ubaid, and the Persians. The Persians emerged victorious in this battle, which occurred near Kufa, Iraq, marking a significant event in the ongoing conflict between the two powers.
November 634: The Battle of the Bridge in 634 saw the Sasanian Empire defeating Abu Ubaid, a prominent military leader of the Rashidun Caliphate. This victory marked a significant turning point in the Arab-Persian conflict during the early Islamic conquests.
January 635: After commander Khalid ibn al-Walid left Mesopotamia, the Persians pursued the Muslim army and recaptured most of their previously lost territory. Consequently, the Muslim forces were compelled to withdraw from the conquered areas and consolidate their position along the border, where they still held control over Namaraq, Kaskar, and Baqusiathain in southern Iraq.
1.2.2.Second invasion of Mesopotamia
Was the second military campaign in Mesopotamia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 637: Rashidun conquest of Kūthā, Sābāṭ (Valashabad) and Bahurasīr (Veh-Ardashir).
January 637: Saad ibn Abi Waqqas, a prominent companion of the Prophet Muhammad, led the Rashidun Caliphate forces in the Battle of Babylon in 636. The victory resulted in the conquest of Babylon by the Rashidun Caliphate.
May 637: Utbah ibn Ghazwan arrived in April 637, and captured al-Ubulla and Basra.
May 637: After the conquest of Ctesiphon, several detachments were immediately sent west to capture Circesium and Heet, both forts at the Byzantine border.
December 637: In April 637, the Arab general Hashim, serving under the Rashidun Caliphate, led 12,000 troops to victory over the Persians at the Battle of Jalawla. Following the battle, he laid siege to Jalawla for seven months before capturing the city.
January 638: Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab of the Rashidun Caliphate sent an army to Mosul which surrendered on the condition of paying Jizya.
January 638: Rashidun general Abdullah ibn Muta'am marched against Tikrit and captured the city with the help of Christians.
January 638: Qa'qa defeated the Persian forces in the Battle of Khaniqeen and captured the city.
January 638: With victory at Jalawla and occupation of the Tikrit-Mosul region, the whole of Mesopotamia was under Muslim control.
February 638: After the Battle of al-Qadisiyyah, the Persian forces retreated to Hulwan. Qa'qa ibn Amr, a prominent general of the Rashidun Caliphate, pursued them and successfully laid siege to the city. Hulwan fell to the Rashidun forces in January 638.
March 638: By February 638 there was a lull in the fighting on the Persian front. The Suwad, the Tigris valley, and the Euphrates valley were now under complete Muslim control.
1.2.3.Conquest of Armenia
The Muslims had conquered Byzantine Armenia in 638-639.
January 640: The Muslims conquered Byzantine Armenia in 638-639.
December 644: With the success of all three missions, the advance into Armenia came to an end with the death of Umar in November 644.
1.2.4.Conquest of Khuzestan
Was the conquest of Khuzestan by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 640: This peace also proved short-lived once Hormuzan was reinforced by fresh Persian troops sent by Emperor Yazdgerd III in late 640. The troops concentrated at Tuster, north of Ahvaz. Umar sent the Governor of Kufa, Ammar ibn Yasir, the governor of Busra, Abu Musa, and Nouman ibn Muqarin there, where Hormuzan was defeated, captured and sent to Umar in Medina.
July 641: Next, Abu Musa marched against Junde Sabur, the only place left of military importance in the Persian province of Khuzistan, which surrendered to the Muslims after a siege of a few weeks.
1.2.5.Conquest of Hamadan
Was the conquest of Hamadan by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 643: Within four years Yazdgerd III felt powerful enough to challenge the Muslims again for control of Mesopotamia. Accordingly, he recruited 100,000 hardened veterans and young volunteers from all parts of Persia, under the command of Mardan Shah, which marched to Nahavand for the last titanic struggle with the Caliphate. Although Umar had expressed a desire for Mesopotamia to be his easternmost frontier, the concentration of the Persian army at Nahavand forced him to act. The Muslim army defeated the Persians at the Battle of Nahavand in December 642.
April 643: The Muslims, led by the Rashidun Caliphate, captured the district of Hamadan in 643. The conquest was relatively easy as they faced minimal resistance from the local inhabitants.
1.2.6.Conquest of Khorasan
Was the conquest of Khorasan by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 652: The remainder of Yazdegerd's army was defeated at the Battle of Oxus River and retreated across the Oxus to Transoxiana.
January 652: No resistance was offered at Merv, and the Muslims occupied the capital of Khurasan without firing a shot.
1.2.7.Conquest of Azerbaijan
Was the conquest of Azerbaijan by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 652: On his way north Bukair was halted by a large Persian force under Isfandiyar, the son of Farrukhzad. A pitched battle was fought, after which Isfandiyar was defeated and captured. In return for his life, he agreed to surrender his estates in Azerbaijan and persuade others to submit to Muslim rule.
1.3.Muslim conquest of the Levant
Was a 634-638 CE invasion of Byzantine Syria by the Rashidun Caliphate. .
1.3.1.Conquest of Syria
Conquest of Syria from the Byantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
April 634: Arab commander ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ conquers Elat.
May 634: Abū ʿUbayda and Shuraḥbīl continued their march and in early May 634 they reached the region between Bosra and al-Jābiya.
June 634: Khalid was then immediately dispatched to the Syrian front. The leader moved from Hira, Iraq, at the beginning of June 634. After crossing the desert, Khalid's army arrived on the Syrian front at Tadmur (Palmyra), in central Syria, at the beginning of June.
July 634: Battles of Qaryatayn and Ḥuwwārīn.
July 634: The Muslims, led by the Rashidun Caliphate, defeated the Byzantines in the battle of Ajnadayn on July 30, 634. The battle was a significant victory for the Muslims, led by the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, against the Byzantine Empire.
September 634: The city of Damascus was besieged for 30 days by the Rashidun Caliphate in 634. It was conquered by the Muslim forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid, a prominent military commander and companion of the Prophet Muhammad.
January 635: The Rashidun Caliphate needed six years to conquer the entire Arabian Peninsula (628-634).
January 635: Battle of Fahl.
1.3.2.Conquest of Northern Syria
Conquest of northern Syria from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid, leading the Rashidun Caliphate forces, conquered the territories of Shayzar, Afamiya, and Matar al-Hamz.
April 636: After a two-month siege, Emesa was conquered in March 636 by the Muslims.
August 636: In the 7th century, during the Muslim conquest of the Levant, the Tanukhids fought with the Romans against the Muslims, including in the Battle of Yarmouk. After Yarmouk, their status as foederati ended.
August 636: The Ghassanids remained a vassal state of the Byzantines until their rulers were overthrown by the Muslims in the conquest of Syria-Palestine, at the time of the second Caliph ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb in the 7th century, which ended with the Islamic victory in the battle of the Yarmuk. It was in this battle that 12,000 Ghassanid Arabs were defeated by the Muslims of Khālid b. al-Walid.
1.3.3.Conquest of Palestina
Conquest of Palestine from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
November 635: In 635, the Rashidun Caliphate, led by Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab, conquered Palestine, Jordan, and southern Syria, excluding Jerusalem and Caesarea. This marked a significant expansion of Muslim territory in the region.
1.3.4.Final Stage of the conquest in Syria and Palestina
Consolidation of the Rashidun Caliphate conquests in the Levant.
July 637: Khalid defeated a large Byzantine force in the Battle of Hazir near the fortress of Qinnasrin and then the city of Hazir surrendered to Khalid.
October 637: The taking of the Azaz fortress in 637 was a significant military victory for the Rashidun Caliphate, led by the renowned military commander Khalid ibn al-Walid. The fortress was a strategic stronghold in the region, and its capture played a crucial role in the expansion of the caliphate's territory.
October 637: Antioch was conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
November 637: In October 637, Aleppo surrendered, since it no longer had any hope of an arrival of reinforcements from Constantinople.
November 637: Khalid was then sent to conquer north-eastern Syria up to Manbij and the Euphrates.
November 637: Then it was the turn of the remaining cities dominated by the Byzantines along the Mediterranean coast: Latakia, Jabla and Tartus.
1.3.5.Conquest of Southern Anatolia
Conquest of southern Anatolia from the Byzantines by the Rashidun Caliphate.
September 638: In the summer of 638, the Rashidun Caliphate, led by the military commander Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, made significant conquests in Anatolia, capturing territories including Tarsus, Marash, and Malatya. These conquests expanded the caliphate's influence in the region.
November 638: The action unleashed fierce reactions from the Caliphate, and the Jazīra, the last base of the Eastern Roman Empire in the Near East, was conquered that same year.
November 638: By 638, much of Anatolia was under the control of the Caliphate.
January 639: Soon the Christian Arabs realized that they were trapped because their territory was about to be invaded and at the same time reinforcements were arriving for the Muslims besieged in Emesa. Therefore they decided to return to the Jazīra.
January 639: In order to buy time in the preparation of his defenses it was essential to keep the Muslim troops busy in Syria, for this purpose he pushed the Christian Arabs of the Jazira to take up arms against the Muslims. Spurred on by the same religious faith, these Arabs set about crossing the Euphrates and invading northern Syria from the east.
1.3.6.Muslim conquest of Cyprus, Crete and Rhodes
Conquest of Cyprus, Crete and Rhodes by the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 650: The Rashidun Caliphate, led by the Muslim commander Muawiya, launched a successful military campaign from their bases in Syria. They conquered Cyprus and Crete in 649, followed by the island of Rhodes. This expansion marked the further spread of Islam in the Mediterranean region.
1.4.Muslim conquest of Egypt
Was a military campaign by the Rashidun Caliphate that ended seven-century-long period of Roman reign over Egypt.
January 640: In late December 639 or early January 640, the Muslim army reached Pelusium.
March 640: In February 640, an assault led by the commander Hudhayfa ibn Wala successfully captured the city.
March 640: Fall of the city of Bilbays, which took place towards the end of March 640.
June 640: They then headed to Oxyrhynchus (Per-Medjed), which was defeated.
July 640: Battle of Heliopolis.
August 640: After the battle of Heliopolis, the Muslim conquered of the two cities of Fayyum and Abuit as well as the entire province of Fayyum from the Byzantines.
December 640: On December 22, Cyrus of Alexandria signed a treaty with the Muslims. The treaty recognized indirect Muslim sovereignty over the whole of Egypt, and directly over the Thebaid.
April 641: The Arab siege of Alexandria in 641 was led by Amr ibn al-As, a military commander of the Rashidun Caliphate. The city was a key stronghold of the Byzantine Empire in Egypt, and its fall marked the end of Byzantine rule in the region.
October 641: Alexandria and whole Egypt including Cyrenaica conquered by Rashidun Caliphate.
1.5.Battle of Rasil
Fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Rai kingdom ruled by Raja Rasil in early 644. The Makran coast up to Indus river and western territories of Rai Kingdom were annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate.
April 644: Conflict fought between the Rashidun Caliphate and the Rai kingdom ruled by Raja Rasil in early 644. Makran coast up to Indus river and western territories of Rai Kingdom annexed by Rashidun Caliphate.
1.6.Arab conquest of Armenia
Was the conquest of Armenia by the Rashidun Caliphate.
1.7.Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
Was the Muslim conquest of Maghreb by the Rashidun and later Umayyad Caliphate.
January 709: The Christian Berber kingdoms were conquered by the Umayyads.
January 709: Kingdom of Cabaon conquered by the Arabs.
January 710: By 709, all of North Africa was under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate.
1.7.1.First Muslim Invasion of the Maghreb
Was the Muslim conquest of Tripolitania.
January 648: The Caliphate took Tripolitania.
1.7.2.Second Muslim invasion of Maghreb
Was the Muslim conquest of territories in Tunisia.
January 671: In 670 the city of Kairouan (Tunisia) was established by the Umayyad Caliphate.
January 684: Battle of Tahouda: Expulsion of the Umayyads from present-day Tunisia.
January 689: Battle of Mammes (688): Capture of Kairouan by Umayyad forces.
1.7.3.Third Muslim Invasion of the Maghreb
Was the Muslim conquest of territories in Tunisia.
January 696: In 695, the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Carthage.
January 698: Emperor Leontius sent the navy under the command of John the Patrician and the droungarios Tiberius Apsimarus. They entered the harbor and successfully recaptured it in a stunning surprise attack in 697.
January 699: Battle of Wadi Nini: Expulsion of the Umayyads from Cyrenaica.
January 699: Battle of Carthage (698).
January 701: General Hasan ibn al-Nu'man advanced in the Maghreb, his armies taking the city of Icosium in 700.
January 704: Battle of Tabarka.
1.8.Arab plunder of Cyprus
Was an Arab invasion of Cyprus.
1.9.Arab-Khazar Wars
Were a series of conflicts fought between the armies of the Khazar Khaganate and the Rashidun, Umayyad, and Abbasid caliphates and their respective vassals.
1.9.1.First Arab-Khazar War
Was a war between the Khazar Kahaganate and the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 653: The Khazars abandoned Balanjar and moved their capital further north, in an attempt to evade the reach of the Arab armies.
February 653: The Khazars abandoned Balanjar and moved their capital further north, in an attempt to evade the reach of the Arab armies.
1.9.2.Second Arab-Khazar War
Was a war between the Khazar Kahaganate and the Umayyad Caliphate.
August 722: Battle of Balanjar.
January 730: By 729, the Arabs had lost control of northeastern Transcaucasia.
December 730: The battle in 730 in Ardabil was between the Arab general al-Jarrah and the Khazars led by Barjik. The Khazars emerged victorious, defeating al-Jarrah's army of 25,000 soldiers. This victory solidified the Khazar Khaganate's control over the territory.
January 732: Sa'id ibn Yazid was a prominent Umayyad general who successfully recaptured the city of Akhlat on Lake Van in 731.
January 741: He restored the provinces of Albania to Muslim allegiance after meting out exemplary punishment to the inhabitants of Khaydhan, who resisted his advance, and reached Derbent, where he found a Khazar garrison of 1,000 men with their families installed. .
1.10.Muslim conquest of Transoxiana, Ferghana and Khorasan
Were the 7th and 8th century conquests, by Umayyad and Abbasid Arabs, of Transoxiana, the land between the Oxus (Amu Darya) and Jaxartes (Syr Darya) rivers, a part of Central Asia that today includes all or parts of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.
January 671: It was not until the appointment of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan to the government of Iraq and the eastern Caliphate that the Arabs undertook a systematic pacification campaign in Khurasan. Peroz was evicted and once again fled to China.
January 677: Sa'id ibn Uthman was a prominent military leader and governor under the Umayyad Caliphate. Samarkand was a key city in Central Asia known for its strategic location on the Silk Road. The capture of Samarkand by Sa'id ibn Uthman in 676 was a significant victory for the Umayyad Caliphate in expanding their territory and influence in the region.
January 716: Umayyad commander Qutayba ibn Muslim conquered the strategic Central Asian cities of Bukhara, Samarkand, Khwarezem and Farghana between 705 and 715 CE, annexing nearly the whole of Transoxiana north of the Iranian plateau and bordering the contemporary Tang dynasty of China.
January 716: The larger part of Transoxiana was conquered by the Umayyad leader Qutayba ibn Muslim in the reign of al-Walid I (r. 705-715).
January 717: The deposed king fled to Kucha (seat of Anxi Protectorate), and sought Chinese intervention. The Tang dynasty sent 10,000 troops under Zhang Xiaosong to Ferghana. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at Namangan and reinstalled the ikhshid on the throne.
January 717: The deposed king fled to Kucha (seat of Anxi Protectorate) and sought Chinese intervention. The Chinese sent 10,000 troops under Zhang Xiaosong to Ferghana. He defeated Alutar and the Arab occupation force at Namangan and reinstalled Ikhshid on the throne.
1.11.Arab occupation of Amorium
Arab occupation of Amorium.
1.12.Arab occupation of Cappadocia and Cylicia
Arab conquest of Byzantine Cappadocia and Cylicia.
1.13.Umayyad conquest of Hispania
Was an Umayyad Caliphate invasion of the Iberian Peninsula from c. 710-780. The conquest resulted in the defeat of the Visigothic Kingdom and the establishment of the Umayyad Wilayah of Al-Andalus.
1.13.1.Revolt of Asturias
The Hispano-Visigothic nobleman Pelagius began a revolt against the Islamic rule of Hispania and established the Kingdom of Asturias.
1.13.2.Campaign of Septimania
Umayyad military campaign in Septimania (southern France).
1.14.Islamic conquest of Sindh
Was the invasion of Sindh (Pakistan) initiated by the Umayyad Caliphate.
January 713: In the year 712, Muhammad bin Qasim, an Umayyad general, sailed from the Persian Gulf into Sindh and conquered both Sindh and the lower Punjab (corresponding to Multan), both regions in northwestern India straddling the course of the Indus River.
1.15.Arab occupation of Amasea and Mishtia
Arab conquest of Byzantine Amasea and Mishtia.
1.16.Umayyad campaigns in India
Were a series of expansionistic military campaigns by the umayyad Caliphate in the Indian subcontinent.
1.16.1.Campaign by Muhammad bin Qasim
Campaign in India by Umayyad commander Muhammad bin Qasim.
January 716: Campaign by Muhammad bin Qasim.
1.16.2.Campaign by Al Junayd
Campaign in India by Umayyad commander Muhammad Al Junayd.
January 727: In 726, the Umayyad Caliphate subdued territories including Qassa (Kutch), al-Mandal (perhaps Okha), Dahnaj, Surast (Saurashtra), and Barus or Barwas (Bharuch) in the Indian subcontinent. These regions were important centers of trade and commerce during this time.
1.17.Second Arab Siege of Constantinople
A combined land and sea offensive by the Muslim Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate against the capital city of the Byzantine Empire.
1.18.Islamic conquest of Deccan
Was the invasion of Deccan (India) initiated by the Umayyad Caliphate.
January 734: Arab invaders who had established themselves in the Sindh made a push into the Deccan.
Expansion during the rule of Uthman in the Rashidun Caliphate.
January 646: The Arabs reached Iberia about 645 and forced its eristavi (prince), Stephanoz II (637-c. 650), to abandon his allegiance to Byzantium and recognize the Caliph as his suzerain.
January 647: Arab commander Amr ibn al-As reconquers Alexandria from the Byzantines.
January 647: The Muslim sources place the actual conquest of the country in 645/646, under the command of Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri.
January 651: Under Abu'l-Awar, the Arabs returned in 650 and installed a garrison of 12,000 on part of the island.
January 654: An Arab emir was installed in Tbilisi about 653.
January 654: In 652-653 CE, the Arabs under Abdallah ibn Amir conquered the whole of Tokharistan and captured the city of Balkh, as part of the Muslim conquests of Afghanistan.
January 655: Armenia conquered by Rashidun Caliphate.
Was a civil war at the end of the Rashidun Caliphate that led to the establishment of the Umayyad Caliphate.
January 657: Uthman Ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph, was assassinated at the end of a siege upon his house. The people of Medina asked Ali, who had been chief judge in Medina, to become the Caliph and he accepted, establishing the Umayyad Caliphate. Muawiya, governor of Syria and distant cousin of Othman, disputed Ali's legitimacy.
3.1.Hasan-Muawiya treaty
Was a political peace treaty signed in 661 between Caliph Hasan ibn Ali and Mu'awiya I (r. 661-680) to bring the First Fitna (656-661) to an end.
January 662: In the Hasan-Muawiya treaty, Hasan ibn Ali handed over power to Muawiya.
Were a series of wars between a number of Muslim Arab dynasties and the Byzantine Empire from the 7th to the 11th century. Conflict started during the initial Muslim conquests, under the expansionist Rashidun and Umayyad caliphs, in the 7th century and continued by their successors until the mid-11th century.
November 670: The Muslim fleet, led by the Umayyad Caliphate, under the command of Muawiyah I, successfully navigated through the Sea of Marmara and established a base in Cyzicus in 670. This strategic move allowed them to expand their influence in the region and control key trade routes.
April 671: The Muslim fleet, led by the Arab commander Mu'awiya, had successfully penetrated into the Sea of Marmara by 670. They established a base at Cyzicus, a strategic location in present-day Turkey, where they stayed during the winter of 671. This marked a significant advancement in the Arab-Byzantine conflict during the early Islamic expansion.
January 676: A massive Muslim fleet reappeared in the Marmara and re-established a base at Cyzicus.
January 679: Constantine IV however used a devastating new weapon that came to be known as "Greek fire", invented by a Christian refugee from Syria named Kallinikos of Heliopolis, to decisively defeat the attacking Umayyad navy in the Sea of Marmara, resulting in the lifting of the siege in 678.
January 832: Theophilos was the Byzantine Emperor from 829 to 842. Tarsus was an important city in Cilicia, located in modern-day Turkey. The capture of Tarsus from the Muslims was a significant military victory for the Byzantine Empire in their ongoing conflicts with the Muslim forces in the region.
January 838: In 837, the Byzantine Empire, under the rule of Emperor Theophilos, destroyed the cities of Melitene, Samosata, and Zapetra as a vengeful act against the Arab forces that had previously attacked Byzantine territories. Theophilos sought to assert Byzantine dominance in the region through these brutal actions.
February 838: In 838, the territories of Melitene, Samosata, and Zapetra were taken over by the Abbasid Caliphate after being destroyed by vengeful Byzantine troops in 837. The Byzantine troops were led by Emperor Theophilos in retaliation for previous Arab raids in the region.
January 839: Raid of the Abbasids led by caliph Al-Mu'tasim at Dazimon, Ancyra and finally at Amorium.
February 839: After a raid, the Abbasids leave Dazimon, Ancyra and Amorium.
January 889: Arab raid in Calabria.
February 889: End of an Arab raid in Calabria.
January 891: The Hamdanid Dynasty was established in 890.
January 903: In 903, the Arab Campaign in southern Italy reached Cosenza, which was under Byzantine control at the time.
February 903: The Arabs leave Cosenza.
January 905: Savage sack of Thessalonika in 904 by the Saracens of Crete.
February 905: End of the sack of Thessalonika by the Saracens.
4.1.Byzantine occupation of Gaermanicea
Byzantine occupation of Gaermanicea.
January 747: Byzantine occupation of Gaermanicea.
4.2.Byzantine conquest of Teodosiopolis and Melitene
Byzantine conquest of Teodosiopolis and Meilitene.
January 753: Byzantine conquest of Teodosiopolis and Meilitene.
4.3.Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (782)
Was a military campaign by the Abbasid Caliphate in Byzantine Asia Minor.
February 782: On 9 February 782, Harun, the fifth Abbasid Caliph, departed Baghdad. The Arabs crossed the Taurus Mountains by the Cilician Gates, and swiftly took the border fortress of Magida.
January 783: The Abbasids advanced along the military roads across the plateau into Phrygia.
February 783: The Abbasid Caliphate, led by Harun al-Rashid, advanced along the military roads across the plateau into Phrygia in 783, ultimately leading to the territory falling under the control of the Byzantine Empire.
4.4.Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor (806)
Was a military campaign by the Abbasid Caliphate in Byzantine Asia Minor.
October 806: In 806, the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid led his forces to capture the city of Herakleia after a month-long siege. Herakleia was a strategically important city in the Byzantine Empire, located in modern-day Turkey. The successful capture of Herakleia was a significant military achievement for the Abbasid Caliphate.
January 807: Yazid ibn Makhlad captured the "Fort of the Willow" (al-Safsaf) and Malakopea.
January 807: Andrasos conquered by Abbasid Caliphate.
4.5.Battle of Anzen
The Battle of Anzen or Dazimon was fought on 22 July 838 at Anzen or Dazimon (now Dazmana (Akçatarla), Turkey) between the Byzantine Empire and the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate.
September 838: In 838, the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph al-Mu'tasim, captured the Byzantine city of Amorion after a two-week siege. This victory was part of the ongoing Arab-Byzantine wars, with the Abbasids aiming to expand their territory and weaken the Byzantine Empire.
October 838: In 838, the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph al-Mu'tasim, launched a successful campaign against the Byzantine Empire. The city of Amorion was besieged and captured after two weeks, resulting in a significant victory for the Abbasid forces.
4.6.Arab conquest of Pamphilia
Arab conquest of Byzantine Pamphilia.
January 853: Arab conquest of Pamphilia.
Was a civil war in the Umayyad Caliphate where other regional dynasties challenged the Umayyads.
May 680: Upon Muawiyah's death in 680 CE, Yazid demanded allegiance from Husayn and other dissidents. Husayn did not give allegiance and traveled to Mecca. The people of Kufa, an Iraqi garrison town and the center of Ali's caliphate, were averse to the Syria-based Umayyad caliphs and had a long-standing attachment to the house of Ali.
October 680: The Battle of Karbala ensued on 10 October during which Husayn was killed along with most of his relatives and companions.
November 683: With the demise of Yazid and the withdrawal of Syrian troops, Ibn al-Zubayr was now de facto ruler of the Hejaz and the rest of Arabia.
November 683: Oman was independently ruled by the Banu Juland.
April 684: Soon afterwards, he was recognized in Egypt, as well as in Iraq where the Umayyad governor Ibn Ziyad had been expelled by the tribal nobility (ashraf). Coins bearing Ibn al-Zubayr's name were minted in parts of southern Persia (Fars and Kirman).
August 684: Battle of Marj Rahit: The victory consolidated the position of the Umayyads over Syria, paving the way for their eventual victory in the civil war against Ibn al-Zubayr.
January 685: Marwan and his son Abd al-Aziz expelled the Zubayrid governor of Egypt with the help of local tribes.
October 691: Battle of Maskin: Umayyads' victory and recapture of Iraq.
April 692: Mecca is besieged by the Umayyad Caliphate.
December 692: The city was bombarded with catapults and supplies were cut off, resulting in large scale desertions by the followers of Ibn al-Zubayr. He was killed along with his few remaining supporters in October 692. The siege brought an end to the decade-long civil war and the Caliphate was united under Abd al-Malik.
The northeast African Kingdom of Aksum invaded the region of Hejaz, in south Arabia.
January 703: In 702 Aksumite pirates were able to invade the Hejaz and occupy Jeddah.
January 704: Aksum regained control of ist coastal area and of the Dahlak Archipelago.
January 704: Jedda is reconquered by the Umayyads.
In the Battle of Varnakert (702) Armenian prince Smbat Bagratuni defeated the 8,000-strong Umayyad army from the garrison in Nakhichevan.
January 703: In the Battle of Varnakert (702) Smbat Bagratuni defeated the 8,000-strong Umayyad army from the garrison in Nakhichevan. Smbat, with the aid of Byzantine Empire, managed to re-conquer the majority of Armenia and drive the Arabs out of the country.
Were a series military campaigns from the 8th century until 1492 by the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula to reconquer the region from the Islamic rulers that had conquered it during the Umayyad conquest of Hispania.
January 726: 725: Muslim raids reach Autun in the Frankish Empire.
February 726: End of Muslim raid in Autun (Frankish Empire).
January 741: Umayyad conquest of Galicia.
January 755: Leon conquered by Kingdom of Asturias.
Were the military campaigns of the Umayyad Caliphate in modern-day Spain, Portugal and France.
9.1.Frankish-Umayyad Wars
Were a series of wars between the Umayyad Caliphate, which had conquered the Iberian Peninsula, and the Frankish Kingdom.
June 732: 732: A Muslim army under Abd ar-Rahman defeats an army of Duke Eudos of Aquitaine (or Odo the Great) near Bordeaux. The Moors then sack Aquitaine.
December 732: End of the sack of Aquitaine by the Muslim army.
January 753: Siege of Narbonne (759).
The Principality of Iberia became a tributary of Umayyad Caliphate.
January 738: The Principate of Iberia became tributary of Umayyad Caliphate.
In the VIII century Muktapida, an Indian king of the Karkota dynasty of Kashmir, created a short-lived empire covering most of India.
January 741: Karkota ruler Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered extensive territories in India and Central Asia.
January 761: Karkota ruler Lalitaditya Muktapida conquered extensive territories in India and Central Asia.
Was the overthrow of the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750 CE), the second of the four major Caliphates in Islamic history, by the third, the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517 CE).
February 748: Abu Muslim successfully initiated an open revolt against Umayyad rule. On February 14, 748 he established control of Merv.
September 749: Yazid had been forced to abandon Kufa due to a rebellion by Abbasid sympathizers, and fled to Wasit.
October 749: Wasit is besieged by the Abbasid Caliphate.
January 750: The rebels where in control of Khorasan by march 749.
January 750: On January 16, 750 the two forces met on the left bank of a tributary of the Tigris in the Battle of the Zab, and nine days later Marwan II was defeated and his army was completely destroyed.
May 750: Damascus fell to the Abbasids in April.
August 750: Al-Fazari, the Umayyad commander at Wasit, held out even after the defeat of Marwan II in January. The Abbasids promised him amnesty in July, but immediately after he exited the fortress they executed him instead.
In 831 a punitive campaign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutasim defeated the Beja east of Nubia.
January 832: In 831 a punitive campaign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutasim defeated the Beja people east of Nubia.
February 832: In 831 a punitive campaign of the Abbasid Caliph al-Mutasim defeated the Beja people east of Nubia. The Caliph left the region after the raid.
Was an era of disunity in Tibetan history lasting from the death of the Tibetan Empire's last emperor, Langdarma, in 842 until Drogön Chögyal Phagpa became the Imperial Preceptor of the three provinces of Tibet in 1253, under the Yuan dynasty.
January 852: Khotan becomes independent.
Expansion during the rule of Abu Ibrahim Isma'il ibn Ahmad in the Samanid Empire.
January 901: Four brothers Nuh, Ahmad, Yahya, and Ilyas founded the Samanid state. Each of them ruled territory under Abbasid suzerainty. In 892, Ismail Samani united the Samanid state under one ruler, thus effectively putting an end to the feudal system used by the Samanids. It was also under him that the Samanids became independent of Abbasid authority. Ismail was thereafter recognized as the ruler of all of Khorasan and Transoxiana by the caliph.Furthermore, he also received the investiture over Tabaristan, Ray and Isfahan.
Were a series of military invasions of Egypt by the Fatimid Caliphate. The Fatimids were finally able to conquer Egypt in their third invasion, in 969 AD.
16.1.Fatimid invasion of Egypt (914-915)
Was the first unsuccesfull Fatimid attempt to conquer Eygpt, at the time part of the Abbasid Caliphate.
August 914: The Kutama raided south along the River Nile and devastated the country, reaching as far as Giza.
August 914: The ambitious Habasa, also known as Ahmad ibn Tulun, was the founder of the Tulunid dynasty in Egypt. He defeated an Abbasid force led by Muhammad ibn Tughj al-Ikhshid at al-Hanniya before capturing Alexandria on 27 August 914.
January 915: Unable to cross the river to Fustat, al-Qa'im moved, with a large part of his army, around Takin's defences and into the fertile Fayyum Oasis.
January 915: On 8 January 915, in a large-scale battle at Giza, the Fatimids were decisively defeated. With his army collapsing, al-Qa'im retreated to Alexandria, which he entered on 23 January.
June 915: Al-Qa'im evacuated Alexandria hastily and without battle, leaving much of his armament and equipment behind.
16.1.1.Conquest of the Cyrenaica
Was a Fatimid military campaign in Cyrenaica, at the time part of the Abbasid Caliphate.
February 914: The expedition against Egypt in 914 was led by the Fatimid Caliphate, who successfully took control of Sirte and Ajdabiya after the Abbasid garrisons abandoned the towns without a fight. This marked a significant victory for the Fatimid Caliphate in their campaign against the Abbasid dynasty.
February 914: Habasa entered Barqa.
16.2.Fatimid invasion of Egypt (919-921)
Was the second unsuccesfull Fatimid attempt to conquer Eygpt, at the time part of the Abbasid Caliphate.
July 919: The vanguard arrived before Alexandria on 9 July 919. The arrival of the Fatimid expeditionary force in July 919 caught the city's governor, Dhuka's son Muzaffar, by surprise. Along with his aides and many of the populace, he fled without giving battle.
August 919: Fatimid caliph al-Qa'im left Alexandria and, bypassing Giza, took over the fertile Fayyum Oasis.
July 921: The city was captured with relative ease from its Kutama garrison (May/June 921).
July 921: On 28 June, Mu'nis and Takin, along with Thamal's fleet, set out to with all their forces to attack Fayyum. Once the Abbasid forces began to advance into the oasis, on 8 July al-Qa'im ordered the retreat.
16.3.Fatimid conquest of Egypt
The troops of the Fatimid Caliphate under the general Jawhar captured Egypt, at the time ruled by the autonomous Ikhshidid dynasty in the name of the Abbasid Caliphate.
June 969: A Fatimid vanguard advanced towards the Fayyum oasis.
June 969: In May 969, the Fatimid army entered the Nile Delta. Jawhar occupied Alexandria without resistance.
July 969: On 3 July, the two armies clashed, and the Fatimids prevailed. No details are known, but the entire Ikhshidid force sent from Giza to oppose the Fatimids was destroyed. The rest of the Ikhshidid troops then abandoned Rawda and dispersed, leaving Fustat.
Expansion during the rule of Mahmud of the Ghaznavids.
January 1027: The Habbaris ruled Sindh until they were defeated by Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi in 1026, who then went on to destroy the old Habbari capital of Mansura, and annex the region to the Ghaznavid empire, thereby ending Arab rule of Sindh.
Expansion during the rule of Malik Shah I in the Seljuk Empire.
January 1082: Their Numayrid capital Harran and nearby Saruj were conquered by the Turkish Seljuks.
January 1087: Syrian Seljuks occupied the areas of Kyrrhos and Gaziantep (Ayntab) in 1086.
Expansion during the rule of Suleiman I in the Sultanate of Rum.
January 1087: Edessa conquered by Sultanate of Rum.
Were a series of military conflicts between the Seljuk Empire and its vassals against the Kingdom of Georgia.
20.1.Georgian Reconquista
Were a series of military campaigns by the Kingdom of Georgia to reconquer lands controlled by the Seljukids and their vassals.
January 1116: Following the annexation of Kakheti, in 1105, David routed a Seljuk punitive force at the Battle of Ertsukhi, leading to momentum that helped him to secure the key fortresses of Samshvilde, Rustavi, Gishi, and Lori between 1110 and 1118.
January 1123: Georgian King David IV’s victories over the Seljuk Turks inflicted a final blow to Islamic Tbilisi, and a Georgian army entered the city in 1122, ending four hundred years of Muslim rule.
Were a series of military campaigny by the Mongols that created the largest contiguous Empire in history, the Mongol Empire, which controlled most of Eurasia.
February 1258: The Abbasids' period of cultural fruition and its (reduced) territorial control ended in 1258 with the sack of Baghdad by the Mongols under Hulagu Khan and the execution of Al-Musta'sim.
January 1259: Hulegu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. He destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258.
January 1259: Baghdad was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1258 and subjected to a merciless sack, an event considered as one of the most catastrophic events in the history of Islam, and sometimes compared to the rupture of the Kaaba.
21.1.Conquest of Baghdad
The siege, laid by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops, involved the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad, which was the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate at that time.
January 1258: The Siege of Baghdad was led by Hulagu Khan, a Mongol ruler and grandson of Genghis Khan. The city was defended by the Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph Al-Musta'sim. The siege resulted in the destruction of Baghdad and the end of the Abbasid Caliphate.
February 1258: The siege, laid by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops, involved the investment, capture, and sack of Baghdad.
January 646: In 645 Alexandria was reconquered by the Byzantines.
February 655: In the year 653 or 654, an Arab fleet defeated the Eastern Romans off Rhodes for the first time, and the island was plundered for the first time by the Muslims - probably Syrians, Copts and Greeks.
January 656: The Paduspanids were a local dynasty in Tabaristan, established in 655. They ruled over Royan, Nur, and Rostamdar. The territory was located in present-day northern Iran.
January 666: The Turk Shahis or Kabul Shahis were a dynasty of Western Turk, or mixed Western Turk-Hephthalite, origin, that ruled from Kabul and Kapisa to Gandhara in the 7th to 9th centuries CE.
January 670: Garama was conquered by Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi in 669 AD.
January 671: Under Mu'awiya's direction, the Muslim conquest of Ifriqiya (central North Africa) was launched by the commander Uqba ibn Nafi in 670, which extended Umayyad control as far as Byzacena (modern southern Tunisia), where Uqba founded the permanent Arab garrison city of Kairouan.
January 674: The island of Rhodes was captured by the Umayyad Caliphate in 673 during their first attack on Constantinople. The Umayyad Caliphate was a powerful Islamic empire ruled by the Umayyad dynasty, and Constantinople was the capital of the Byzantine Empire at the time.
January 677: The Principality of Khuttal was a local Iranian dynasty, which ruled the Khuttal region from the early 7th century to 750.
January 681: The island of Rhodes was evacuated in 679/80 as part of the Byzantine - Umayyad peace treaty.
January 681: The Zunbils ruled the region of Zabul in present-day Afghanistan from the early 7th century.
January 682: The Bukhar Khudahs were a local Sogdian dynasty, which ruled the city of Bukhara from an unknown date.
June 683: The Ansar and Quraysh of Medina took up the anti-Umayyad cause and in 683 expelled the Umayyads from the city.
July 683: Yazid's Syrian troops routed the Medinese at the Battle of al-Harra and subsequently plundered Medina before besieging Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca.
January 689: In 688, the emperor Justinian II and the caliph Abd al-Malik reached an unprecedented agreement. The Arabs evacuated Cyprus, and for the next 300 years, the island was ruled jointly by both the Caliphate and the Byzantines as a condominium, despite the nearly constant warfare between the two parties on the mainland.
January 700: Türgeshes emerged as an independent power after the demise of the Western Turks and established a khaganate in 699.
January 701: With the collapse of the Kingdom of Aksum around the year 700 CE, Beja clans invaded and established several kingdoms in present-day Eritrea.
January 701: Tashkent was conquered by the Umayyad Caliphate.
January 706: In 705, the Arab general Qutayba ibn Muslim managed to make the Chaghan Khudah, whose name is mentioned as Tish, acknowledge Umayyad authority.
January 706: Despite this success, the Umayyad generals Muhammad ibn Marwan and Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik soon restored Armenia to subject status, and secured Muslim control by organizing a large-scale massacre of the princely families (nakharar) within the cathedral of Nakhchivan in 705.
January 711: The Emirate of Nekorwas was founded in 710 CE.
January 712: In 711 the Türk forces, led by Tonyukuk, crossed the Mongolian Altai, clashed with the Türgesh army in Dzungaria, on the River Boluchu, and won an outright victory. Tonyukuk forced a crossing over the Syr Darya in pursuit of the retreating Türgesh, leading his troops to the border of Tokharistan.
January 736: The Saindhavas, also known as Jayadrathas, ruled western Saurashtra (now in Gujarat, India) from c. 735 CE to c. 920 CE, probably in alliance with Maitrakas in early years.
January 737: Established by the Arabs during their invasions of Georgian lands, the Emirate of Tbilisi was an important outpost of Muslim rule in the Caucasus. It was founded by Arab commander Marwan ibn Muhammad in 736 in the region of present-day Georgia.
January 738: In 737, the Tibetans launched an attack against the king of Bru-za (Gilgit), who asked for Chinese help, but was ultimately forced to pay homage to Tibet.
January 740: Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin, a son of Vikramaditya I's brother Jayasimhavarman who was the governor of the Lata branch (Gujarat) fought and defeated them in 739 CE.
January 741: Chalukya king Vikramaditya II captured the Khetaka region from the Maitrakas with the help of Jayabhatta IV, the Gurjara king of Lata.
January 743: A revolt of the Zenata tribe of the Banu Ifran broke out. The rebels proclaimed their leader Abu Qurra to be the Caliph, and he established a Sufri state in Tlemcen.
January 744: In 742 or 743, the Barghwata removed themselves from the rebel alliance, and retreated to the Tamesna region, on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, where they founded their new independent state and abandoned their Sufri Kharijitism.
January 746: In 745, Gao Xianzhi marched across the Pamirs with 10,000 men and conquered Little Balur (Gilgit), a client state of the Tibetan Empire.
January 751: Oghuz Turks formed a tribal confederation conventionally named the Oghuz Yabgu State in Central Asia.
January 751: By the mid-800s, the Banu Munabbih (also known as the Banu Sama), who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad's Quraysh tribe, came to rule Multan, and established the Amirate of Banu Munabbih, which ruled for the next century.
January 751: In the 7th and 8th century it was the residence of the Malik of Guzganan, last Kushanian remnants, which was then under the control of the Farighunid, a native dynasty.
October 751: By the 740s, the Arabs under the Abbasid Caliphate in Khorasan had reestablished a presence in the Ferghana basin and in Sogdiana. At the Battle of Talas in 751, Karluk mercenaries under the Chinese defected, helping the Arab armies of the Caliphate to defeat the Tang force under commander Gao Xianzhi.
January 752: The Imamate of Oman is estimated to have been established in 750 CE, shortly after the fall of the Umayyads.
January 752: Abbasid conquest of the Principality of Khuttal.
January 756: Disestablished 755 CE.
May 756: The territories of the Emirate of Córdoba, located in what the Arabs called Al-Andalus, had formed part of the Umayyad Caliphate since the early eighth century. After the caliphate was overthrown by the Abbasids in 750, the Umayyad prince Abd ar-Rahman I fled the former capital of Damascus and established an independent emirate in Iberia in 756.
January 759: The Emirate of Sijilmassa was founded around 758 by Aïssa ben Yazid.
January 761: The Abbasid Caliphate, led by Caliph Al-Mansur, conquered the Masmughans of Damavand in 760.
January 761: Siladitya V probably had tried to recover Malwa as one of his grant (760 CE) is made from military camp at Godraka (Godhra). He must have failed to recover Malwa but nonetheless recovered the Khetaka (Kheda) region.
January 761: Some territories still controlled by the Umayyads were inglobated into the Abbasid Caliphate.
January 761: Dabuyid rule over Tabaristan and Khorasan lasted from ca. AD 642 to the Abbasid conquest in 760.
January 768: Abu Qurra launched an expedition to the east, surrounded the Abbasid governor in the fortress of Tobna in the Aures and reached as far as Kairouan.
January 771: The Sadakiyans were a Kurdish Muslim dynasty ruling in central and northeastern Iran, centered at Urmia.
January 777: Saurashtra was again invaded by the Tajjikas (Arabs) in 776 CE (AH 159). They captured the township of Barada but the epidemic broke out.
February 777: The Arabs had to return and the Caliph had decided to stop further attempt to enter India.
January 779: The Abkhazian Kingdom Declared independence from the Byzantine Empire.
January 779: After another uprising by the Kharijites under Ibn Rustam, Abu Quna and the Malzūza-Berber Abū Ḥātim al-Malzūzī before Kairouan failed in 772, Ibn Rustam withdrew to central Algeria and founded the Rustamid emirate in Tahert.
February 789: In Volubilis Idris I is proclaimed Imam of Morocco.
January 801: Ahmad b. Farighun was the first known ruler of the Farighunid dynasty in Jowzjan in 800. The Farighunids were a local dynasty that ruled over the region during the medieval period.
January 801: The Aghlabids were an Arab dynasty of emirs from the Najdi tribe of Banu Tamim, who ruled Ifriqiya and parts of Southern Italy, nominally on behalf of the Abbasid Caliph.
January 802: From the late 8th century, Shirvan was under the rule of the members of the Arab family of Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani, who was named governor of the region by the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. His descendants, the Yazidids, would rule Shirvan as independent princes until the 14th century.
January 810: During the reign of Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid, the Sadakiyans, a local Iranian dynasty, expanded their control. The governor of Tabriz, a major city in Iran, acknowledged the authority of the Sadakiyans during this time in 809.
January 822: The Tahirids were a dynasty of Persian dehqan origin that effectively ruled the Khorasan from 821.
January 829: A group of Andalusian exiles conquered Crete in the year 824 or in the years 827/828, managing to create an independent state in a short time.
January 829: Zuraiq was defeated. He was executed in 212 after Hijra (ca. 827-28 AD).
January 841: In 839/40, the Abbasid Caliphate's governor Nuh captured Isfijab from the pagan Turks in the steppe. Nuh was a prominent military leader during the Abbasid era, known for his successful campaigns against various nomadic tribes in the region.
January 841: The Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate was Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the early 9th and 10th centuries, around the start of the Mongol Empire. It ruled over the Yenisei Kyrgyz people.
January 841: Mihira Bhoja (c. 836-886) expanded the Pratihara dominions west to the border of Sind, east to Bengal, and south to the Narmada.
January 848: The Yufirids established an independent state in San'a in 847.
January 848: A Himyarite clan called the Yufirids established their rule over the highlands from Saada to Taiz.
January 851: In the mid-9th century the Arab adventurer al-Umari hired a private army and settled at a mine near Abu Hamad in eastern Makuria. After a confrontation between both parties, al-Umari occupied Makurian territories along the Nile.
January 851: Expansion of the Khazar Khaganate by 850.
January 861: The Kaysite dynasty was a Muslim Arab dynasty that ruled an emirate centered in Manzikert from c. 860.
January 862: The Saffirid Dynasty began with Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, a coppersmith who moved to the city of Zaranj. He left work to become an Ayyar and eventually got the power to act as an independent ruler.
January 862: The Dulafids served as governors of Jibal for the Abbasid caliphs in the 9th century. During the weakening of the authority of the caliphs after 861, their rule in Jibal became increasingly independent.
January 862: The Habbari Dynasty became semi-independent from the Abbasid Caliphate in 861. They controlled central and southern Sindh south of Aror.
January 863: From his capital Zaranj he moved east into al-Rukhkhadj and Zamindawar.
January 865: The first and most powerful Zaydi emirate was established in Tabaristan in 864.
January 865: Oppressive policies in Tabaristan, another dependency of Khorasan, resulted in the people of that province revolting and declaring their allegiance to the independent Zaydi ruler Hasan ibn Zayd in 864.
January 866: Zunbil and Kabul conquered by Saffarid dynasty.
January 866: In 865, the Saffarid dynasty leader invaded Bamyan, Balkh, Badghis, and Ghor. These territories were predominantly ruled by Buddhist tribal chiefs before being conquered in the name of Islam.
January 867: The Ziyadid were a Muslim dynasty that ruled western Yemen from 819, after the violent end of Abbasid caliph al-Musta'in in 866.
January 869: In 868, in Abu Hamad, the Makurian king sent his son Zacharias to work with al-Umari to kill Nyuti. However, Zacharias later defeated al-Umari and forced him into the desert. This event marked a significant power struggle within the Kingdom of Makuria.
January 869: The Tulunids were the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty. They remained independent from 868, when they broke away from the central authority of the Abbasid dynasty.
January 869: In 868, in Abu Hamad, the Makurian king sent his son Zacharias to work with al-Umari to kill Nyuti. However, Zacharias later turned on al-Umari, defeating him and forcing him into the desert. This event marked a significant power struggle in the region.
January 871: The Tahirid city of Herat was captured in 870 by the Saffarid dynasty.
January 874: Part of the Tahirid Dynasty was absorbed by tha Abbasid Caliphate.
January 874: Ya'qub turned his focus to the west and began attacks on Khorasan, Khuzestan, Kerman and Fars.
January 874: In Khorasan itself, Muhammad's rule continued to grow increasingly weak, and in 873 he was finally overthrown by the Saffarid dynasty, who annexed Khorasan to their own empire in eastern Persia.
January 877: In 876, the Saffarid dynasty, led by Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar, captured Khuzestan in southwestern Iran and southern parts of Iraq. The Saffarids were a Persian dynasty that ruled from 861 to 1003, known for their military conquests and patronage of Persian culture.
January 877: In 876, the Saffarids, a Persian dynasty, conquered Khuzestan in southwestern Iran and parts of southern Iraq. The Saffarids were known for their military conquests and establishment of a powerful empire in the region during the 9th and 10th centuries.
January 886: Ashot restored the Armenian monarchy and became Armenia's first king.
January 889: The Kingdom of the Iberians was a medieval Georgian monarchy under the Bagrationi dynasty which emerged circa 888 AD, succeeding the Principality of Iberia.
January 891: The Sajid dynasty, an Iranian Muslim dynasty, ruled from 889-890 in Azerbaijan and Armenia.
January 893: In 892, the territory of Thessalonica was lost to the Byzantine Empire. This marked a significant territorial loss for the Bulgarian Empire under the rule of Tsar Simeon I, who had been engaged in conflicts with the Byzantines for control over the region.
January 893: In 892, the territory of the Carolingian Empire experienced significant territorial losses. This was a result of the Treaty of Ribemont, signed between King Charles the Simple of West Francia and the Viking leader Rollo. The treaty granted the Vikings control over the region of Normandy, marking the beginning of the establishment of the Duchy of Normandy.
January 898: An imam of the Shi'ite Zaydiyyah sect, al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya, established a power base in the northern highlands in 897. It was the beginning of the Yemeni imamate.
January 899: The Abbasids proceeded to reincorporate Jibal into their empire.
January 900: The Qarmatians established a religious-utopian republic in 899 CE.
January 906: The Abbasids restored the Tulunid domains to their control.
January 909: In about 908 Abkhazian king Constantine III (c.894 . 923) annexed a significant portion of Kartli.
January 920: In 919, after the death of Conrad I of Germany, the Magyars raided Saxony, Lotharingia and West France.
January 927: The Wajihids were an Arab dynasty that ruled in coastal Oman in the early and mid-10th century AD.
January 931: Under al-Jannabi (923-944), the Qarmaṭians came close to raiding Baghdad in 927, and sacked Mecca and Medina in 930.
January 931: Ibn Ziyar (r. c. 931-935), a noble military leader from Gilan, took advantage of the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate and the rebellion of a Samanid general to establish an independent rule on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea.
January 931: Central iran with Hamadan, Kashan e Isfahan conquered by Ziyarid Dynasty.
February 931: Under al-Jannabi (923-944), the Qarmaṭians came close to raiding Baghdad in 927, and sacked Mecca and Medina in 930.
January 936: The Ikhshidid Dynasty were a mamluk dynasty who ruled Egypt from 935. The term "Mamluk" refers to non-Arab enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.
January 945: In 944, the governorships of Egypt, Syria and Hijaz were awarded for 30 years to ibn Tughj's family, and these posts would pass to his son, Abu'l-Qasim.
January 946: In 945, the Buyids from Iran took over secular power in Baghdad and limited the position and function of the Abbasid caliph to the office of a spiritual leader of Islam.
January 946: In 945, Ahmad entered Iraq and made the Abbasid Caliph his vassal.
January 952: Muhammad ibn Shaddad conquers Dwin.
January 956: The Rawadid dynasty was a Muslim ruling family centered in historic Azerbaijan.
March 961: The emirate was reconquered by Nikephorus II Phocas, who began a massive military campaign against the emirate in the years 960-961.
January 963: In 962, the Kingdom of Makuria, ruled by Queen Gaitelgrima, launched an attack on southern Egypt, reaching as far north as Akhmim. The occupation of parts of Upper Egypt by Makuria lasted for several years before they eventually withdrew.
January 965: In 962-964, the Ikhshidid Dynasty, led by Ahmad ibn Tulun, launched an attack on southern Egypt, reaching as far north as Akhmim. The territory was temporarily occupied by the Ikhshidids, with parts of Upper Egypt remaining under their control for several years.
January 970: The Ikhshidids came to an end when the Fatimid army conquered Fustat in 969.
January 980: Jazira conquered by Buyid Dynasty.
January 984: With the weakening of the buyid power after the death of Adud ad-Daula after 983, the Kurdish Marwan tribe under Badh, a former shepherd, gained control of Mayyafariqin and the areas of Amida and Nusaybin.
January 1001: From the 10th century to the early 20th century, Mecca and Medina were under the control of a local Arab ruler known as the Sharif of Mecca, but at most times the Sharif owed allegiance to the ruler of one of the major Islamic empires based in Baghdad, Cairo or Istanbul. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia reverted to traditional tribal rule.
January 1015: Kvirike III declared himself King of Kakheti and Hereti.
January 1046: After the fall of the Bagratid Kingdom of Armenia in 1045, Kiurike II was bestowed by the Byzantines with the title of Kouropalates and became an independent ruler in the region of Tashir.
January 1061: Abbasid allegiance of the Numayrid dynasty in 1060.
January 1063: In 1062, the Numayrids lost Raqqa to their distant kinsmen and erstwhile allies, the Mirdasids.
January 1096: Around 1094, the Seljuk emir of Damascus, Tutush I, captured Edessa and installed Thoros (Armenian T‘oros = Theodore), an old lieutenant of Philaretus, as governor. In 1095, Theodore eliminated the Turkish garrison of the citadel and made himself master of the city.
January 1121: Numayrid emirs continued to hold isolated fortresses in Upper Mesopotamia, such as Qal'at an-Najm and Sinn Ibn Utayr near Samosata until the early 12th century, but nothing is heard of them after 1120.
January 1137: With the decline of the Seljuks from around the middle of the 12th century, the caliphs al-Muqtafi (1136-1160) and an-Nasir (1180-1225) were able to shed foreign patronage and restore their secular power and authority in what is now Iraq.
January 1205: Isfahan conquered by Salghurids.
Disestablishment
January 1259: Hulegu Khan, third son of Tolui, grandson of Genghis Khan, and brother of both Möngke Khan and Kublai Khan, was the first khan of the Ilkhanate. He destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258.
January 1259: Baghdad was besieged and captured by the Mongols in 1258 and subjected to a merciless sack, an event considered as one of the most catastrophic events in the history of Islam, and sometimes compared to the rupture of the Kaaba.
Selected Sources
Atwood, C. P. (2004): Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire, New York (USA), p. 225
Chasaren. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 7 April 2024 on https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chasaren.jpg
Schwartzberg, J. E. (1992); A Historical Atlas of South Asia, Chicago (USA), p. 146
Tucker, S.C. (2011) Battles that changed History - An Encyclopedia of World Conflict, ABC-CLIO, pp.94
arab caliphate
